信息技术应用对企业横向边界的影响
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摘要
基于交易成本理论的分析表明:信息技术应用节约了企业的内部协调成本和外部交易成本,从而影响了企业的边界。那么,在我国当前的企业管理水平和市场环境下,信息技术对企业边界的影响又是怎样?同时,企业边界的变动又是怎样影响企业的信息技术需求?本文通过选取我国制造业和信息技术业的数据作为样本进行实证研究,分析信息技术应用对企业边界的影响,以及企业边界的变动和企业信息技术需求之间的关系。结果表明:在我国,企业信息技术应用同时扩大了企业的纵向边界和横向边界;信息技术应用显著提高了企业的相关多元化水平,而对非相关多元化水平则没有存在显著的影响;同时,企业的纵向边界与信息技术需求之间没有存在显著关系;而随着企业横向边界的扩大,企业对信息技术的需求则越大;并且,相关多元化水平与企业信息技术需求显著的正相关,而非相关多元化则与企业信息技术需求之间没有存在显著关系。
在论文的最后,我们还对信息技术、企业边界和企业绩效之间的关系做了一个探索性研究。研究结果发现,信息技术投资不能直接对企业绩效产生影响,信息技术通过影响企业横向边界,在滞后一期显著地提高了企业的绩效,而且企业横向边界在信息技术投资与企业绩效之间的调节关系主要体现在企业的相关多元化上。
Analysis based on transaction costs theory suggests that applications of information technologies (IT) reduce firms' internal coordination costs and transaction costs, leading to changes in firms' boundaries. However, how can IT change firms' boundaries in our country? And what is the relationship between the changes of firms' boundaries and firms' demand of IT? This thesis examines these questions by conducting an empirical analysis, based on data collected from China's manufacturing and IT industries. Results show that, at the current stage, IT applications are associated with increasing vertical integration and diversification. We further find that IT applications increase firms' related diversification but not unrelated diversification. And there is no significant relationship between vertical integration and the demand of IT. But we find that diversification demand more IT investment. Specifically, related diversification demands greater IT investment.
At the end of this thesis, we make an exploratory study on the relationship among IT investment, firms' boundaries and firms' performance. Research results show that IT doesn't directly improve firms' performance, but it can improve firms' performance through increased firms' diversification, especially related diversification.
在论文的最后,我们还对信息技术、企业边界和企业绩效之间的关系做了一个探索性研究。研究结果发现,信息技术投资不能直接对企业绩效产生影响,信息技术通过影响企业横向边界,在滞后一期显著地提高了企业的绩效,而且企业横向边界在信息技术投资与企业绩效之间的调节关系主要体现在企业的相关多元化上。
Analysis based on transaction costs theory suggests that applications of information technologies (IT) reduce firms' internal coordination costs and transaction costs, leading to changes in firms' boundaries. However, how can IT change firms' boundaries in our country? And what is the relationship between the changes of firms' boundaries and firms' demand of IT? This thesis examines these questions by conducting an empirical analysis, based on data collected from China's manufacturing and IT industries. Results show that, at the current stage, IT applications are associated with increasing vertical integration and diversification. We further find that IT applications increase firms' related diversification but not unrelated diversification. And there is no significant relationship between vertical integration and the demand of IT. But we find that diversification demand more IT investment. Specifically, related diversification demands greater IT investment.
At the end of this thesis, we make an exploratory study on the relationship among IT investment, firms' boundaries and firms' performance. Research results show that IT doesn't directly improve firms' performance, but it can improve firms' performance through increased firms' diversification, especially related diversification.
引文
[1]. Afuah, A. Redefining firm boundaries in the face of the Internet: Are firms really shrinking? Academy of Management Review. 2003. 28(1):34-53.
[2] Brynjolfsson E and Hitt L. Information technology as a factor of production: the role of differences among firms. Economics of Innovation and New Technology.1995.3,183-200.
[3] Brynjolfsson E and Hitt L. Beyond the productivity paradox.Communications of theACM.1998. 41,49-55.
[4].Chari, Murali D.R.; Devaraj, Sarv; David, Parthiban. The Impact of Information Technology Investments and Diversification Strategies on Firm Performance. Management Science, 2008.54(1)p224-234.
[5].Clemons, E. K., M. C. Row. Sustaining IT advantage: The role of structural differences. MIS Quart. 1991.15(3) 275 - 292.
[6].Clemons, S. P. Reddi, M. Row. The impact of information technology on the organization of production: The "move to the middle"[J]. Management Information System. 1993. pp.9-35.
[7]. Coase, R. H. The nature of the firm. Economic. 1937. 386-405.
[8].Dewan, S., S.Michael, C.Min Firm characeteristics and investments in information technology: Scale and Scope Effects [J]. Information Systems Research. 1998. 219-232
[9].Dewett, T. and G. R. Jones. 2001. The role of information technology in the organization: A review, model and assessment. Journal of Management, 27: 313-46.
[10].Drucker, P.F., The coming of the new organization, Harvard Business Review, 1988, pp.45-53.
[11].E. Brynjolfsson, T. W. .Malone, V. Gurbaxani and A. Kambil. Does Information Technology Lead to Smaller Firms? [J] Management Science, Vol.40,1994, (12).
[12].Galbraith, J. R. Organization design: An information processing view. Interfaces 1974.4(3) 28 - 36.
[13].Gurbaxani, V., S. Whang. The impact of information systems on organizations and markets. Com. ACM.1991. pp.59-73.
[14].Harasim, L.M. (ed.). 1993. Global Networks: Computers and International Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press.
[15].Hill, C.W.L. Internal Capital Market controls and Financial Performance in Multidivisional Firms. Journal of Industrial Economics. 1988.37:67-83.
[16] Henderson JC and Venkatraman N. Strategic alignment: leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. IBM Systems Journal. 1993.32,4-16.
[17].Holmstrom, B. and P. Milgrom. The firm as an incentive system. American Economic Review. 1994. 84(4):972-991
[18] Jacquemin, A. P. and C. H. Berry. Entroy measure of diversification and corporate growth.. Journal of Industrial Economics.1979. 27:359-369
[19] Jensen MC & Meckling WH. Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3.4 (1976): 305-360.
[20].Konsynski, B., & Karimi, J. (1993). On the design of global information systems. In Bradley, S., Hausman, J., & Nolan, R. (Eds.) Globalization, technology and competition: The fusion of computers and telecommunications in the 1990s (pp. 81-108). Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
[21].K. Palepu. Diversification Strategy, Profit Performance and the Entropy Measure. Strategic Management Journal. 1985. 6(3):239-255.
[22].Lorin M. Hitt. Information technology and firm boundaries: Evidence from panel data. Information Systems Research, 1999, pp. 134-149.
[23].Lorsch, J. W. and S. A. Allen. Managing Diversity and Interdependence: An Organizational Study of Multidivisional Firms. Harvard Business School Division of Research, Boston, MA. 1973.
[24].Malone, Thomas w., Joanne Yates and Robert I. Benjamin. Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies. Communications of the ACM. 1987.30(6): 484-497.
[25].Malone, T.W., J.Rockart, Computers, networks and the corporation, Sci. Amer, 1991, pp.128-136.
[26].Mata, F. J., W.L. Fuerst and J.B. Barney. Information technology and sustained competitive advantage: A resource-based analysis. MIS Quarterly. 1995. 19(4):487-505.
[27].Montgomery, C. A., B. Wernerfelt. Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q. RAND J. Econom. 1988.19(4) 623 - 632.
[28].Montgomery, C. The measurement of firm diversification: some new empirical evidence. Academy of Management Journal. 1982. 25:299-307
[29].Milgrom, P. and Roberts, J. The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Stategy and Organization. American Economic Review. 1990. 80(3):511-528.
[30].N Shin. The impact of information technology on financial performance: the importance of strategic choice. European Journal of Information Systems.2001.10, 227-236
[31].Namchul Shin. The impact of information technology on the financial performance of diversified firms. Decision Support Systems. 2006.41(4)698-707.
[32].Namchul Shin. Information Technology and Diversification: How Their Relationship Affects Firm Performance. Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 2007
[33].Porter, M. E. and V. E. Millar. How information technology gives you competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review. 1985. 63(4): 149-160.
[34].Ramanujam, Basudevan and Varadarajan. Research on corporate diversification: a synthesis. Strategic Management Journal. 1989.10: 523-551
[35].R. Jones, L. Hill. Transaction cost analysis of strategy-structure choice. Strategic Management Journal. 1988. 9:159-172.
[36].Rockart, J., & Scott Morton, P. (1993). Networked forms of organization. In Scott Morton, P. (Ed.), The corporation of the 1990s, New York: Oxford University Press.
[37].Rumelt, R.P. Strategy, Structure and Economic performance, Boston: Division of Research, Harvard Business School. 1974.
[38].Steven C. Michael.Can information technology enable profitable diversification? An empirical examination. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management.2007. 24(3)167-185
[39].Teece,D.,Towards an Economic Theory of the Multiproduct Firm,Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,3,1,1982,pp.39-63.
[40].Thompson,J.D.Organizations in Action,McGraw Hill.New York.1967.Williamson,O.E.1985.The Institution of Capitalism.New York:Free Press.
[41]本杰明.克莱因、罗伯特.克劳福德、阿尔曼.阿尔奇安:“纵向一体化、可占用性租金与竞争性缔约过程”1978年;载于陈郁编:《企业制度与市场组织》[M],上海三联书店,1996年。
[42].简兆权、刘益,“企业理论的演进与最新前沿”[J],《西安交通大学学报》,2000.3
[43].克劳奈维根(1999).朱舟黄瑞虹(2002)译,《交易成本经济学及其超越》,上海:上海财经大学出版社
[44].李海舰、原磊.论无边界企业[J].中国工业经济,2005,(4).
[45].李志青,“网络化市场的信息规则和企业边界”[J],浙江经济,2001(1)
[46].林丹明,叶会 信息技术应用对企业纵向边界的影响——实证研究与讨论[J].中国工业经济,2006,(1).
[47].刘东.企业边界的多种变化及其原因[J].中国工业经济,2005,(3).
[48].刘凤芹,谢适汀.论企业的边界与规模:近期文献的一个评述[J].社会科学战线,2005,(2).
[49].王珺、侯广辉 有限外部化:技术进步对企业边界的影响[J].中国工业经济,2005,(10).
[50].吴康生,当代社会经济的基础—信息技术[M]北京 新华出版社1992
[51].姚俊、吕源、蓝海林.我国上市公司多元化与经济绩效关系的实证研究[J].管理世界,2004,(11).
[52].姚小涛、席酉民、张静,“企业契约理论的局限性与企业边界的重新界定”[J],《南开管理评论》,2002(5).
[53].张晓晶.中国市场化进程报告:现状分析与未来预测[J].管理世界,2004,(3).
[54].张宇、宣国良,“网络时代的企业边界”[J],《上海交通大学学报》,2000(3)
[55].周业安.新制度经济学.原文载于高鸿业、刘凤良主编的《20世纪西方经济 学的发展》,商务印书馆,2004.
[56].曾楚宏、林丹明.信息技术应用与企业边界的变动[J].中国工业经济,2004,(10).
[57].曾楚宏、林丹明.论企业边界的两重性[J].中国工业经济,2005,(10).
[58].曾楚宏、林丹明、朱仁宏.企业边界的协同演化机制研究[J].中国工业经济,2008,(7).
[2] Brynjolfsson E and Hitt L. Information technology as a factor of production: the role of differences among firms. Economics of Innovation and New Technology.1995.3,183-200.
[3] Brynjolfsson E and Hitt L. Beyond the productivity paradox.Communications of theACM.1998. 41,49-55.
[4].Chari, Murali D.R.; Devaraj, Sarv; David, Parthiban. The Impact of Information Technology Investments and Diversification Strategies on Firm Performance. Management Science, 2008.54(1)p224-234.
[5].Clemons, E. K., M. C. Row. Sustaining IT advantage: The role of structural differences. MIS Quart. 1991.15(3) 275 - 292.
[6].Clemons, S. P. Reddi, M. Row. The impact of information technology on the organization of production: The "move to the middle"[J]. Management Information System. 1993. pp.9-35.
[7]. Coase, R. H. The nature of the firm. Economic. 1937. 386-405.
[8].Dewan, S., S.Michael, C.Min Firm characeteristics and investments in information technology: Scale and Scope Effects [J]. Information Systems Research. 1998. 219-232
[9].Dewett, T. and G. R. Jones. 2001. The role of information technology in the organization: A review, model and assessment. Journal of Management, 27: 313-46.
[10].Drucker, P.F., The coming of the new organization, Harvard Business Review, 1988, pp.45-53.
[11].E. Brynjolfsson, T. W. .Malone, V. Gurbaxani and A. Kambil. Does Information Technology Lead to Smaller Firms? [J] Management Science, Vol.40,1994, (12).
[12].Galbraith, J. R. Organization design: An information processing view. Interfaces 1974.4(3) 28 - 36.
[13].Gurbaxani, V., S. Whang. The impact of information systems on organizations and markets. Com. ACM.1991. pp.59-73.
[14].Harasim, L.M. (ed.). 1993. Global Networks: Computers and International Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press.
[15].Hill, C.W.L. Internal Capital Market controls and Financial Performance in Multidivisional Firms. Journal of Industrial Economics. 1988.37:67-83.
[16] Henderson JC and Venkatraman N. Strategic alignment: leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. IBM Systems Journal. 1993.32,4-16.
[17].Holmstrom, B. and P. Milgrom. The firm as an incentive system. American Economic Review. 1994. 84(4):972-991
[18] Jacquemin, A. P. and C. H. Berry. Entroy measure of diversification and corporate growth.. Journal of Industrial Economics.1979. 27:359-369
[19] Jensen MC & Meckling WH. Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3.4 (1976): 305-360.
[20].Konsynski, B., & Karimi, J. (1993). On the design of global information systems. In Bradley, S., Hausman, J., & Nolan, R. (Eds.) Globalization, technology and competition: The fusion of computers and telecommunications in the 1990s (pp. 81-108). Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
[21].K. Palepu. Diversification Strategy, Profit Performance and the Entropy Measure. Strategic Management Journal. 1985. 6(3):239-255.
[22].Lorin M. Hitt. Information technology and firm boundaries: Evidence from panel data. Information Systems Research, 1999, pp. 134-149.
[23].Lorsch, J. W. and S. A. Allen. Managing Diversity and Interdependence: An Organizational Study of Multidivisional Firms. Harvard Business School Division of Research, Boston, MA. 1973.
[24].Malone, Thomas w., Joanne Yates and Robert I. Benjamin. Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies. Communications of the ACM. 1987.30(6): 484-497.
[25].Malone, T.W., J.Rockart, Computers, networks and the corporation, Sci. Amer, 1991, pp.128-136.
[26].Mata, F. J., W.L. Fuerst and J.B. Barney. Information technology and sustained competitive advantage: A resource-based analysis. MIS Quarterly. 1995. 19(4):487-505.
[27].Montgomery, C. A., B. Wernerfelt. Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q. RAND J. Econom. 1988.19(4) 623 - 632.
[28].Montgomery, C. The measurement of firm diversification: some new empirical evidence. Academy of Management Journal. 1982. 25:299-307
[29].Milgrom, P. and Roberts, J. The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Stategy and Organization. American Economic Review. 1990. 80(3):511-528.
[30].N Shin. The impact of information technology on financial performance: the importance of strategic choice. European Journal of Information Systems.2001.10, 227-236
[31].Namchul Shin. The impact of information technology on the financial performance of diversified firms. Decision Support Systems. 2006.41(4)698-707.
[32].Namchul Shin. Information Technology and Diversification: How Their Relationship Affects Firm Performance. Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 2007
[33].Porter, M. E. and V. E. Millar. How information technology gives you competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review. 1985. 63(4): 149-160.
[34].Ramanujam, Basudevan and Varadarajan. Research on corporate diversification: a synthesis. Strategic Management Journal. 1989.10: 523-551
[35].R. Jones, L. Hill. Transaction cost analysis of strategy-structure choice. Strategic Management Journal. 1988. 9:159-172.
[36].Rockart, J., & Scott Morton, P. (1993). Networked forms of organization. In Scott Morton, P. (Ed.), The corporation of the 1990s, New York: Oxford University Press.
[37].Rumelt, R.P. Strategy, Structure and Economic performance, Boston: Division of Research, Harvard Business School. 1974.
[38].Steven C. Michael.Can information technology enable profitable diversification? An empirical examination. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management.2007. 24(3)167-185
[39].Teece,D.,Towards an Economic Theory of the Multiproduct Firm,Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,3,1,1982,pp.39-63.
[40].Thompson,J.D.Organizations in Action,McGraw Hill.New York.1967.Williamson,O.E.1985.The Institution of Capitalism.New York:Free Press.
[41]本杰明.克莱因、罗伯特.克劳福德、阿尔曼.阿尔奇安:“纵向一体化、可占用性租金与竞争性缔约过程”1978年;载于陈郁编:《企业制度与市场组织》[M],上海三联书店,1996年。
[42].简兆权、刘益,“企业理论的演进与最新前沿”[J],《西安交通大学学报》,2000.3
[43].克劳奈维根(1999).朱舟黄瑞虹(2002)译,《交易成本经济学及其超越》,上海:上海财经大学出版社
[44].李海舰、原磊.论无边界企业[J].中国工业经济,2005,(4).
[45].李志青,“网络化市场的信息规则和企业边界”[J],浙江经济,2001(1)
[46].林丹明,叶会 信息技术应用对企业纵向边界的影响——实证研究与讨论[J].中国工业经济,2006,(1).
[47].刘东.企业边界的多种变化及其原因[J].中国工业经济,2005,(3).
[48].刘凤芹,谢适汀.论企业的边界与规模:近期文献的一个评述[J].社会科学战线,2005,(2).
[49].王珺、侯广辉 有限外部化:技术进步对企业边界的影响[J].中国工业经济,2005,(10).
[50].吴康生,当代社会经济的基础—信息技术[M]北京 新华出版社1992
[51].姚俊、吕源、蓝海林.我国上市公司多元化与经济绩效关系的实证研究[J].管理世界,2004,(11).
[52].姚小涛、席酉民、张静,“企业契约理论的局限性与企业边界的重新界定”[J],《南开管理评论》,2002(5).
[53].张晓晶.中国市场化进程报告:现状分析与未来预测[J].管理世界,2004,(3).
[54].张宇、宣国良,“网络时代的企业边界”[J],《上海交通大学学报》,2000(3)
[55].周业安.新制度经济学.原文载于高鸿业、刘凤良主编的《20世纪西方经济 学的发展》,商务印书馆,2004.
[56].曾楚宏、林丹明.信息技术应用与企业边界的变动[J].中国工业经济,2004,(10).
[57].曾楚宏、林丹明.论企业边界的两重性[J].中国工业经济,2005,(10).
[58].曾楚宏、林丹明、朱仁宏.企业边界的协同演化机制研究[J].中国工业经济,2008,(7).