多元化公共交通模式研究
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摘要
城市化、机动化、社会经济的发展以及城市规模的扩张必然促使出行距离的增大、出行方式的多样化、协同联运的紧密化,从而导致客运主体需求的日益多样,组合方式出行将成为现代人们日常生活的重要组成部分之一。为此,要求客运客体必须重视运输方式的多重性、平等性和包容性,确保各组成运输方式在充分发挥各自比较优势基础上的合理利用、协调和可持续发展。而公交是我国城市可持续发展的必然选择与主旋律,其发展必然要与日益复杂的多样化出行相适应。
为此,在总结国内外研究的基础上,分析出行行为特性,本文提出出行链的基础理论框架:①出行的派生性;②出行的多样性;③出行的平等性;④出行的时空的受限性;⑤出行的动态性;⑥出行的波动性;⑦出行的梯度性。并针对活动链,重点论述了出行的时间梯度、距离梯度、密度梯度、价格梯度和弹性梯度以及方式供给梯度,从出行的个人属性、家庭属性、单位属性以及社会属性角度出发,探讨出行的时空效应、时空效应聚集而成的密度效应、方式选择以及供给效应,推论出出行变化以及公交多元化发展的趋势。
交通供给必须相应地提供方式梯度以满足多样化的出行需求。为此,本文在分析我国城市与交通发展的不均衡性以及城市区域特性与交通模式选择的匹配关系的基础上,基于出行链基础理论框架等提出多元化公交的内涵与外延,并构建了多元化公交的体系结构:基于城市区域发展特性构建包含层次化线网、级别化枢纽以及多样化票制等一体化管理的多层次、立体化、综合性的多元化公交体系,以层次化公交线网支撑城市发展,实施“枢纽型”的客运系统组织,缓解当前交通矛盾以及支撑我国城市可持续发展。
解决城市客运顽症的重中之重是实现多式客运联动。为此,本文通过多元化以及整合协调方法将不同层次的公交线路在物理和运营上统一为一个网络,充分发挥各种公交方式的技术经济优势:物理上布局合理,分流科学,条条线路各负其责又优势互补,将公交线路通过换乘站连接在一起,组织好各种交通方式的配置、连接,确保多式联运之间的方便载运,消除换乘的物理障碍(乘客换乘上下、水平移动距离等)、时间障碍(交通换乘等待时间及等待环境影响等),形成主干、支线相结合,高、中、低齐全,快、慢,冷、热车兼有的四通八达的客运体系;运营上通过合理的优惠票价体系允许乘客向各个方向免费或者低价换乘等,消除换乘费用障碍,实现高效换乘和联运,使乘客由只使用“线路”的传统出行模式转变为使用“网络”的现代出行模式,保证公交服务“网络化、舒适化、便捷化”。
本文在多元化公交的体系结构的框架下,总结国内外公交网络规划理论与方法,以建立网络完善、结构合理、设施先进、功能齐全、信息灵通的高效优质的现代化城市公交系统为主要目标,构建了多元化公交模式规模匡算模型,并设想了多元化公交模式类型。同时,基于线路走向搜索法等,借鉴蚁群算法、角色层次访问控制法等来构建层次化公交线网以及推算各公交方式的出行分担率。同时,本文以成都市为例进行论证,基于成都市的空间布局、发展趋势和居民出行特性,构建层级公交网络结构,建立以大容量快速公交为骨架、常规公共交通为主体、支线公交网络作支撑、出租车为补充,与其他交通方式协调的多元化公交体系。
多元化公交的发展必须立足于合理的交通发展框架,为此,本文在交通规划、建设、运营、管理和服务全面整合的基础上,建立“结构有序、功能互补、整体优化、统建共享”的等级镶嵌的和谐交通体系,并建立八大支撑平台来支撑和谐交通体系、加强城市区域的活力:①等级有序的城市路网结构;②整合优化的公共交通客运系统;③区域差别的停车-换乘系统;④级配合理的物流货运网络;⑤高效诱导的智能交通控制;⑥安全生态的交通环境;⑦协调互补的综合交通体系;⑧城乡一体化的交通引导支撑。
多元化公交系统的最终目的是形成以公共交通为主、个体交通为辅的耦合系统,促进实现区域交通一体化、城市交通系统化、道路交通高效化、公共交通多元化、交通控制智能化、交通环境人性化,为市民提供和谐的出行环境,建立以公交系统为战略主体的和谐交通体系,支撑城市可持续发展、和谐社会的构建与完善。
Increasing distance and more diversification of resident trip and tight cooperative transport are contributed by the Urbanization, mechanization, economic development and the city outspread, which lead to multiplex requirements of the residents' trip. Diversifications of city functions and social activities have become the basic feature of the city, combinatorial trips will build the main part of modern people daily life. Accordingly, it requires the traffic supply takes more concern on the variety, equality and the comprehensiveness of the traffic mode; ensure all parts of traffic mode are adequately exerting their reasonable utilization, the hominy and sustained development. Moreover the Public Transit is our country certain choice and essential factor of sustained development, whose development must be corresponded with increasingly complex trip demand.
Accordingly, based upon summarizing domestic and overseas studying production, this paper analyses trip behavior characters and puts forward basic theory of trip behavior chain:①the trip derive;②the trip diversity;③the trip equality;④the trip spatio-temporal conditionality;⑤the trip dynamic;⑥the trip fluctuating;⑦the trip gradient. Aiming at activity chain, it emphatically discusses the trip gradient of time, distance, density, price, elasticity and mode providing. From the angle of personal property, family property, unit property and society property, it discusses spatio-temporal effect, density effect congregated by spatio-temporal effect, mode choice and supply effect, in order to be reason out development trends of the trip variety and public transit multiplicity.
The traffic supply must provide mode gradient to satisfy requirements of variety trip requirement. therefore, based on the analyse of cities and transportation development imbalance , matching relation between district character and traffic mode selection and trip chain theory etc, this paper puts forward the multiplex public transit connotation,extension and architecture:based on city regional space layout character and developing trend, it puts forward multi-layer, tridimensional and synthetical multiplex public transit architecture including layer line network, graded hinge, diversiform favourable ticket and integrative management which uses layer line network and hinged passenger transport organizing to solve traffic inconsistency and support city sustained development..
The essential factor to solve city transit problems is achieving multimode through transport. Consequently, based upon multiplicity and the method of conformity harmony, the multiplex Public Transit exerts technical economy advantage of all kinds of traffic mode, which consolidates difference level of traffic route into a single net in the areas of the physical network and transit executive. Referring to physical network, public transit routes possess the character of logic overall arrangements and the rational distributary by closely linked by hinges(station), each route takes its own role as well as complement predominance each other to make through transport to work smoothly, eliminating exchanging physics balk (passengers exchanging on getting on or off、distance of horizontally moving etc),timing balk (waiting time of exchanging and waiting environments etc),multiplex public transit system aims to construct the network excellently extending in all directions by combining stream with branch bus line, inosculating high-class, intermediate and low-end bus line, integrating rapid, slow and different flux bus line; Referring to the transit executive, the reasonable ticket system is allowing passengers transfer for free or lower price in each direction to eliminate transfer fee balk, achieve high effective transferring and multimode through transport, it lets the traditional "single line" trip form passengers be instead of modern "network" trip form to ensure its service to be"network, comfortable, convenient".
Under the frame of multiplex public traffic system, concluding domestic and oversea traffic network plan theory and method, taking aim at establishing perfect network、reasonable construction、advanced equipment、well-informed、high effective and quality modern city traffic system, this paper composes multiplex public traffic model and style. Meanwhile, based upon tend towards searching method, Ant Colony Algorithm, Role-Hierarchy accessing control etc, it composes layer traffic network and calculate participation rate of traffic mode. Simultaneity, Chengdu is taken as an example to construct multiplex public transit system based on space layout, developing trend and trip gradient, it forms hierarchy of multiplex public transit nerwork which takes mass rapid transportation as framework, routine buses as principal part, branch buses as support, taxies as complementarity and cooperates with other traffic modes.
The development of multiplex public transit system must be based upon the reasonable traffic construction. Therefore, based upon overall-conformity of traffic plan, construction, executive, management and service, harmonious traffic system must be constructed which possess the character of well-ordered structure, mutual reparative function, integration optimizing, integrative plan and share. It also need to construct eight platforms to reinforce city viability and support harmonious traffic system, they are as followed:①graded and well-ordered road network;②synthesized and optimizing public transit system;③different regional park-and-ride system;④rational and graded Freight Logistics network;⑤efficient navigating intelligent traffic control;⑥safe and sustainable traffic environment;⑦unisonous and mutual reparative synthetical traffic architecture;⑧integral rural and urban traffic inducting and supporting. Chengdu city is taken as an example to construct multiplex public transit system. Based on city space layout, developing trend and trip gradient, it forms multiplex public transit system which takes mass rapid transportation as framework, general bus as principal part, branch bus as support, taxi as complementarity and cooperates with other traffic modes.
The final target of multiplex public transit system is to form coupling traffic system which treats public transit as principal part, private public transit as complementary, accordingly accelerate achieving accelerate realizing harmonious trip environment based on integral, systemic and efficient traffic, multiplex public transit system, intelligent traffic control, humanism traffic circumstance, support city sustained development and perfect harmonious society construction.
为此,在总结国内外研究的基础上,分析出行行为特性,本文提出出行链的基础理论框架:①出行的派生性;②出行的多样性;③出行的平等性;④出行的时空的受限性;⑤出行的动态性;⑥出行的波动性;⑦出行的梯度性。并针对活动链,重点论述了出行的时间梯度、距离梯度、密度梯度、价格梯度和弹性梯度以及方式供给梯度,从出行的个人属性、家庭属性、单位属性以及社会属性角度出发,探讨出行的时空效应、时空效应聚集而成的密度效应、方式选择以及供给效应,推论出出行变化以及公交多元化发展的趋势。
交通供给必须相应地提供方式梯度以满足多样化的出行需求。为此,本文在分析我国城市与交通发展的不均衡性以及城市区域特性与交通模式选择的匹配关系的基础上,基于出行链基础理论框架等提出多元化公交的内涵与外延,并构建了多元化公交的体系结构:基于城市区域发展特性构建包含层次化线网、级别化枢纽以及多样化票制等一体化管理的多层次、立体化、综合性的多元化公交体系,以层次化公交线网支撑城市发展,实施“枢纽型”的客运系统组织,缓解当前交通矛盾以及支撑我国城市可持续发展。
解决城市客运顽症的重中之重是实现多式客运联动。为此,本文通过多元化以及整合协调方法将不同层次的公交线路在物理和运营上统一为一个网络,充分发挥各种公交方式的技术经济优势:物理上布局合理,分流科学,条条线路各负其责又优势互补,将公交线路通过换乘站连接在一起,组织好各种交通方式的配置、连接,确保多式联运之间的方便载运,消除换乘的物理障碍(乘客换乘上下、水平移动距离等)、时间障碍(交通换乘等待时间及等待环境影响等),形成主干、支线相结合,高、中、低齐全,快、慢,冷、热车兼有的四通八达的客运体系;运营上通过合理的优惠票价体系允许乘客向各个方向免费或者低价换乘等,消除换乘费用障碍,实现高效换乘和联运,使乘客由只使用“线路”的传统出行模式转变为使用“网络”的现代出行模式,保证公交服务“网络化、舒适化、便捷化”。
本文在多元化公交的体系结构的框架下,总结国内外公交网络规划理论与方法,以建立网络完善、结构合理、设施先进、功能齐全、信息灵通的高效优质的现代化城市公交系统为主要目标,构建了多元化公交模式规模匡算模型,并设想了多元化公交模式类型。同时,基于线路走向搜索法等,借鉴蚁群算法、角色层次访问控制法等来构建层次化公交线网以及推算各公交方式的出行分担率。同时,本文以成都市为例进行论证,基于成都市的空间布局、发展趋势和居民出行特性,构建层级公交网络结构,建立以大容量快速公交为骨架、常规公共交通为主体、支线公交网络作支撑、出租车为补充,与其他交通方式协调的多元化公交体系。
多元化公交的发展必须立足于合理的交通发展框架,为此,本文在交通规划、建设、运营、管理和服务全面整合的基础上,建立“结构有序、功能互补、整体优化、统建共享”的等级镶嵌的和谐交通体系,并建立八大支撑平台来支撑和谐交通体系、加强城市区域的活力:①等级有序的城市路网结构;②整合优化的公共交通客运系统;③区域差别的停车-换乘系统;④级配合理的物流货运网络;⑤高效诱导的智能交通控制;⑥安全生态的交通环境;⑦协调互补的综合交通体系;⑧城乡一体化的交通引导支撑。
多元化公交系统的最终目的是形成以公共交通为主、个体交通为辅的耦合系统,促进实现区域交通一体化、城市交通系统化、道路交通高效化、公共交通多元化、交通控制智能化、交通环境人性化,为市民提供和谐的出行环境,建立以公交系统为战略主体的和谐交通体系,支撑城市可持续发展、和谐社会的构建与完善。
Increasing distance and more diversification of resident trip and tight cooperative transport are contributed by the Urbanization, mechanization, economic development and the city outspread, which lead to multiplex requirements of the residents' trip. Diversifications of city functions and social activities have become the basic feature of the city, combinatorial trips will build the main part of modern people daily life. Accordingly, it requires the traffic supply takes more concern on the variety, equality and the comprehensiveness of the traffic mode; ensure all parts of traffic mode are adequately exerting their reasonable utilization, the hominy and sustained development. Moreover the Public Transit is our country certain choice and essential factor of sustained development, whose development must be corresponded with increasingly complex trip demand.
Accordingly, based upon summarizing domestic and overseas studying production, this paper analyses trip behavior characters and puts forward basic theory of trip behavior chain:①the trip derive;②the trip diversity;③the trip equality;④the trip spatio-temporal conditionality;⑤the trip dynamic;⑥the trip fluctuating;⑦the trip gradient. Aiming at activity chain, it emphatically discusses the trip gradient of time, distance, density, price, elasticity and mode providing. From the angle of personal property, family property, unit property and society property, it discusses spatio-temporal effect, density effect congregated by spatio-temporal effect, mode choice and supply effect, in order to be reason out development trends of the trip variety and public transit multiplicity.
The traffic supply must provide mode gradient to satisfy requirements of variety trip requirement. therefore, based on the analyse of cities and transportation development imbalance , matching relation between district character and traffic mode selection and trip chain theory etc, this paper puts forward the multiplex public transit connotation,extension and architecture:based on city regional space layout character and developing trend, it puts forward multi-layer, tridimensional and synthetical multiplex public transit architecture including layer line network, graded hinge, diversiform favourable ticket and integrative management which uses layer line network and hinged passenger transport organizing to solve traffic inconsistency and support city sustained development..
The essential factor to solve city transit problems is achieving multimode through transport. Consequently, based upon multiplicity and the method of conformity harmony, the multiplex Public Transit exerts technical economy advantage of all kinds of traffic mode, which consolidates difference level of traffic route into a single net in the areas of the physical network and transit executive. Referring to physical network, public transit routes possess the character of logic overall arrangements and the rational distributary by closely linked by hinges(station), each route takes its own role as well as complement predominance each other to make through transport to work smoothly, eliminating exchanging physics balk (passengers exchanging on getting on or off、distance of horizontally moving etc),timing balk (waiting time of exchanging and waiting environments etc),multiplex public transit system aims to construct the network excellently extending in all directions by combining stream with branch bus line, inosculating high-class, intermediate and low-end bus line, integrating rapid, slow and different flux bus line; Referring to the transit executive, the reasonable ticket system is allowing passengers transfer for free or lower price in each direction to eliminate transfer fee balk, achieve high effective transferring and multimode through transport, it lets the traditional "single line" trip form passengers be instead of modern "network" trip form to ensure its service to be"network, comfortable, convenient".
Under the frame of multiplex public traffic system, concluding domestic and oversea traffic network plan theory and method, taking aim at establishing perfect network、reasonable construction、advanced equipment、well-informed、high effective and quality modern city traffic system, this paper composes multiplex public traffic model and style. Meanwhile, based upon tend towards searching method, Ant Colony Algorithm, Role-Hierarchy accessing control etc, it composes layer traffic network and calculate participation rate of traffic mode. Simultaneity, Chengdu is taken as an example to construct multiplex public transit system based on space layout, developing trend and trip gradient, it forms hierarchy of multiplex public transit nerwork which takes mass rapid transportation as framework, routine buses as principal part, branch buses as support, taxies as complementarity and cooperates with other traffic modes.
The development of multiplex public transit system must be based upon the reasonable traffic construction. Therefore, based upon overall-conformity of traffic plan, construction, executive, management and service, harmonious traffic system must be constructed which possess the character of well-ordered structure, mutual reparative function, integration optimizing, integrative plan and share. It also need to construct eight platforms to reinforce city viability and support harmonious traffic system, they are as followed:①graded and well-ordered road network;②synthesized and optimizing public transit system;③different regional park-and-ride system;④rational and graded Freight Logistics network;⑤efficient navigating intelligent traffic control;⑥safe and sustainable traffic environment;⑦unisonous and mutual reparative synthetical traffic architecture;⑧integral rural and urban traffic inducting and supporting. Chengdu city is taken as an example to construct multiplex public transit system. Based on city space layout, developing trend and trip gradient, it forms multiplex public transit system which takes mass rapid transportation as framework, general bus as principal part, branch bus as support, taxi as complementarity and cooperates with other traffic modes.
The final target of multiplex public transit system is to form coupling traffic system which treats public transit as principal part, private public transit as complementary, accordingly accelerate achieving accelerate realizing harmonious trip environment based on integral, systemic and efficient traffic, multiplex public transit system, intelligent traffic control, humanism traffic circumstance, support city sustained development and perfect harmonious society construction.
引文
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