斯沃茨价值观理论的普遍性
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摘要
本文以斯沃茨人类基本价值观理论以及中国年轻工作者的价值观为主要研究对象。斯沃茨在总结分析多位学者的价值观和需求理论后提出了斯沃茨价值观测量工具(SVS),其中包含了58种价值观条目,它们被归为10种驱动力价值观类型。
该论文意在将斯沃茨价值观测量工具(SVS),即这58种价值观条目和相应的10种价值观类型放到中国当代文化背景中进行研究,以期发现斯沃茨尚未发现的一些中国本土文化因素对价值观条目的含义和分类的影响,同时借助该工具从个人层次深入了解当代中国年轻白领工作者的价值观偏向。
本文对来自20个省市自治区,工作地点分布于17个省市自治区的98名年轻白领进行了问卷调查,并在自愿前提下获得了相关的背景信息。问卷采用斯沃茨的58个价值观条目,要求调查对象在1-6中选择一个数字表明其在实际生活中对58个价值观条目的重视程度。问卷完成之后,根据斯沃茨的10种价值观类型的分类标准,将数据使用SPSS分析,并将得到的数据与2001年Schwartz的同类数据进行比较,对结果进行了阐述和分析。
研究发现10种价值观种类中,“享乐主义”的内部可靠性低于0.6(0.589),说明58个价值观种类中有的条目在中国情景中有着不同的文化含义;而10种价值观类型的重要程度与Schwartz 2001年结果有所差别,按照从高到低的顺序依次为:安全型,仁爱型,自我导向型,遵从型,成就型,普遍关怀型,享乐主义型,权利型,激励型,传统型。从研究中国文化价值观的角度来看,本文可以作为一个研究中国年轻人价值观的新范本。该研究的意义还在于能够启发更多的深度研究来改进该价值观理论,以期能够发现一个更加适应全球各类文化的普遍型测量工具。
Based on previous studies on values, culture, and human needs, Schalom, Schwartz derived 57 value items across cultures, which in turn statistically and consistently fall into 10 motivational types. This Schwartz Value Survey has been used with Chinese samples both by Chinese and western scholars. I am interested in figuring out value priorities of young Chinese employees. Driven by this interest, my thesis research constitutes an attempt to study the value priorities of Chinese young employees with the Schwartz’Value Survey. My thesis mainly consists of three research questions: 1) what is the value priority of the young employees, 2) what is the applicability and universalism degree of Schwartz Value Survey and
After reviewing the former value studies both from a western and local perspective in the first 3 chapters, I apply SPSS to analyze the data collected. Using the translated version of SVS, I have 98 valid questionnaires in total. After the analysis, it turns out that security, benevolence and self-direction are three top value priorities of Chinese young employees. Out of the ten value type, the internal reliability of hedonism is below .6, which is unacceptably valid. Therefore, the universalism of Schwartz Value Survey is questioned when applied in Chinese context.
The significance of the paper lie in three aspects: firstly, it gives insights for the further study in the application of SVS instrument and Schwartz’s value theory in the China’s context; secondly, it shows the value priority of young employees throughout China. Thirdly, this thesis will encourage further studies on Schwartz’s basic human value set to make it serve well as a global value measurement instrument in the future.
该论文意在将斯沃茨价值观测量工具(SVS),即这58种价值观条目和相应的10种价值观类型放到中国当代文化背景中进行研究,以期发现斯沃茨尚未发现的一些中国本土文化因素对价值观条目的含义和分类的影响,同时借助该工具从个人层次深入了解当代中国年轻白领工作者的价值观偏向。
本文对来自20个省市自治区,工作地点分布于17个省市自治区的98名年轻白领进行了问卷调查,并在自愿前提下获得了相关的背景信息。问卷采用斯沃茨的58个价值观条目,要求调查对象在1-6中选择一个数字表明其在实际生活中对58个价值观条目的重视程度。问卷完成之后,根据斯沃茨的10种价值观类型的分类标准,将数据使用SPSS分析,并将得到的数据与2001年Schwartz的同类数据进行比较,对结果进行了阐述和分析。
研究发现10种价值观种类中,“享乐主义”的内部可靠性低于0.6(0.589),说明58个价值观种类中有的条目在中国情景中有着不同的文化含义;而10种价值观类型的重要程度与Schwartz 2001年结果有所差别,按照从高到低的顺序依次为:安全型,仁爱型,自我导向型,遵从型,成就型,普遍关怀型,享乐主义型,权利型,激励型,传统型。从研究中国文化价值观的角度来看,本文可以作为一个研究中国年轻人价值观的新范本。该研究的意义还在于能够启发更多的深度研究来改进该价值观理论,以期能够发现一个更加适应全球各类文化的普遍型测量工具。
Based on previous studies on values, culture, and human needs, Schalom, Schwartz derived 57 value items across cultures, which in turn statistically and consistently fall into 10 motivational types. This Schwartz Value Survey has been used with Chinese samples both by Chinese and western scholars. I am interested in figuring out value priorities of young Chinese employees. Driven by this interest, my thesis research constitutes an attempt to study the value priorities of Chinese young employees with the Schwartz’Value Survey. My thesis mainly consists of three research questions: 1) what is the value priority of the young employees, 2) what is the applicability and universalism degree of Schwartz Value Survey and
After reviewing the former value studies both from a western and local perspective in the first 3 chapters, I apply SPSS to analyze the data collected. Using the translated version of SVS, I have 98 valid questionnaires in total. After the analysis, it turns out that security, benevolence and self-direction are three top value priorities of Chinese young employees. Out of the ten value type, the internal reliability of hedonism is below .6, which is unacceptably valid. Therefore, the universalism of Schwartz Value Survey is questioned when applied in Chinese context.
The significance of the paper lie in three aspects: firstly, it gives insights for the further study in the application of SVS instrument and Schwartz’s value theory in the China’s context; secondly, it shows the value priority of young employees throughout China. Thirdly, this thesis will encourage further studies on Schwartz’s basic human value set to make it serve well as a global value measurement instrument in the future.
引文
Bond, M. H. (1991). Beyond the Chinese face, New York, Oxford University Press
Bond, M. H. (1991). Chinese Culture Connection (CCC) (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-164.
Bond, M. H. (1996). Chinese values. In Bond, M. H. (Ed.). The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress.pp.208-226.
Feather, N. T. (1995). Values, valences, and choice: The influence of values on the perceived attractiveness and choice of alternatives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1135-1151.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications
Hofstede, G. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jagodzinski, W (2004). Methodological problems of value research. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology-Comparing Cultures: Dimensions of Culture in a Comparative Perspective, 97-121.
Jin, H. B. (1995).中国人成就动机性性别差异研究心理科学,3 (Research on motivational differences on achievement of Chinese. Psychological Sciences. 3)
John, T (2003). Globalization and Identity. Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http://www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/GTReader2eTomlinson.pdf
Kluckhohn, C (1951). Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action: An Exploration in Definition and Classification, in Parsons, T. & Shils, E A. (Eds.), Toward a Theory of General Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kluckhohn, F. R. & Strodtbeck F. L. (1961), Variations in Value Orientations, Evanston, lL: Row Peterson and Company.
Kohls, L. R. (1979/1984/1996/2001). Survival kit for overseas living: A guide for Americans planning to live and work abroad (4th Ed.).Yarmouth, MN: Intercultural Press. pp. 31-38.
Ma, B. H. & Hui, P. S. (2003).对陕西大学生价值观现状的调查分析。(A A Value survey on university students in Shaanxi Province).西北农林科技大学学报,4,108-112 (In Journal of Northwestern Agriculture & Forestry Technology University, 4, 75-97.)
Rokeach, M. (1973).The Nature of Human Values. London: The Free Press.pp.3-52.
Rohan, M. J. & Zanna, M. P. (1996). Value transmission in families. In C. Seligman, J.M. Olson, & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium, 8, 253-276). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schwartz, S. H. (1990). Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21(2), 139-157.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental
Social Psychology, Vol. 25, 1-65. New York: Academic Press. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45.
Schwartz, S. H. (2003). Basic human values: theory, measurement, and applications. Revue francaise de sociologie,4, p. 47.
Schwartz, S. H. (2005a). Basic human values: Their content and structure across countries. In A. Tamayo & J. B. Porto (Eds.), Values and Behavior in Organizations, 21-55. Petrofipolis, Brazil: Vozes.
Schwartz, S. H. (2005b). Robustness and fruitfulness of a theory of universals in individual human values. In A. Tamayo & J. B. Porto (Eds.), Idem, 56-95.
Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Value orientations: measurement, antecedents and consequences across nations. In Jowell, R., Roberts, C., Fitzgerald, R. & Eva, G. (Eds.) Measuring attitudes cross-nationally lessons from he European Social Survey. London: Sage.
Schwartz, S. H. (2007). A theory of cultural value orientations: explication and application. Measuring and Mapping Cultures: 25 Years of Comparative Value Surveys. Boston: Brill.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (1997). Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities in Eastern Europe. Political Psychology, 18(2), 385-410.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures; Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 268-290. 385
Schwartz, S. H. & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
Schwartz, S. H., & Fleishman, J. (1982). Effects of negative personal norms on helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8 (1), 81-86.
Schwartz, S. H., & Galit, S. (2000). Value consensus and importance: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(4), 465-497.
Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 519-542.
Schwartz, S. H. & Ros, M., (1995). Values in the West: A theoretical and empirical challenge to the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension. World Psychology, 1, 99-122.
Schwartz, S. H. & Rubel, T. (2005). Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multi-method studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89-102.
Schwartz, S. H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92-116.
Smith, P. B. & Schwartz, S. Values. In Berry, J. W. et al. (Ed.). The Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (vol.3): Theory and Method (2nd Ed.).Boston: Allyn and Bacon.pp.77-118
Sun, L. J. (2004).中国文化的深层结构The deep structure of the Chinese culture. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1999), Communication across cultures. U.S.A: The Guilford Press.
Tomlinson, J. (2003). Globalization and cultural Identity. www. arts. Ulster. Ac.uk./abstracts. Pdf
Trompenaars, F. (1993), Riding the wave of culture, London, The Economist Books.
Yang, K. S. (1987). Chinese personality and its change. In M.H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people, 106-170. Hong Kong: Oxford.
Yang, K. S. (1988). Will societal modernization eventually eliminate cross-cultural psychological differences, In M. H.B. (Ed.) The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology, 67-85. California: SAGE Publications.
Yang, K. S. (1998). Chinese responses to modernization: A psychological analysis. In Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 75-97.
Yang, K.S., Huang, K.K., & Yang, Z. F. (Eds.) (2005).华人本土心理学(The Chinese Indigenous Psychology. Taipai: Yuanliu Press.)
Bond, M. H. (1991). Chinese Culture Connection (CCC) (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-164.
Bond, M. H. (1996). Chinese values. In Bond, M. H. (Ed.). The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress.pp.208-226.
Feather, N. T. (1995). Values, valences, and choice: The influence of values on the perceived attractiveness and choice of alternatives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1135-1151.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications
Hofstede, G. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jagodzinski, W (2004). Methodological problems of value research. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology-Comparing Cultures: Dimensions of Culture in a Comparative Perspective, 97-121.
Jin, H. B. (1995).中国人成就动机性性别差异研究心理科学,3 (Research on motivational differences on achievement of Chinese. Psychological Sciences. 3)
John, T (2003). Globalization and Identity. Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http://www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/GTReader2eTomlinson.pdf
Kluckhohn, C (1951). Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action: An Exploration in Definition and Classification, in Parsons, T. & Shils, E A. (Eds.), Toward a Theory of General Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kluckhohn, F. R. & Strodtbeck F. L. (1961), Variations in Value Orientations, Evanston, lL: Row Peterson and Company.
Kohls, L. R. (1979/1984/1996/2001). Survival kit for overseas living: A guide for Americans planning to live and work abroad (4th Ed.).Yarmouth, MN: Intercultural Press. pp. 31-38.
Ma, B. H. & Hui, P. S. (2003).对陕西大学生价值观现状的调查分析。(A A Value survey on university students in Shaanxi Province).西北农林科技大学学报,4,108-112 (In Journal of Northwestern Agriculture & Forestry Technology University, 4, 75-97.)
Rokeach, M. (1973).The Nature of Human Values. London: The Free Press.pp.3-52.
Rohan, M. J. & Zanna, M. P. (1996). Value transmission in families. In C. Seligman, J.M. Olson, & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium, 8, 253-276). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schwartz, S. H. (1990). Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21(2), 139-157.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental
Social Psychology, Vol. 25, 1-65. New York: Academic Press. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45.
Schwartz, S. H. (2003). Basic human values: theory, measurement, and applications. Revue francaise de sociologie,4, p. 47.
Schwartz, S. H. (2005a). Basic human values: Their content and structure across countries. In A. Tamayo & J. B. Porto (Eds.), Values and Behavior in Organizations, 21-55. Petrofipolis, Brazil: Vozes.
Schwartz, S. H. (2005b). Robustness and fruitfulness of a theory of universals in individual human values. In A. Tamayo & J. B. Porto (Eds.), Idem, 56-95.
Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Value orientations: measurement, antecedents and consequences across nations. In Jowell, R., Roberts, C., Fitzgerald, R. & Eva, G. (Eds.) Measuring attitudes cross-nationally lessons from he European Social Survey. London: Sage.
Schwartz, S. H. (2007). A theory of cultural value orientations: explication and application. Measuring and Mapping Cultures: 25 Years of Comparative Value Surveys. Boston: Brill.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (1997). Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities in Eastern Europe. Political Psychology, 18(2), 385-410.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures; Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 268-290. 385
Schwartz, S. H. & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
Schwartz, S. H., & Fleishman, J. (1982). Effects of negative personal norms on helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8 (1), 81-86.
Schwartz, S. H., & Galit, S. (2000). Value consensus and importance: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(4), 465-497.
Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 519-542.
Schwartz, S. H. & Ros, M., (1995). Values in the West: A theoretical and empirical challenge to the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension. World Psychology, 1, 99-122.
Schwartz, S. H. & Rubel, T. (2005). Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multi-method studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89-102.
Schwartz, S. H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92-116.
Smith, P. B. & Schwartz, S. Values. In Berry, J. W. et al. (Ed.). The Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (vol.3): Theory and Method (2nd Ed.).Boston: Allyn and Bacon.pp.77-118
Sun, L. J. (2004).中国文化的深层结构The deep structure of the Chinese culture. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1999), Communication across cultures. U.S.A: The Guilford Press.
Tomlinson, J. (2003). Globalization and cultural Identity. www. arts. Ulster. Ac.uk./abstracts. Pdf
Trompenaars, F. (1993), Riding the wave of culture, London, The Economist Books.
Yang, K. S. (1987). Chinese personality and its change. In M.H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people, 106-170. Hong Kong: Oxford.
Yang, K. S. (1988). Will societal modernization eventually eliminate cross-cultural psychological differences, In M. H.B. (Ed.) The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology, 67-85. California: SAGE Publications.
Yang, K. S. (1998). Chinese responses to modernization: A psychological analysis. In Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 75-97.
Yang, K.S., Huang, K.K., & Yang, Z. F. (Eds.) (2005).华人本土心理学(The Chinese Indigenous Psychology. Taipai: Yuanliu Press.)