核桃坚果性状遗传特性与优系选择研究
|
摘要
核桃(Juglans regia L.),是重要的坚果和木本油料树种。核桃种仁含有多种脂肪、蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、碳水化合物以及维生素B、C和E,是世界传统的坚果食品。本研究以早实核桃品种元林和晚实核桃品种青林及其杂交后代共100个单株为试材,对坚果性状的遗传变异、遗传力、性状间的遗传相关进行了研究,采用综合指数法选出15个优良单株。并用气相色谱法测定了优良单株的脂肪酸成分。实验结果如下:
(1)核桃坚果性状的变异及遗传参数
核桃杂交群体中果实性状存在广泛变异,单株果仁产量的变异系数高达69.7%。核桃果实性状指标的遗传力普遍较高,干果纵径和壳厚最高,分别达0.93和0.92;青果纵径、青果横径、仁重和干果重均在0.8以上,其余在0.7—0.8之间,青果重最低为0.6。
(2)核桃坚果性状指标的相关分析
单株产仁量与青果重、青果纵径、干果重、出仁率及仁重之间均达极显著正相关,说明这5个指标对单株产仁量有显著正面影响;单株产仁量与壳厚呈极显著负相关,与干果横径、干果缝横径、青果纵径呈负相关;仁重与干果重呈极显著正相关;与干果纵径呈显著正相关,与青果纵径呈显著负相关;与干果缝横径及壳厚呈负相关
(3)核桃蛋白质和脂肪的遗传特性分析
不同单株的果仁蛋白质含量及脂肪含量之间均存在显著差异,蛋白质含量的遗传力和遗传增益分别为0.92和33.12%。脂肪含量的遗传力和遗传增益为0.91和19.06%
(4)核桃坚果性状的通径分析
以单株果仁产量为目的性状的通径分析结果表明:出仁率、单株产果量、取仁指数、干果重、缝横径、壳厚、仁重对单株果仁产量的直接作用均达极显著或显著水平的,但干果缝横径、壳厚是负向的,按绝对值大小依次是:单株产果量、出仁率、缝横径、仁重、取仁指数、干果重、壳厚;单株产果量和出仁率的直接作用明显大于其他性状。
(5)综合指数选择
通过主成分分析,前4个主成分的累计百分率为83.28 % ,表明这4个主成分可将供试单株的主要经济性状83.28%的信息反映出来,通过估算个单株的综合指数,选出油用综合指数(第1、4主成分)较高的优株:5-4、3-14、4-12、4-17、4-23、6-7、1-11;仁用综合指数(3、4主成分)较高的优株:3-19、1-3、4-2、5-11、5-19、1-9、1-6、5-16
(6)核桃优株蛋白质、脂肪及脂肪酸的分析及评价
15个核桃优株的平均蛋白质含量为19.13%,高出平均值的优株有10个核桃单株其中,6-7单株的蛋白质含量最高,平均值达25.22%;15个核桃优株的平均脂肪含量为58.70%,高出平均值的优株有10个,其中,5-19单株的粗脂肪含量最高,平均值达64.69%。核桃优株果仁脂肪酸成分中以亚油酸含量最高,其次依次是油酸、α-亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生稀酸和花生酸。
Walnut(Juglans regia L.)is an important nut and an oil-woody plant,Juglans regia L. is the traditional nut food of the world, which contains many species of acid,fat,unsaturated fatty acid, carbohydrates,and Vitamin B,C and E. The study and evaluation of genetic diversity of germplasm resources is important for exploring the origin, spread, evolution of Juglans regia L., utilization of Juglans regia L. ,germplasm resource, as well as instructing the innovation of excellent germplasm of Juglans regia L. Genetie variation of growth and fonntraits,heritability and genetie eorrelation were ealeulated for analyzing the genetic Character of walnut fruits which were gotten from precocious wanlnut wariety luyuan,later mature wariety lufeng and their 100 hybrid plants. The fatty acid components were analyzed through Meteorological chromatography.The result was that:
(1) The variation and genetic parameters of fruit traits of Juglans regia L.
There was wide variation of fruit traits in walnut hybridization colony , especially the kernel yield of per plant reached the 69.7%. Heritability of fruits were high widely. The heritability of nut vertical diameter and shell thickness were the biggest ,whose were 0.93 and 0.921. while heritabilities of fruit vertical diameter,fruit transverse diameter,Kernel weight and nut weight were all above 0.8,while others were between 0.7 to 0.8. the heritability of fresh fruit weight was the lowest ,whose was 0.6.
(2)The correlation analysis of fruit traits of Juglans regia L.
The correlation analysis show that:there was significantly positive correlation between kernel yield of per plant ,fresh fruit weight, fruit vertical diameter ,nut weight, Kernel rate,and Kernel weight.This five indexes had an positive effect on kernel yield of per plant. there was significantly negative correlation between kernel yield of per plant and shell thickness, while nut transverse diameter,nut slot transverse diameter and fruit vertical diameter were all negative correlated to kernel yield of per plant. There was mostly significantly positive correlation between kernel weight and nut weight, there was significantly positive correlation between kernel weight and nut vertical diameter, The nut slot transverse diameter and shell thickness were all negative corrdlated to kernel weight,while the fruit vertical diameter was significantly negative corrdlated to kernel weight.
(3)The analysis of genetic characteristics of acid and fat contents in Juglans regia L.
There were extremely significant differences between fat contents and acid contents in different individual plants. The heritabilities of fat content was 0.927,and the genetic gains of fat content was 33.12%. The heritabilities of acid content was 0.915,and the genetic gains of acid content was 19.06%.
(4)Path analysis of fruit traits of Juglans regia L.
The results of path analysis aimed at showed that:the direct effect of percent of kernel, nut yield of per plant, index of kernel catching,nut weight, nut slot transverse diameter,shell thickness and kernel weight to kernel yield of per plant are significance,but the nut vertical diameter and shell thickness played negative effect to kernel yield of per plant. The absolute values in descending order were nut yield of per plant, percent of kernel, nut slot transverse diamete, kernel weight, index of kernel catching, nut weight and shell thickness .The direct effect of nut yield of per plant and percent of kernel to kernel yield of per plant is better than other fruit traits.
(5)Comprehensive index options
According to the principal component analysis,the cumulative proportion of four principal components was 83.28%. It showed that this four principal components reveals 83.28% of the information of main agronomic traits about 94 Juglans regia L. individual plants, The result of comprehensive evaluation with indexes of Juglans regia L. showed that 5-4、3-14、4-12、4-17、4-23、6-7、1-11 were selected to be elite trees which nut used for producting oil. 3-19、1-3、4-2、5-11、5-19、1-9、1-6、5-16 were selected to be elite trees which have good comprehensive evaluation with indexes of nuts.
(6)The analysis and evaluation of fat, protein and fatty acids of Juglans regia L.
The average protein contents of this fifteen hybrid plants was 19.13% .The protein contents of ten hybrid plants of Juglans regia L.are higher than the average content。With highest protein content, the average of 6-7 was 25.223%.The fat contents of this fifteen hybrid plants of Juglans regia L.was 58.70%. The fat contents of ten hybrid plants of Juglans regia L.are higher than the average fat content .With highest fat content, the average of 5-19 was 64.687%. The average content of linoleic acid content is 32.565% , which is the hightest of all the fatty acid ingredients of .The next fatty acids are oleic acid contents, alpha linolenic acid,for palmitic, stearic acid, peanut dilute acids and arachidic acid ,according to their contents.
(1)核桃坚果性状的变异及遗传参数
核桃杂交群体中果实性状存在广泛变异,单株果仁产量的变异系数高达69.7%。核桃果实性状指标的遗传力普遍较高,干果纵径和壳厚最高,分别达0.93和0.92;青果纵径、青果横径、仁重和干果重均在0.8以上,其余在0.7—0.8之间,青果重最低为0.6。
(2)核桃坚果性状指标的相关分析
单株产仁量与青果重、青果纵径、干果重、出仁率及仁重之间均达极显著正相关,说明这5个指标对单株产仁量有显著正面影响;单株产仁量与壳厚呈极显著负相关,与干果横径、干果缝横径、青果纵径呈负相关;仁重与干果重呈极显著正相关;与干果纵径呈显著正相关,与青果纵径呈显著负相关;与干果缝横径及壳厚呈负相关
(3)核桃蛋白质和脂肪的遗传特性分析
不同单株的果仁蛋白质含量及脂肪含量之间均存在显著差异,蛋白质含量的遗传力和遗传增益分别为0.92和33.12%。脂肪含量的遗传力和遗传增益为0.91和19.06%
(4)核桃坚果性状的通径分析
以单株果仁产量为目的性状的通径分析结果表明:出仁率、单株产果量、取仁指数、干果重、缝横径、壳厚、仁重对单株果仁产量的直接作用均达极显著或显著水平的,但干果缝横径、壳厚是负向的,按绝对值大小依次是:单株产果量、出仁率、缝横径、仁重、取仁指数、干果重、壳厚;单株产果量和出仁率的直接作用明显大于其他性状。
(5)综合指数选择
通过主成分分析,前4个主成分的累计百分率为83.28 % ,表明这4个主成分可将供试单株的主要经济性状83.28%的信息反映出来,通过估算个单株的综合指数,选出油用综合指数(第1、4主成分)较高的优株:5-4、3-14、4-12、4-17、4-23、6-7、1-11;仁用综合指数(3、4主成分)较高的优株:3-19、1-3、4-2、5-11、5-19、1-9、1-6、5-16
(6)核桃优株蛋白质、脂肪及脂肪酸的分析及评价
15个核桃优株的平均蛋白质含量为19.13%,高出平均值的优株有10个核桃单株其中,6-7单株的蛋白质含量最高,平均值达25.22%;15个核桃优株的平均脂肪含量为58.70%,高出平均值的优株有10个,其中,5-19单株的粗脂肪含量最高,平均值达64.69%。核桃优株果仁脂肪酸成分中以亚油酸含量最高,其次依次是油酸、α-亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生稀酸和花生酸。
Walnut(Juglans regia L.)is an important nut and an oil-woody plant,Juglans regia L. is the traditional nut food of the world, which contains many species of acid,fat,unsaturated fatty acid, carbohydrates,and Vitamin B,C and E. The study and evaluation of genetic diversity of germplasm resources is important for exploring the origin, spread, evolution of Juglans regia L., utilization of Juglans regia L. ,germplasm resource, as well as instructing the innovation of excellent germplasm of Juglans regia L. Genetie variation of growth and fonntraits,heritability and genetie eorrelation were ealeulated for analyzing the genetic Character of walnut fruits which were gotten from precocious wanlnut wariety luyuan,later mature wariety lufeng and their 100 hybrid plants. The fatty acid components were analyzed through Meteorological chromatography.The result was that:
(1) The variation and genetic parameters of fruit traits of Juglans regia L.
There was wide variation of fruit traits in walnut hybridization colony , especially the kernel yield of per plant reached the 69.7%. Heritability of fruits were high widely. The heritability of nut vertical diameter and shell thickness were the biggest ,whose were 0.93 and 0.921. while heritabilities of fruit vertical diameter,fruit transverse diameter,Kernel weight and nut weight were all above 0.8,while others were between 0.7 to 0.8. the heritability of fresh fruit weight was the lowest ,whose was 0.6.
(2)The correlation analysis of fruit traits of Juglans regia L.
The correlation analysis show that:there was significantly positive correlation between kernel yield of per plant ,fresh fruit weight, fruit vertical diameter ,nut weight, Kernel rate,and Kernel weight.This five indexes had an positive effect on kernel yield of per plant. there was significantly negative correlation between kernel yield of per plant and shell thickness, while nut transverse diameter,nut slot transverse diameter and fruit vertical diameter were all negative correlated to kernel yield of per plant. There was mostly significantly positive correlation between kernel weight and nut weight, there was significantly positive correlation between kernel weight and nut vertical diameter, The nut slot transverse diameter and shell thickness were all negative corrdlated to kernel weight,while the fruit vertical diameter was significantly negative corrdlated to kernel weight.
(3)The analysis of genetic characteristics of acid and fat contents in Juglans regia L.
There were extremely significant differences between fat contents and acid contents in different individual plants. The heritabilities of fat content was 0.927,and the genetic gains of fat content was 33.12%. The heritabilities of acid content was 0.915,and the genetic gains of acid content was 19.06%.
(4)Path analysis of fruit traits of Juglans regia L.
The results of path analysis aimed at showed that:the direct effect of percent of kernel, nut yield of per plant, index of kernel catching,nut weight, nut slot transverse diameter,shell thickness and kernel weight to kernel yield of per plant are significance,but the nut vertical diameter and shell thickness played negative effect to kernel yield of per plant. The absolute values in descending order were nut yield of per plant, percent of kernel, nut slot transverse diamete, kernel weight, index of kernel catching, nut weight and shell thickness .The direct effect of nut yield of per plant and percent of kernel to kernel yield of per plant is better than other fruit traits.
(5)Comprehensive index options
According to the principal component analysis,the cumulative proportion of four principal components was 83.28%. It showed that this four principal components reveals 83.28% of the information of main agronomic traits about 94 Juglans regia L. individual plants, The result of comprehensive evaluation with indexes of Juglans regia L. showed that 5-4、3-14、4-12、4-17、4-23、6-7、1-11 were selected to be elite trees which nut used for producting oil. 3-19、1-3、4-2、5-11、5-19、1-9、1-6、5-16 were selected to be elite trees which have good comprehensive evaluation with indexes of nuts.
(6)The analysis and evaluation of fat, protein and fatty acids of Juglans regia L.
The average protein contents of this fifteen hybrid plants was 19.13% .The protein contents of ten hybrid plants of Juglans regia L.are higher than the average content。With highest protein content, the average of 6-7 was 25.223%.The fat contents of this fifteen hybrid plants of Juglans regia L.was 58.70%. The fat contents of ten hybrid plants of Juglans regia L.are higher than the average fat content .With highest fat content, the average of 5-19 was 64.687%. The average content of linoleic acid content is 32.565% , which is the hightest of all the fatty acid ingredients of .The next fatty acids are oleic acid contents, alpha linolenic acid,for palmitic, stearic acid, peanut dilute acids and arachidic acid ,according to their contents.
引文
1.白仲奎.河北省核桃新品种选育决选研究[J].河北果树, 2000, (4): 14-16.
2.蔡永立,王希华,宋永昌.中国东部亚热带青冈果实形态变异的研究[J].生态学报, 1999, l9(4): 581-586.
3.陈勤.中药美容保健品的研究与开发[M].北京:中药科技出版社出版, 1999, 557一562.
4.范志远,方文亮,杨振帮.南北核桃种间杂交F1代主要性状遗传分析[J].云南林业科技, 2001, (4): 31-37.
5.范志远,习学良,方文亮.核桃优良早实新品系云新90301、云新90303的选育[J].江西林业科技, 2002(2): 34-37.
6.范志远,习学良.种间杂交培育的5个核桃早实新品系[J].湖南林业科技, 2002, 29(1): 58,66-67.
7.方文亮,杨振帮.核桃杂交育种研究报告[J].经济林研究, 1987(增刊): 228-233.
8.方文亮.核桃杂交育种研究初报[J].云南林业科技, 1991(4): 19-22.
9.冯连芬,吕芳德,张亚萍,何红晓. 2006.我国核桃育种及其栽培技术研究进展.经济林研究, 24(2):69-73
10.高焕章,吴楚,姜学知.湖北兴山核桃复选优系主要经济性状主成分分析[J].湖北农学院学报, 2001(3): 207-211.
11.高焕章,吴楚,李申如.综合指数法在核桃选种中的应用研究.林业科学[J], 2002(3): 172-176.
12.高绍棠,杨吉安.洛南和扶风核桃优良品种性状与品质分析[J].西北林学院学报, 1989, 4(2): 66-71.
13.高绍棠,杨吉安.洛南核桃和扶风隔年核桃优良株系选育研究[J].中国果树, 1989, (3): 15-17.
14.郭宝林,杨俊霞,李永瓷等1主成分分析法在仁用杏品种主要经济性状选种上的应用研究.林业科学,2000 ,36 (6) :53～56
15.韩华柏,何方.我国核桃育种的回顾和展望[J].经济林研究, 2004, 22(3): 45-50.
16.郝艳宾,王克建,王淑兰.几种早实核桃坚果中蛋白质、脂肪酸组成成分分析[J].食品科学, 2002, 23(10): 123-125.
17.何方,胡芳名.经济林栽培学(第2版)[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2004.
18.洪友君,宋维治,方树平.提高胡柚果实品质的几项措施[J].柑桔与亚热带果树信息, 2004, 20(8).
19.景淑华,付渝滨.羟肪酸快速测定食用油主要营养必需脂肪酸[J].色谱,1998,16(1):53~55.
20.郡荣庭,张毅萍,中国核桃.北京:中国林业出版社:1992,192一199,227一246
21.李国和,杨冬生,胡庭兴.秦巴山区核桃种质的形态特征和生化特性[J].四川林业科技, 2006, 27(6): 14-18.
22.李加纳,唐章林,堪利.1995.数量遗传学概论.重庆:西南师范大学出版社:140一141,150一162,199一21
23.李莉,霍晓静,杨世风.核桃缝合力测试系统的研究[J].农机化研究, 2004(2): 81-85.
24.李仁敏.核桃营养及药用研究进展[J].农产品加工, 2004(12): 26-27.
25.梁维坚,懂得芬.大果榛子育种与栽培,中国林业出版社,2002.7:17
26.刘力,龚宁,夏国华.山核桃种仁蛋白质及氨基酸成分含量的变异分析[J].林业科学研究, 2006, 19(3): 376-378.
27.刘庆忠.核桃种质资源描述规范和数据标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社, 2007: 20-21.
28.刘志皋1食品营养学[M]1第二版1北京:中国轻工业出版社,20041
29.柳镇安.核桃油中主要脂肪酸的毛细管柱气相色谱分析[J].化学世界, 2000, (4): 212-213.
30.陆斌,宁德鲁,暴江山.核桃营养药用价值与加工技术研究进展[J].中国果菜, 2006(4): 41-43.
31.路安民.论胡桃科植物的地理分布[J].植物分类学报, 1982, 20(3): 257-274.
32.罗伟强,刘宝,刁开盛.毛细管气相色谱法测定核桃油中的脂肪酸[J].贵州化工, 2005, 3:40-41.
33.罗伟强,刘宝,刁开盛.毛细管气相色谱法测定核桃油中的脂肪酸[J].贵州化工,2005,3:40-41.
34.罗秀钧,王汉涛,武显维.河南省核桃良种选育研究[J].武汉植物学研究, 1990(4): 365-373.
35.马明,杨克强,孙彩玲,王钧毅.核桃优良品种(系)在清水地区的引种评价.经济林研究,2006,24(3):21一24
36.梅立春,郭春会,刘林强.2002.中美核桃业之差距与对策.西北农林科技大学学报, 30 (4):79-82.
37.穆英林,郗荣庭,吕增仁.核桃属部分种的小孢子发生及核型研究[J].武汉植物学研究, 1990, 8(4): 301-310.
38.潘兰文.提高桃果实品质的接木措施[J].河北林业, 2007(2).
39.裴鑫德1多元统计分析及其应用1北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991 , 196～216
40.沈德绪.果树育种学[M].北京:农业出版社, 1992, 313-315.
41.沈熙环.林木遗传育种学.中国林业出版社,2003:54~55
42.沈熙环编著.林木育种学.中国林业出版社, 1988
43.滕康利,金锡凤,杨兴华.核桃树的主要器官养分周年动态[J].山东农业科学, 1996(5): 23~26.
44.王根宪. 13个早实核桃品种在秦巴山区的引种表现[J].中国果树, 2005(2): 31-33.
45.王国安,高明月,张树信.早实核桃半同胞子代坚果品质变异性的研究[J].经济林研究, 1995, 13(3): 20-26.
46.王仕海,陈琦,赵宝军,刘万生.辽宁5号和辽宁7号早实核桃品种的选育[J].中国果树, (2): 7-9.
47.王思宏,方英玉,朴英爱.毛细管气相色谱/质谱法测定核桃油的脂肪酸[J].延边大学学报:自然科学版, 1999, 25(1): 23-25.
48.王戊茂1食品营养与卫生[M]1北京:中国轻工业出版社,19951
49.王晓燕,张志华,李月秋.核桃品种中脂肪酸的组成与含量分析[J].营养学报, 2004, 26(6): 499-501.
50.王永飞,马三梅,刘翠平.遗传标记的发展和分子标记的检测技术[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 26(6): 130-136.
51.吴开志,肖千文.核桃种仁粗脂肪和氨基酸含量的差异性分析[J].经济林研究, 2007, 25(2): 15-18.
52.吴社兰,周可金,路伟.优质花生新品种的生育特征与产量结构研究.花生学报, 2005, 34(4): 28-31
53.郗荣庭,张毅萍,中国果树志[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1996.
54.郗荣庭,张毅萍.中国核桃[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1992.
55.郗荣庭.关于我国核桃起源问题的商榷[J].中国果树, 1981(4): 47-50.
56.奚声珂.我国胡桃属(Juglans L.)种质资源与核桃(Juglans regia L.)育种[J].林业科学, 1987, 23(3): 342-350.
57.肖林兴.提高梨果实品质的相关措施[J].福建果树, 2002(3).
58.邢世岩,倪国祥,张运吉等.银杏叶数量性状的遗传分析.林业科学, 2000, 36(5):47~53
59.徐纬英,朱湘渝,胡长令.用选择方法改良我国核桃品种[J].林业科学, 1963, 10(1): 18-30.
60.阎爱民,陈文新.锦鸡儿根瘤菌的表型多样性分析[J].生物多样性, 1999, 7(2): l-8.
61.杨俊霞,郭宝林,张卫红.核桃重要经济性状的主成分分析及优良品种选择的研究[J].河北农业大学学报, 2001, (4): 39-42.
62.杨自湘,奚声珂.胡桃属十种植物的过氧化物同工酶分析[J].植物分类学报, 1989, 27(1): 53-57.
63.叶茂富,吴厚钧.山核桃和薄壳山核桃杂交的研究[J].林业科学, 1995, 10(1): 50-60.
64.叶志宏.林木遗传改良实用统计应用软件系统.天津:南开大学出版社, 1993. 145～154
65.余光英,胡国珍,龙秀琴,林泽信,陈晓春.核桃优株实生子代遗传性状的研究[J].贵州林业科技, 1995, 23(3): 7-16.
66.月兰英,肖千文.核挑杂交育种试验[J].林业实用技术, 2004, (9): 7-8.
67.张美勇,徐颖,杨茂林.果材兼用型核桃新品种—鲁核1号的选育[J].落叶果树, 2001(6):3-5.
68.张美勇,徐颖.核桃新品种-鲁丰.河北果树[J]. 2003(3): 13-14.
69.张庆祝,丁晓雯,陈宗道.核桃蛋白质的研究进展[J].四川食品与发酵, 2003, 39(3): 39-43.
70.张雨,方文亮,扬扬,范志远,习学良.核桃杂交Fl代坚果品质主要性状遗传分析[J].西南农业学报, 2004, 17: 461-466.
71.张雨,方文亮,杨杨.核桃杂交F1代坚果品质主要性状遗传分析[J].西南农业学报, 2004, 17(增刊): 461-466.
72.张志华,高仪.核桃坚果呼吸特性研究[J].园艺学报. 1994, 21(3): 209-212.
73.赵安玖,肖千文,胡庭兴.四川省核桃的品质生态区划[J].经济林研究, 2004, 22(2): 1-4.
74.赵树军.提高鸭梨果实品质的综合管理技术[J].烟台果树, 2007(2): 38-39.
75.赵悦平,赵书岗,王红霞.核桃坚果壳结构与核仁商品品质的关系[J].林业科学, 2007, 43(12): 81-85.
76.郑建仙.功能性食品.北京:中国轻工业出版社,1995:215-217
77.中华人民共和国国家标准GB2905-82.谷类、豆类作物种子蛋白质测定法(半微量凯氏法)
78.周靖,尹泳一,尹泳彪.山核桃青果皮中脂肪酸成分的色谱-质谱分析[J].中国林副产品, 2002(3): 7-8.
79.周先锋.山核桃油脂加工及脂肪酸组成研究[D].安徽:安徽农业大学硕士论文, 2006.
80.朱凤岗等.农科化学实验.中国农业出版社, 1997
81.朱金兆,查多禄,魏康年.坚果栽培[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1990, 16-17.
82.朱益川,赵世远,李家荣.四川核桃优良单株选择研究[J].四川林业科技, 2000(4): 11-14.
83.朱之梯.1990.林木遗传学基础.北京:中国林业出版社:175一187 1062S-1101S
84. A Solar, M Hudina., F stampar Relationship between tree architecture, Phenological data and Generative development in Walnut(Juglans regia L.)[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress,2001.
85. Amaral J S, S Casal. Determination of sterol and fatty acid compositions, oxidative stability,and nutritional value of six walnut(Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Portugal[J]. Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51(26): 7698-7702.
86. Arulsekar S, D E Parfitt, G H McGranahan. Isozyme gene markers in Juglans species[J]. J Hered, 1985, 76: 103-106.
87. Atefi J,Karaj. Comparison of some promising Iranian walnut clones and foreign varieties. Acta Horticulturae, 2001. 544: 51-59
88. Brochmann C, Soltis P S. Recurrent formation and polyphly of Nordic polyploids in Draba (Brassicaceae)[J]. Amer J Bot, 1992, 79(6): 673-688.
89. Diaz A, Martin A, Rallo P, Barranco D, and Rosa R D. Self-incompatibility of‘arbequina’and‘Picual’olive assessed by SSR markers[J]. Amer.Soc.Hort. Sci., 2006, 131(2): 250-255.
90. Diaz R., Alonso E., Fernadez-Lopez J. Genetic and Geographic variation in seed traits of Common Walnut(Juglans regia L.) among twenty Population from the West of Spain[J]. Acta Hort. (ISHS), 2005, 705:137-141.
91. ElaineB,Feldman,M D.2002. The Scientific Evidence for a Beneficial Health Relationship Between Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease.J.Nutrition,132:
92. FAO/WHO. Protein Quality Evaluation[M]. Rome: Food and Agricultura Organization of the United Nations, 1990,66.
93. Fiorella Sinesio, Elisabetta Moneta. Sensory evaluation of walnut fruit[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1997, 8(l): 35-43.
94. Gazmend Zeneli, Haki Kola, Maxhun Dida. Phenotypic variation in native walnut populations of Northern Albania[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2005, 105(l): 91-100.
95. Germain E, Hanquier I., Monet R. Identification of eight Juglans spp. And their interspecific hybrids by isoenzymatic electrophoresis[J]. Acta Hort, 1993, 311: 73-87.
96. http / /www. chinahetao. com /Article_show. asp [ EB /OL ].
97. Joolka N K, Sharma S K. Selection of Superior Persian Walnut(Juglans regia L.) Strains from a population of seeding orgin[J]. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 2005, 696: 75-78.
98. Malvolti M E, Fineschi S, Pigliucci M. Morphological integration and genetic variability in Juglans regia L.[J]. The Journal of Heredity Washington, 1996, 185(5):3 89-392.
99. Malvolti M E., Fineschi S., Pigliucci M. Morphological integration and genetic variability in Juglans regia L.[J]. Journal of Heredity, 1994, 85: 389-394.
100. Mir Saleem Khattak, Suleman Ali, Fazli Wahab, Muslim Shan. Genetic Bio-diversity in the Segregating Population of walnut(Juglans regia L.) at Kurram Agency, Parachinar[J]. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2000, 3(6): 965-966.
101. Necla lanrmak. Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes(Juglans regia L.)[J]. Nahrung/Food, 2003, 47(l): 28-32.
102. O C Sharma, S D Sharma. Correlation Between Nut and kernel Characters of Persian Walnut Seeding trees of Garsa Valley in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
103. O. C. Sharma, S. D. Sharma. Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut(Juglans regia L.) for various metric nut and kernel characters in Himachal Pradesh[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2001, 88(2): 163-171.
104. O.C.Sharma, S.D.Sharma. Correlation Between Nut and kernel Characters of Persian Walnut Seeding trees of Garsa Valley in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
105. Osborne TB, Campbell GF. Conglutin and Vitellin[J]. J. Am Chem Soc. 1986, 18: 609-623.
106. P E Lauri, F Delort, E Germain, P Reynet Factors affecting Nut weight in Walnut(Juglans regia L.) an analysis of Genotypes with Contrasing Branching Patterns[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
107. Payne T., Califomia walnuts and light foods[J]. Cereal Foods World. 1985. 30: 215-218.
108. Payne T., California walnuts and light foods[J]. Cereal Foods World. 1985, 30: 215-218.
109. Raval M., Quality Characteristies of Califomia walnuts[J]. Cereal Food World, 1992, 37: 264-366.
110. Rosengarten F., The Book of Edible Nuts[M]. Newyork: Walker and ComPany, 1994.
111. Savage G P, McNeil D L. Chemical composition of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) grown in New Zealand. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1998, 48 (3):199~203
112. Sharma S D, Sharma O C, Gautam D R. Studies on the variability in Nut characters of Seeding trees growing in different location of Himachal Pradesh,India[J]. Aeta Hort. (ISHS) 2005, 705: 167-171.
113. Sheldon I, Guttman, Lee. Morphological, electrophoretic, and ecological analysis of Quercus Macrocarpa population in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming[J]. Can J Bot, 1990, 168: 2185-2194.
114. Smith H.,A diseriminnat function for Plant selection.Annr.Eugen.1936,7:240~250
115. Solar A J. Smole, F. Stampar. Characterization of isozyme variation in walnut(Juglans regia L.)[J]. Euphytica, 1994, 77: 105-112.
116. Solar A., J Smole, F. Identification of walnut cultivars by pollen isozymes[J]. Acta Hort, 1993, 311: 95-99.
117. Stafords W L., Umohl B., Lesser known oilseeds:nutritive.value of the protein isolates[R]. International Congress of Food Science and Technology, 285.
118. Szetao KWC, Sathe SK. Walnut(Juglans regia L.): proximate composition, protein solubility, protein amino acid composition and protein in vitro digestibility[J]. Sci Food Agric. 2000, 80: 1393-1401.
119. White TL , AdamsWT , NealeDB.2007.Forest Geneties.Cambrige , USA ,CABI:359-437
120. Y. Akca, S. Mehmet SEN. The relation ship between dichgamy and Yield-Nut characteristics in Juglans regia L[J] .ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 1995.
121. Y. Akca, S. Mehmet SEN. The relation ship between dichgamy and Yield-Nut characteristics in Juglans regia L[J] .ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
122. Zeneli G, Kola H, Dida M. Phenotypic varation in native walnut populations of Northern Albania[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2005, 105: 91-100
2.蔡永立,王希华,宋永昌.中国东部亚热带青冈果实形态变异的研究[J].生态学报, 1999, l9(4): 581-586.
3.陈勤.中药美容保健品的研究与开发[M].北京:中药科技出版社出版, 1999, 557一562.
4.范志远,方文亮,杨振帮.南北核桃种间杂交F1代主要性状遗传分析[J].云南林业科技, 2001, (4): 31-37.
5.范志远,习学良,方文亮.核桃优良早实新品系云新90301、云新90303的选育[J].江西林业科技, 2002(2): 34-37.
6.范志远,习学良.种间杂交培育的5个核桃早实新品系[J].湖南林业科技, 2002, 29(1): 58,66-67.
7.方文亮,杨振帮.核桃杂交育种研究报告[J].经济林研究, 1987(增刊): 228-233.
8.方文亮.核桃杂交育种研究初报[J].云南林业科技, 1991(4): 19-22.
9.冯连芬,吕芳德,张亚萍,何红晓. 2006.我国核桃育种及其栽培技术研究进展.经济林研究, 24(2):69-73
10.高焕章,吴楚,姜学知.湖北兴山核桃复选优系主要经济性状主成分分析[J].湖北农学院学报, 2001(3): 207-211.
11.高焕章,吴楚,李申如.综合指数法在核桃选种中的应用研究.林业科学[J], 2002(3): 172-176.
12.高绍棠,杨吉安.洛南和扶风核桃优良品种性状与品质分析[J].西北林学院学报, 1989, 4(2): 66-71.
13.高绍棠,杨吉安.洛南核桃和扶风隔年核桃优良株系选育研究[J].中国果树, 1989, (3): 15-17.
14.郭宝林,杨俊霞,李永瓷等1主成分分析法在仁用杏品种主要经济性状选种上的应用研究.林业科学,2000 ,36 (6) :53～56
15.韩华柏,何方.我国核桃育种的回顾和展望[J].经济林研究, 2004, 22(3): 45-50.
16.郝艳宾,王克建,王淑兰.几种早实核桃坚果中蛋白质、脂肪酸组成成分分析[J].食品科学, 2002, 23(10): 123-125.
17.何方,胡芳名.经济林栽培学(第2版)[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2004.
18.洪友君,宋维治,方树平.提高胡柚果实品质的几项措施[J].柑桔与亚热带果树信息, 2004, 20(8).
19.景淑华,付渝滨.羟肪酸快速测定食用油主要营养必需脂肪酸[J].色谱,1998,16(1):53~55.
20.郡荣庭,张毅萍,中国核桃.北京:中国林业出版社:1992,192一199,227一246
21.李国和,杨冬生,胡庭兴.秦巴山区核桃种质的形态特征和生化特性[J].四川林业科技, 2006, 27(6): 14-18.
22.李加纳,唐章林,堪利.1995.数量遗传学概论.重庆:西南师范大学出版社:140一141,150一162,199一21
23.李莉,霍晓静,杨世风.核桃缝合力测试系统的研究[J].农机化研究, 2004(2): 81-85.
24.李仁敏.核桃营养及药用研究进展[J].农产品加工, 2004(12): 26-27.
25.梁维坚,懂得芬.大果榛子育种与栽培,中国林业出版社,2002.7:17
26.刘力,龚宁,夏国华.山核桃种仁蛋白质及氨基酸成分含量的变异分析[J].林业科学研究, 2006, 19(3): 376-378.
27.刘庆忠.核桃种质资源描述规范和数据标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社, 2007: 20-21.
28.刘志皋1食品营养学[M]1第二版1北京:中国轻工业出版社,20041
29.柳镇安.核桃油中主要脂肪酸的毛细管柱气相色谱分析[J].化学世界, 2000, (4): 212-213.
30.陆斌,宁德鲁,暴江山.核桃营养药用价值与加工技术研究进展[J].中国果菜, 2006(4): 41-43.
31.路安民.论胡桃科植物的地理分布[J].植物分类学报, 1982, 20(3): 257-274.
32.罗伟强,刘宝,刁开盛.毛细管气相色谱法测定核桃油中的脂肪酸[J].贵州化工, 2005, 3:40-41.
33.罗伟强,刘宝,刁开盛.毛细管气相色谱法测定核桃油中的脂肪酸[J].贵州化工,2005,3:40-41.
34.罗秀钧,王汉涛,武显维.河南省核桃良种选育研究[J].武汉植物学研究, 1990(4): 365-373.
35.马明,杨克强,孙彩玲,王钧毅.核桃优良品种(系)在清水地区的引种评价.经济林研究,2006,24(3):21一24
36.梅立春,郭春会,刘林强.2002.中美核桃业之差距与对策.西北农林科技大学学报, 30 (4):79-82.
37.穆英林,郗荣庭,吕增仁.核桃属部分种的小孢子发生及核型研究[J].武汉植物学研究, 1990, 8(4): 301-310.
38.潘兰文.提高桃果实品质的接木措施[J].河北林业, 2007(2).
39.裴鑫德1多元统计分析及其应用1北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991 , 196～216
40.沈德绪.果树育种学[M].北京:农业出版社, 1992, 313-315.
41.沈熙环.林木遗传育种学.中国林业出版社,2003:54~55
42.沈熙环编著.林木育种学.中国林业出版社, 1988
43.滕康利,金锡凤,杨兴华.核桃树的主要器官养分周年动态[J].山东农业科学, 1996(5): 23~26.
44.王根宪. 13个早实核桃品种在秦巴山区的引种表现[J].中国果树, 2005(2): 31-33.
45.王国安,高明月,张树信.早实核桃半同胞子代坚果品质变异性的研究[J].经济林研究, 1995, 13(3): 20-26.
46.王仕海,陈琦,赵宝军,刘万生.辽宁5号和辽宁7号早实核桃品种的选育[J].中国果树, (2): 7-9.
47.王思宏,方英玉,朴英爱.毛细管气相色谱/质谱法测定核桃油的脂肪酸[J].延边大学学报:自然科学版, 1999, 25(1): 23-25.
48.王戊茂1食品营养与卫生[M]1北京:中国轻工业出版社,19951
49.王晓燕,张志华,李月秋.核桃品种中脂肪酸的组成与含量分析[J].营养学报, 2004, 26(6): 499-501.
50.王永飞,马三梅,刘翠平.遗传标记的发展和分子标记的检测技术[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 26(6): 130-136.
51.吴开志,肖千文.核桃种仁粗脂肪和氨基酸含量的差异性分析[J].经济林研究, 2007, 25(2): 15-18.
52.吴社兰,周可金,路伟.优质花生新品种的生育特征与产量结构研究.花生学报, 2005, 34(4): 28-31
53.郗荣庭,张毅萍,中国果树志[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1996.
54.郗荣庭,张毅萍.中国核桃[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1992.
55.郗荣庭.关于我国核桃起源问题的商榷[J].中国果树, 1981(4): 47-50.
56.奚声珂.我国胡桃属(Juglans L.)种质资源与核桃(Juglans regia L.)育种[J].林业科学, 1987, 23(3): 342-350.
57.肖林兴.提高梨果实品质的相关措施[J].福建果树, 2002(3).
58.邢世岩,倪国祥,张运吉等.银杏叶数量性状的遗传分析.林业科学, 2000, 36(5):47~53
59.徐纬英,朱湘渝,胡长令.用选择方法改良我国核桃品种[J].林业科学, 1963, 10(1): 18-30.
60.阎爱民,陈文新.锦鸡儿根瘤菌的表型多样性分析[J].生物多样性, 1999, 7(2): l-8.
61.杨俊霞,郭宝林,张卫红.核桃重要经济性状的主成分分析及优良品种选择的研究[J].河北农业大学学报, 2001, (4): 39-42.
62.杨自湘,奚声珂.胡桃属十种植物的过氧化物同工酶分析[J].植物分类学报, 1989, 27(1): 53-57.
63.叶茂富,吴厚钧.山核桃和薄壳山核桃杂交的研究[J].林业科学, 1995, 10(1): 50-60.
64.叶志宏.林木遗传改良实用统计应用软件系统.天津:南开大学出版社, 1993. 145～154
65.余光英,胡国珍,龙秀琴,林泽信,陈晓春.核桃优株实生子代遗传性状的研究[J].贵州林业科技, 1995, 23(3): 7-16.
66.月兰英,肖千文.核挑杂交育种试验[J].林业实用技术, 2004, (9): 7-8.
67.张美勇,徐颖,杨茂林.果材兼用型核桃新品种—鲁核1号的选育[J].落叶果树, 2001(6):3-5.
68.张美勇,徐颖.核桃新品种-鲁丰.河北果树[J]. 2003(3): 13-14.
69.张庆祝,丁晓雯,陈宗道.核桃蛋白质的研究进展[J].四川食品与发酵, 2003, 39(3): 39-43.
70.张雨,方文亮,扬扬,范志远,习学良.核桃杂交Fl代坚果品质主要性状遗传分析[J].西南农业学报, 2004, 17: 461-466.
71.张雨,方文亮,杨杨.核桃杂交F1代坚果品质主要性状遗传分析[J].西南农业学报, 2004, 17(增刊): 461-466.
72.张志华,高仪.核桃坚果呼吸特性研究[J].园艺学报. 1994, 21(3): 209-212.
73.赵安玖,肖千文,胡庭兴.四川省核桃的品质生态区划[J].经济林研究, 2004, 22(2): 1-4.
74.赵树军.提高鸭梨果实品质的综合管理技术[J].烟台果树, 2007(2): 38-39.
75.赵悦平,赵书岗,王红霞.核桃坚果壳结构与核仁商品品质的关系[J].林业科学, 2007, 43(12): 81-85.
76.郑建仙.功能性食品.北京:中国轻工业出版社,1995:215-217
77.中华人民共和国国家标准GB2905-82.谷类、豆类作物种子蛋白质测定法(半微量凯氏法)
78.周靖,尹泳一,尹泳彪.山核桃青果皮中脂肪酸成分的色谱-质谱分析[J].中国林副产品, 2002(3): 7-8.
79.周先锋.山核桃油脂加工及脂肪酸组成研究[D].安徽:安徽农业大学硕士论文, 2006.
80.朱凤岗等.农科化学实验.中国农业出版社, 1997
81.朱金兆,查多禄,魏康年.坚果栽培[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 1990, 16-17.
82.朱益川,赵世远,李家荣.四川核桃优良单株选择研究[J].四川林业科技, 2000(4): 11-14.
83.朱之梯.1990.林木遗传学基础.北京:中国林业出版社:175一187 1062S-1101S
84. A Solar, M Hudina., F stampar Relationship between tree architecture, Phenological data and Generative development in Walnut(Juglans regia L.)[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress,2001.
85. Amaral J S, S Casal. Determination of sterol and fatty acid compositions, oxidative stability,and nutritional value of six walnut(Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Portugal[J]. Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51(26): 7698-7702.
86. Arulsekar S, D E Parfitt, G H McGranahan. Isozyme gene markers in Juglans species[J]. J Hered, 1985, 76: 103-106.
87. Atefi J,Karaj. Comparison of some promising Iranian walnut clones and foreign varieties. Acta Horticulturae, 2001. 544: 51-59
88. Brochmann C, Soltis P S. Recurrent formation and polyphly of Nordic polyploids in Draba (Brassicaceae)[J]. Amer J Bot, 1992, 79(6): 673-688.
89. Diaz A, Martin A, Rallo P, Barranco D, and Rosa R D. Self-incompatibility of‘arbequina’and‘Picual’olive assessed by SSR markers[J]. Amer.Soc.Hort. Sci., 2006, 131(2): 250-255.
90. Diaz R., Alonso E., Fernadez-Lopez J. Genetic and Geographic variation in seed traits of Common Walnut(Juglans regia L.) among twenty Population from the West of Spain[J]. Acta Hort. (ISHS), 2005, 705:137-141.
91. ElaineB,Feldman,M D.2002. The Scientific Evidence for a Beneficial Health Relationship Between Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease.J.Nutrition,132:
92. FAO/WHO. Protein Quality Evaluation[M]. Rome: Food and Agricultura Organization of the United Nations, 1990,66.
93. Fiorella Sinesio, Elisabetta Moneta. Sensory evaluation of walnut fruit[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1997, 8(l): 35-43.
94. Gazmend Zeneli, Haki Kola, Maxhun Dida. Phenotypic variation in native walnut populations of Northern Albania[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2005, 105(l): 91-100.
95. Germain E, Hanquier I., Monet R. Identification of eight Juglans spp. And their interspecific hybrids by isoenzymatic electrophoresis[J]. Acta Hort, 1993, 311: 73-87.
96. http / /www. chinahetao. com /Article_show. asp [ EB /OL ].
97. Joolka N K, Sharma S K. Selection of Superior Persian Walnut(Juglans regia L.) Strains from a population of seeding orgin[J]. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 2005, 696: 75-78.
98. Malvolti M E, Fineschi S, Pigliucci M. Morphological integration and genetic variability in Juglans regia L.[J]. The Journal of Heredity Washington, 1996, 185(5):3 89-392.
99. Malvolti M E., Fineschi S., Pigliucci M. Morphological integration and genetic variability in Juglans regia L.[J]. Journal of Heredity, 1994, 85: 389-394.
100. Mir Saleem Khattak, Suleman Ali, Fazli Wahab, Muslim Shan. Genetic Bio-diversity in the Segregating Population of walnut(Juglans regia L.) at Kurram Agency, Parachinar[J]. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2000, 3(6): 965-966.
101. Necla lanrmak. Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes(Juglans regia L.)[J]. Nahrung/Food, 2003, 47(l): 28-32.
102. O C Sharma, S D Sharma. Correlation Between Nut and kernel Characters of Persian Walnut Seeding trees of Garsa Valley in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
103. O. C. Sharma, S. D. Sharma. Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut(Juglans regia L.) for various metric nut and kernel characters in Himachal Pradesh[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2001, 88(2): 163-171.
104. O.C.Sharma, S.D.Sharma. Correlation Between Nut and kernel Characters of Persian Walnut Seeding trees of Garsa Valley in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
105. Osborne TB, Campbell GF. Conglutin and Vitellin[J]. J. Am Chem Soc. 1986, 18: 609-623.
106. P E Lauri, F Delort, E Germain, P Reynet Factors affecting Nut weight in Walnut(Juglans regia L.) an analysis of Genotypes with Contrasing Branching Patterns[J].ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
107. Payne T., Califomia walnuts and light foods[J]. Cereal Foods World. 1985. 30: 215-218.
108. Payne T., California walnuts and light foods[J]. Cereal Foods World. 1985, 30: 215-218.
109. Raval M., Quality Characteristies of Califomia walnuts[J]. Cereal Food World, 1992, 37: 264-366.
110. Rosengarten F., The Book of Edible Nuts[M]. Newyork: Walker and ComPany, 1994.
111. Savage G P, McNeil D L. Chemical composition of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) grown in New Zealand. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1998, 48 (3):199~203
112. Sharma S D, Sharma O C, Gautam D R. Studies on the variability in Nut characters of Seeding trees growing in different location of Himachal Pradesh,India[J]. Aeta Hort. (ISHS) 2005, 705: 167-171.
113. Sheldon I, Guttman, Lee. Morphological, electrophoretic, and ecological analysis of Quercus Macrocarpa population in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming[J]. Can J Bot, 1990, 168: 2185-2194.
114. Smith H.,A diseriminnat function for Plant selection.Annr.Eugen.1936,7:240~250
115. Solar A J. Smole, F. Stampar. Characterization of isozyme variation in walnut(Juglans regia L.)[J]. Euphytica, 1994, 77: 105-112.
116. Solar A., J Smole, F. Identification of walnut cultivars by pollen isozymes[J]. Acta Hort, 1993, 311: 95-99.
117. Stafords W L., Umohl B., Lesser known oilseeds:nutritive.value of the protein isolates[R]. International Congress of Food Science and Technology, 285.
118. Szetao KWC, Sathe SK. Walnut(Juglans regia L.): proximate composition, protein solubility, protein amino acid composition and protein in vitro digestibility[J]. Sci Food Agric. 2000, 80: 1393-1401.
119. White TL , AdamsWT , NealeDB.2007.Forest Geneties.Cambrige , USA ,CABI:359-437
120. Y. Akca, S. Mehmet SEN. The relation ship between dichgamy and Yield-Nut characteristics in Juglans regia L[J] .ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 1995.
121. Y. Akca, S. Mehmet SEN. The relation ship between dichgamy and Yield-Nut characteristics in Juglans regia L[J] .ⅢInternational Walnut Congress, 2001.
122. Zeneli G, Kola H, Dida M. Phenotypic varation in native walnut populations of Northern Albania[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2005, 105: 91-100