服装生产企业供应物流研究
|
摘要
服装生产企业供应物流是现代物流学科在纺织服装业的具体应用。是一门新兴的交叉学科。作为与人们生活密切相关的纺织服装业,现已成为国民经济的重要行业。在我国千千万万服装加工企业里,人们往往重视设计和生产,而作为对服装生产系统提供支持的、必不可少的物流系统则没有受到重视。
服装企业生产的产品复杂、品种多变,而且批量小,周期短,生产所涉及的原辅材料众多,工艺处理复杂多变。同时,服装商品具有流行性和季节性等特点,要求服装企业做到“库存管理最优、信息反馈高效、市场反应灵敏”。
本文对服装生产企业供应物流进行了详细的调研分析,通过对服装生产企业供应链上、中、下游进行分析并与其他制造业供应物流进行比较,发现服装生产企业供应物流中存在问题,比如：表面上的准时化、运输系统的极大浪费、信息管理水平低。因此,寻求高效的第三方物流供应商、建立企业的快速反应物流体系在增强企业核心竞争力、提高增值服务水平、降低物流成本、优化内外资源等方面都起着不可替代的作用。
但是,第三方物流这些作用能否得以充分发挥很大程度上取决于物流供应商的水平和实力,而企业在实际与第三方物流供应商合作过程中,特别是在选择物流供应商时,很难对物流供应商的水平、实力有全面、准确的了解和把握,致使双方期望过高或消极看待,给双方合作带来很大障碍。而目前现有的评价选择方法又有一定局限,所以能否构建有效的第三方物流供应商的选择模型、能否选择合适的第三方物流供应商成为企业业务外包成败的关键。
物流供应商的评价方法有很多,本文在分析比较了多种传统的评价方法之后,选择合适的方法—层次分析法和模糊综合评价法的集成,构造了第三方物流供应商选择模型,最后以奥丝服装公司为例说明该指标体系及选择模型的可行性,为服装生产企业供应物流选择第三方物流供应商提供客观依据。
The supply logistics of clothing manufacturers are specific applications of disciplines of modern logistics in the textile and garment industry. It is an emerging interdisciplinary. The textile and garment industry,which closely related to people's lives, has become an important sector of the national economy. People tend to attach importance to the design and production, but the essential logistics system which support garment production system is not taken seriously in the tens of thousands of garment processing enterprises in China. With the progress and wide application of modern logistics management concepts, methods and technological,clothing manufacturers begin to pay attention to their own logistics system.
The produce of the garment industry is complicated, changeable, small quantity, short period, various materials,and the complicated and changeable technology. Meanwhile, the clothing has the characteristic of fashionable and seasonal,which made the garment industry the optimal inventory control,the high-efficiency information feedback, and the sensitive market response.
This article made a detailed research on the supply logistics of clothing manufacture enterprises.Through analyzed the third parts of supply-chain of clothing manufacture enterprises and compared to the supply logistics of other manufacturing, some existing problems are be found, such as jit-just in time ostensibly, wasting in transportation, and the low level of information management.Therefore, highly efficient third-party logistics activities plays an irreplaceable role in enhancing the enterprise's core competitiveness and enhancing the level of value-added services and lowering logistics costs and optimizing both internal and external resources that can meet the complex and ever-changing logistics services requirements and promote third-party logistics industry to flourish at the same time.
However, whether the third-party logistics can play the full role which depends on the level of logistics providers and strength to a large extent, and in the actual cooperation with third-party logistics providers, the enterprise is difficult to accurately and comprehensively find out the level of logistics providers and strength, which results both sides expect too high or negatively view each other as a great obstacle to cooperation between the two sides especially in the choice of logistics providers However, the existing evaluation methods so far have more or less limitations, whether can build an effective model of choosing third-party logistics providers and choose a suitable third-party logistics providers has become the key to the success of outsourcing, which is also very practical and an issues to be resolved recently.
There have been many evaluation method about logistics providers, this paper chooses the right approach-integration of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method after analyzed and compared a variety of traditional evaluation methods, constructs third-party logistics supplier selection model,and finally takes AoSi garment factory as an example to explain the indicator system and the feasibility of the model for the businesses to choose third-party logistics suppliers to provide an objective basis.
服装企业生产的产品复杂、品种多变,而且批量小,周期短,生产所涉及的原辅材料众多,工艺处理复杂多变。同时,服装商品具有流行性和季节性等特点,要求服装企业做到“库存管理最优、信息反馈高效、市场反应灵敏”。
本文对服装生产企业供应物流进行了详细的调研分析,通过对服装生产企业供应链上、中、下游进行分析并与其他制造业供应物流进行比较,发现服装生产企业供应物流中存在问题,比如：表面上的准时化、运输系统的极大浪费、信息管理水平低。因此,寻求高效的第三方物流供应商、建立企业的快速反应物流体系在增强企业核心竞争力、提高增值服务水平、降低物流成本、优化内外资源等方面都起着不可替代的作用。
但是,第三方物流这些作用能否得以充分发挥很大程度上取决于物流供应商的水平和实力,而企业在实际与第三方物流供应商合作过程中,特别是在选择物流供应商时,很难对物流供应商的水平、实力有全面、准确的了解和把握,致使双方期望过高或消极看待,给双方合作带来很大障碍。而目前现有的评价选择方法又有一定局限,所以能否构建有效的第三方物流供应商的选择模型、能否选择合适的第三方物流供应商成为企业业务外包成败的关键。
物流供应商的评价方法有很多,本文在分析比较了多种传统的评价方法之后,选择合适的方法—层次分析法和模糊综合评价法的集成,构造了第三方物流供应商选择模型,最后以奥丝服装公司为例说明该指标体系及选择模型的可行性,为服装生产企业供应物流选择第三方物流供应商提供客观依据。
The supply logistics of clothing manufacturers are specific applications of disciplines of modern logistics in the textile and garment industry. It is an emerging interdisciplinary. The textile and garment industry,which closely related to people's lives, has become an important sector of the national economy. People tend to attach importance to the design and production, but the essential logistics system which support garment production system is not taken seriously in the tens of thousands of garment processing enterprises in China. With the progress and wide application of modern logistics management concepts, methods and technological,clothing manufacturers begin to pay attention to their own logistics system.
The produce of the garment industry is complicated, changeable, small quantity, short period, various materials,and the complicated and changeable technology. Meanwhile, the clothing has the characteristic of fashionable and seasonal,which made the garment industry the optimal inventory control,the high-efficiency information feedback, and the sensitive market response.
This article made a detailed research on the supply logistics of clothing manufacture enterprises.Through analyzed the third parts of supply-chain of clothing manufacture enterprises and compared to the supply logistics of other manufacturing, some existing problems are be found, such as jit-just in time ostensibly, wasting in transportation, and the low level of information management.Therefore, highly efficient third-party logistics activities plays an irreplaceable role in enhancing the enterprise's core competitiveness and enhancing the level of value-added services and lowering logistics costs and optimizing both internal and external resources that can meet the complex and ever-changing logistics services requirements and promote third-party logistics industry to flourish at the same time.
However, whether the third-party logistics can play the full role which depends on the level of logistics providers and strength to a large extent, and in the actual cooperation with third-party logistics providers, the enterprise is difficult to accurately and comprehensively find out the level of logistics providers and strength, which results both sides expect too high or negatively view each other as a great obstacle to cooperation between the two sides especially in the choice of logistics providers However, the existing evaluation methods so far have more or less limitations, whether can build an effective model of choosing third-party logistics providers and choose a suitable third-party logistics providers has become the key to the success of outsourcing, which is also very practical and an issues to be resolved recently.
There have been many evaluation method about logistics providers, this paper chooses the right approach-integration of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method after analyzed and compared a variety of traditional evaluation methods, constructs third-party logistics supplier selection model,and finally takes AoSi garment factory as an example to explain the indicator system and the feasibility of the model for the businesses to choose third-party logistics suppliers to provide an objective basis.
引文
[1]王兵,徐小斌,郑洪帖,基于供应链的采购管理,商业研究,总第246期,2002年5月,P64
[2]宋惠景,万志琴.服装生产筹划与组织.北京：中国纺织出版社,2001
[3]宁俊主编,宁俊等编著.服装产业经济学.北京：中国纺织出版,2004
[4]王军.关于我国服装行业现代物流发展的几点思考[J].连锁与特许,2003,(10).
[5]惠红旗,祖倚丹.推进我国纺织服装行业物流的探讨[J]山东纺织经济,2006,(05)
[6]李英琳.服装企业的管理信息化之路[J].中国服装信息,2003(4)
[7]董明望,胡志辉.依托物流发展中国服装业[J].交通企业管理,2004,(9).
[8]李惠杰.服装企业销售物流信息化管理体系的构建[J].纺织学报,2004,(5).
[9]王国华,唐莉华.我国工业企业物流现代化的发展对策.中国物流与采购,2002(7)：13-15
[10]邓汝春,服装业供应链管理[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2005.9
[11]邓汝春,服装企业物流管理[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2005.1
[12]杨卫丰,王亚超,纺织服装企业物流管理.北京：中国纺织出版社,2008.2
[13]郭耀煌.生产商和供应商战略伙伴关系分析[J].哈尔滨理工大学学报.19994(5)：72-75
[14]钱碧波.敏捷虚拟企业合作伙伴选择评价体系的研究[J].中国机械工程.2000(4)：397-401
[15]王晗.供应链管理中供应商选择问题的研究[J].大连铁道学院学报.2001.3,41-44
[16]马新安.供应链合作伙伴关系与合作伙伴选择[J].工业工程与管理.2000.4：33-36
[17]马士华,林勇,陈志祥.供应链管理[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000
[18]马雪芬,刘易勇,孙树栋等.供应链管理环境下第三方物流企业的评价选择[J].计算机工程与应用,2003.2：7-9
[19]周涛,程钧漠,乔忠.第三方物流竞争力评价体系及模糊综合评判[J].物流科技,2003.5：30-32
[20]G Dickson,An Analysis of Vendor Selection Systems and Decisions.Journal of Purchasing.1996,2:28-41
[21]C. A. Weber, J.R. Current,W. C.Benton,Vendor Selection criteria and methods.European Journal of Operational Research.1991,50:2-18
[22]S. H.Ghodsypour.The total cost of logistics in supplier selection, under conditions of multiple sourcing, multiple criteria and capacity constraint,Int.J. Production Economics.75(2001):15-27
[23]Rohit Verma. An analysis of the SuPPlier Seleetion Proeess,Int.J. Mgmt Sei.1998,26(6):739-750
[24]Steeven Eleahy, Paul R. Murphy, Richard FPoist.Determinants of Suceessful Logistical RelationshiP:A third-Party Provider PersPective.TransPortation Journal.1995.
[25]Mohan K Menon, Michael A McGinnis,Kenneth B Aeherman.Selection criteria for Providers of third-Party logistics services:An exploratory study,Journal of Business Logistics,1998. Vol.19, 1ss.1:Pg.121.17Pgs
[26]Seyed-Mahmoud AghaZadeh. How to choose an effeetive third-Party logistics Provider, Management Research News,2003. Vol.26, Iss.7:Pg.50,9Pgs
[27]Thomas A Foster.Engineering Review,2003.Vol.7, the 3PL, seleetion Proeess,Supply Chain Management Iss.4:Pg.E3
[28]盛昭瀚,朱乔,吴广谋.DEA理论、方法与应用.北京：科学技术出版社,1996
[29]Weber C. A.,Current J. R.,A Multi-Objective Approach to Vender Selection. European Journal of Operational Research,1993, (68):173-187
[30]S.H. Ghodsypour, C. O'Brien. A Decision Support System for Supplier Selection Using an Integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process and Linear Programming. The Journal of Supply Chain Management,1998, 56:199-212
[31]KUMARM, VRATP, SHANKARR.A fuzzy goal programming approach for vendor selection problem in a supply chain. Computers & Industrial Engineering,2004,46(3):69-85
[32]Shyur,H. J.& Shih, H.S. A hybrid MCDM model for strategic vender Selection. Management and Computer Modeling,2006, (44):749-761
[33]张光远.纺织服装行业面向供应链的生产计划管理系统研究[D].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2006
[34]张渭源,等.服装设计与工程[M].上海：东华大学出版社,2003.
[35]中国物流发展报告：2006-2007／中国物流与采购联合会编[R].北京：中国物资出版社.2007,(5)
[36]徐晓春,陈建伟.服装企业快速反应物流系统的探析[J]山东纺织科技2004,(05)
[37]全小凡,曹为国.纺织服装企业供应链整合研究[J]纺织学报,2002,(06)
[38]宁俊.服装生产经营管理.北京：中国纺织出版社,2001
[39]毕康,张东亮.国内现代服装行业物流发展模式研究[J].沿海企业与科技,2005,(9)
[40]阴兵红,等.大中型服装企业MIS系统[J].北京服装学院学报,2002(1)：54-59
[41]张玉莉.现代物流与纺织服装企业核心竟争力[J].改革与理论,2002(8)：31-32
[42]王长义.信息经济时代业务外包与企业跨国经营[J].淄博学院学报,2001,(4)
[43]吴清一.现代物流概论[M].北京：中国物资出版社,2003,11
[44]魏农建.第三方物流企业营销[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2003,9
[45]余站,蒋晓全.第三方物流的发展动因、特征及其实施策略研究[J].金融与经济,2006(1)：61-63
[46]毕新华,顾穗珊.现代物流管理[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,5
[47]中国仓储协会等.第五次中国物流市场供需状况调查报告.物流技术与应用,2004.
[48]陈文若.第三方物流.北京,对外经济贸易大学出版社.2004
[49]周在青.现代物流学.上海：中国纺织大学出版社,2001
[50]张明,周鹏.第三方物流和自营物流的比较分析[J]研究与探讨,2006(3)：27-29
[51]李质仙,为何长期看好纺织服装业,新财经.2004.12.
[52]服装业现“物流外包潮”,闽南经济周刊,2009-4-24
[53]李晓慧,宁俊.服装商品学.北京：中国纺织出版社,2000。
[54]ZhangHe, Li Xiu,LiuWen-Huang. An application of the AHP in 3PL vendor selection of a 4PL system.[C]//2004 IEEE SMC,2004:1255-1259
[55]杜丽茶.汽车制造企业供应物流的研究[硕士学位论文].湖南长沙：中南大学,2007,11
[56]任建标,许志众,季建华,第三方物流服务绩效评价体系设计与应用[J].上海管理科学,2002.4：49-51
[57]王金云,高英.第三方物流选择评价体系的研究[J].辽宁财经学报,2004.2：32-34
[58]屈莉莉,陈燕,侯振龙,等.基于模糊层次多目标评价决策模型的物流服务商优选[J].大连海事大学学报,2003,31(3)：31-35
[59]Pearson K. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space, Philos Mag,1901,2(6):559-572
[60]Ken Ackerman. How to choose a third-party logistics provider. Material Handling Management.Cleveland,2000,55:95-100
[61]Penny M Simpson.Measuring the performance of suppliers:An analysis of evaluation processes.Journal of Supply Chain Management.2002, 38:29-43
[62]王伟,刘巍,郭志强.基于可拓的第三方物流企业的评价选择[J].大连海事大学学报,2003Vol.29No.4：83-86
[63]樊友平陈静宇.公司战略联盟选择的决策方法研究[J].中国软科学.2000.8：102-105
[64]娄平,陈幼平,周祖德等.敏捷供应链中供应商选择的AHP心EA方法[J].华中科技大学学报.2002,30(4)：29-31
[65]张平安,高春华译.神经——模糊和软计算[M].西安交通大学出版社.2000
[66]于晓霖,方淑芬.基于聚类分析判别函数的神经网络评价模型研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2003.1：41-43
[67]李思志.第三方物流服务商选择模型研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,2004.12
[68]匡志伟.第三方物流供应商的选择研究[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007,11
[69]周涛.物流企业绩效评价体系及层次分析评价[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(6)：90-92
[70]杜栋,庞庆华.现代综合评价方法与案例精选[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.9
[2]宋惠景,万志琴.服装生产筹划与组织.北京：中国纺织出版社,2001
[3]宁俊主编,宁俊等编著.服装产业经济学.北京：中国纺织出版,2004
[4]王军.关于我国服装行业现代物流发展的几点思考[J].连锁与特许,2003,(10).
[5]惠红旗,祖倚丹.推进我国纺织服装行业物流的探讨[J]山东纺织经济,2006,(05)
[6]李英琳.服装企业的管理信息化之路[J].中国服装信息,2003(4)
[7]董明望,胡志辉.依托物流发展中国服装业[J].交通企业管理,2004,(9).
[8]李惠杰.服装企业销售物流信息化管理体系的构建[J].纺织学报,2004,(5).
[9]王国华,唐莉华.我国工业企业物流现代化的发展对策.中国物流与采购,2002(7)：13-15
[10]邓汝春,服装业供应链管理[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2005.9
[11]邓汝春,服装企业物流管理[M].北京：中国纺织出版社,2005.1
[12]杨卫丰,王亚超,纺织服装企业物流管理.北京：中国纺织出版社,2008.2
[13]郭耀煌.生产商和供应商战略伙伴关系分析[J].哈尔滨理工大学学报.19994(5)：72-75
[14]钱碧波.敏捷虚拟企业合作伙伴选择评价体系的研究[J].中国机械工程.2000(4)：397-401
[15]王晗.供应链管理中供应商选择问题的研究[J].大连铁道学院学报.2001.3,41-44
[16]马新安.供应链合作伙伴关系与合作伙伴选择[J].工业工程与管理.2000.4：33-36
[17]马士华,林勇,陈志祥.供应链管理[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000
[18]马雪芬,刘易勇,孙树栋等.供应链管理环境下第三方物流企业的评价选择[J].计算机工程与应用,2003.2：7-9
[19]周涛,程钧漠,乔忠.第三方物流竞争力评价体系及模糊综合评判[J].物流科技,2003.5：30-32
[20]G Dickson,An Analysis of Vendor Selection Systems and Decisions.Journal of Purchasing.1996,2:28-41
[21]C. A. Weber, J.R. Current,W. C.Benton,Vendor Selection criteria and methods.European Journal of Operational Research.1991,50:2-18
[22]S. H.Ghodsypour.The total cost of logistics in supplier selection, under conditions of multiple sourcing, multiple criteria and capacity constraint,Int.J. Production Economics.75(2001):15-27
[23]Rohit Verma. An analysis of the SuPPlier Seleetion Proeess,Int.J. Mgmt Sei.1998,26(6):739-750
[24]Steeven Eleahy, Paul R. Murphy, Richard FPoist.Determinants of Suceessful Logistical RelationshiP:A third-Party Provider PersPective.TransPortation Journal.1995.
[25]Mohan K Menon, Michael A McGinnis,Kenneth B Aeherman.Selection criteria for Providers of third-Party logistics services:An exploratory study,Journal of Business Logistics,1998. Vol.19, 1ss.1:Pg.121.17Pgs
[26]Seyed-Mahmoud AghaZadeh. How to choose an effeetive third-Party logistics Provider, Management Research News,2003. Vol.26, Iss.7:Pg.50,9Pgs
[27]Thomas A Foster.Engineering Review,2003.Vol.7, the 3PL, seleetion Proeess,Supply Chain Management Iss.4:Pg.E3
[28]盛昭瀚,朱乔,吴广谋.DEA理论、方法与应用.北京：科学技术出版社,1996
[29]Weber C. A.,Current J. R.,A Multi-Objective Approach to Vender Selection. European Journal of Operational Research,1993, (68):173-187
[30]S.H. Ghodsypour, C. O'Brien. A Decision Support System for Supplier Selection Using an Integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process and Linear Programming. The Journal of Supply Chain Management,1998, 56:199-212
[31]KUMARM, VRATP, SHANKARR.A fuzzy goal programming approach for vendor selection problem in a supply chain. Computers & Industrial Engineering,2004,46(3):69-85
[32]Shyur,H. J.& Shih, H.S. A hybrid MCDM model for strategic vender Selection. Management and Computer Modeling,2006, (44):749-761
[33]张光远.纺织服装行业面向供应链的生产计划管理系统研究[D].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2006
[34]张渭源,等.服装设计与工程[M].上海：东华大学出版社,2003.
[35]中国物流发展报告：2006-2007／中国物流与采购联合会编[R].北京：中国物资出版社.2007,(5)
[36]徐晓春,陈建伟.服装企业快速反应物流系统的探析[J]山东纺织科技2004,(05)
[37]全小凡,曹为国.纺织服装企业供应链整合研究[J]纺织学报,2002,(06)
[38]宁俊.服装生产经营管理.北京：中国纺织出版社,2001
[39]毕康,张东亮.国内现代服装行业物流发展模式研究[J].沿海企业与科技,2005,(9)
[40]阴兵红,等.大中型服装企业MIS系统[J].北京服装学院学报,2002(1)：54-59
[41]张玉莉.现代物流与纺织服装企业核心竟争力[J].改革与理论,2002(8)：31-32
[42]王长义.信息经济时代业务外包与企业跨国经营[J].淄博学院学报,2001,(4)
[43]吴清一.现代物流概论[M].北京：中国物资出版社,2003,11
[44]魏农建.第三方物流企业营销[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2003,9
[45]余站,蒋晓全.第三方物流的发展动因、特征及其实施策略研究[J].金融与经济,2006(1)：61-63
[46]毕新华,顾穗珊.现代物流管理[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,5
[47]中国仓储协会等.第五次中国物流市场供需状况调查报告.物流技术与应用,2004.
[48]陈文若.第三方物流.北京,对外经济贸易大学出版社.2004
[49]周在青.现代物流学.上海：中国纺织大学出版社,2001
[50]张明,周鹏.第三方物流和自营物流的比较分析[J]研究与探讨,2006(3)：27-29
[51]李质仙,为何长期看好纺织服装业,新财经.2004.12.
[52]服装业现“物流外包潮”,闽南经济周刊,2009-4-24
[53]李晓慧,宁俊.服装商品学.北京：中国纺织出版社,2000。
[54]ZhangHe, Li Xiu,LiuWen-Huang. An application of the AHP in 3PL vendor selection of a 4PL system.[C]//2004 IEEE SMC,2004:1255-1259
[55]杜丽茶.汽车制造企业供应物流的研究[硕士学位论文].湖南长沙：中南大学,2007,11
[56]任建标,许志众,季建华,第三方物流服务绩效评价体系设计与应用[J].上海管理科学,2002.4：49-51
[57]王金云,高英.第三方物流选择评价体系的研究[J].辽宁财经学报,2004.2：32-34
[58]屈莉莉,陈燕,侯振龙,等.基于模糊层次多目标评价决策模型的物流服务商优选[J].大连海事大学学报,2003,31(3)：31-35
[59]Pearson K. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space, Philos Mag,1901,2(6):559-572
[60]Ken Ackerman. How to choose a third-party logistics provider. Material Handling Management.Cleveland,2000,55:95-100
[61]Penny M Simpson.Measuring the performance of suppliers:An analysis of evaluation processes.Journal of Supply Chain Management.2002, 38:29-43
[62]王伟,刘巍,郭志强.基于可拓的第三方物流企业的评价选择[J].大连海事大学学报,2003Vol.29No.4：83-86
[63]樊友平陈静宇.公司战略联盟选择的决策方法研究[J].中国软科学.2000.8：102-105
[64]娄平,陈幼平,周祖德等.敏捷供应链中供应商选择的AHP心EA方法[J].华中科技大学学报.2002,30(4)：29-31
[65]张平安,高春华译.神经——模糊和软计算[M].西安交通大学出版社.2000
[66]于晓霖,方淑芬.基于聚类分析判别函数的神经网络评价模型研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2003.1：41-43
[67]李思志.第三方物流服务商选择模型研究：[硕士学位论文].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学,2004.12
[68]匡志伟.第三方物流供应商的选择研究[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007,11
[69]周涛.物流企业绩效评价体系及层次分析评价[J].华东经济管理,2005,19(6)：90-92
[70]杜栋,庞庆华.现代综合评价方法与案例精选[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.9