产学研合作创新中的知识转移效率研究
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摘要
目前社会正处于知识经济时代,知识就是企业的核心竞争力,知识在经济发展和社会进步中起着重要作用。在我国一方面大学和科研机构每年创造大量的技术、专利等知识成果,另一方面企业又急需大量的技术、专利等知识来提高企业产品技术含量和提高企业核心竞争力,因此知识就需要从大学和科研机构向企业转移。本文研究的主要目的就在于通过对产学研合作创新中的知识转移过程进行研究,找出影响知识转移效率的因素。
本文在理论研究的基础上提出了知识转移效率模型,把知识转移看成是一个过程,对涉及产学研知识转移六个方面内容进行分析,并在分析的基础上提出了研究命题,这六个方面主要是知识本身的特征、知识转移的情景因素、高校和科研机构特征、专家特征、企业特征和中介组织。
通过研究发现,知识所属的领域,知识的相似性,知识的嵌入性和外显性等特征对知识转移有显著影响;知识转移双方的文化上的冲突,认识上的差异,地理位置,双方的信任程度,关系的紧密程度等都对知识转移有影响;高校和科研机构缺少知识转移管理部门,缺乏知识转移管理人才,管理体制的官僚性及其对人才流动的限制,缺乏有效的利益分配机制和评级体制等是影响知识转移的重要因素;另外专家的声誉、成果性质、职业阶段和是否有企业打交道经验也成为制约知识转移的因素;再者企业自身的吸收能力,企业的激励制度、风险承受能力和合作战略成为制约知识转移的关键因素;最后还有中介组织,目前我国缺少专门从事服务于产学研的中介组织,这也极大地制约了知识转移。
本文的主要特点在于,提出了产学研合作创新知识转移效率模型,并且在对知识源的分析上,没有简单地从知识源的转移意愿和转移能力上分析,而是详细分析了知识源——高校、科研机构的制度特征和知识的持有者专家的特征,找出知识源对知识转移影响的具体原因所在,另外本文还指出了中介组织也是影响知识转移的重要因素。
Now the society is in the era of knowledge economy. Knowledge is the core competitiveness of enterprises. Knowledge plays an important role in economic development and social progress. On the one hand, there are a large number of knowledge of technology and patent in the universities and research institutions; on the other hand, many enterprises are lacking of knowledge of technology and patent to improve the technical content of products and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises. So, the knowledge need to be moved from the universities and research institutions to enterprises. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that affect knowledge transfer in the corporative innovation of Industry-University-Research through researching the process of knowledge transfer.
In this paper, based on the literature review, we constructed the model of knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer is taked as process. The paper analyzes six factors involving the knowledge transfer, such as, characteristics of knowledge, scenarios of knowledge transfer, characteristics of universities and research institutions, experts, enterprises and intermediary organizations. Based on this, we promote 26 hypotheses.
Through research ,we find that knowledge characteristics, such as, knowledge field ,knowledge similarity, knowledge embedded, knowledge expressed and knowledge encoded, has a significant influence to knowledge transfer; we find that there are many factors which influence knowledge transfer between the source and the recipient, such as culture clash, cognitive differences, trust, relation, geographical location and communication; we find that characteristics of universities have a significant influence to knowledge transfer, because of lacking of department and human to manage knowledge transfer, and lacking of an effective benefits distribution mechanisms and rating systems, and so on; we find that experts whose reputation, the nature of outcome, career stages and business experience, can influence the process of knowledge transfer; in the end .we also find that enterprises and intermediary organization impact the process of knowledge transfer.
In a word, we promote model of knowledge transfer and research hypotheses, and when we analyze the source of knowledge, we not only analyze the transfer will and capability, and also analyze the characteristics of universities and research institutions and the experts who create the knowledge, and find the most factors that influence the knowledge transfer. In addition, we take the intermediary organization as the factor to impact knowledge transfer.
本文在理论研究的基础上提出了知识转移效率模型,把知识转移看成是一个过程,对涉及产学研知识转移六个方面内容进行分析,并在分析的基础上提出了研究命题,这六个方面主要是知识本身的特征、知识转移的情景因素、高校和科研机构特征、专家特征、企业特征和中介组织。
通过研究发现,知识所属的领域,知识的相似性,知识的嵌入性和外显性等特征对知识转移有显著影响;知识转移双方的文化上的冲突,认识上的差异,地理位置,双方的信任程度,关系的紧密程度等都对知识转移有影响;高校和科研机构缺少知识转移管理部门,缺乏知识转移管理人才,管理体制的官僚性及其对人才流动的限制,缺乏有效的利益分配机制和评级体制等是影响知识转移的重要因素;另外专家的声誉、成果性质、职业阶段和是否有企业打交道经验也成为制约知识转移的因素;再者企业自身的吸收能力,企业的激励制度、风险承受能力和合作战略成为制约知识转移的关键因素;最后还有中介组织,目前我国缺少专门从事服务于产学研的中介组织,这也极大地制约了知识转移。
本文的主要特点在于,提出了产学研合作创新知识转移效率模型,并且在对知识源的分析上,没有简单地从知识源的转移意愿和转移能力上分析,而是详细分析了知识源——高校、科研机构的制度特征和知识的持有者专家的特征,找出知识源对知识转移影响的具体原因所在,另外本文还指出了中介组织也是影响知识转移的重要因素。
Now the society is in the era of knowledge economy. Knowledge is the core competitiveness of enterprises. Knowledge plays an important role in economic development and social progress. On the one hand, there are a large number of knowledge of technology and patent in the universities and research institutions; on the other hand, many enterprises are lacking of knowledge of technology and patent to improve the technical content of products and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises. So, the knowledge need to be moved from the universities and research institutions to enterprises. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that affect knowledge transfer in the corporative innovation of Industry-University-Research through researching the process of knowledge transfer.
In this paper, based on the literature review, we constructed the model of knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer is taked as process. The paper analyzes six factors involving the knowledge transfer, such as, characteristics of knowledge, scenarios of knowledge transfer, characteristics of universities and research institutions, experts, enterprises and intermediary organizations. Based on this, we promote 26 hypotheses.
Through research ,we find that knowledge characteristics, such as, knowledge field ,knowledge similarity, knowledge embedded, knowledge expressed and knowledge encoded, has a significant influence to knowledge transfer; we find that there are many factors which influence knowledge transfer between the source and the recipient, such as culture clash, cognitive differences, trust, relation, geographical location and communication; we find that characteristics of universities have a significant influence to knowledge transfer, because of lacking of department and human to manage knowledge transfer, and lacking of an effective benefits distribution mechanisms and rating systems, and so on; we find that experts whose reputation, the nature of outcome, career stages and business experience, can influence the process of knowledge transfer; in the end .we also find that enterprises and intermediary organization impact the process of knowledge transfer.
In a word, we promote model of knowledge transfer and research hypotheses, and when we analyze the source of knowledge, we not only analyze the transfer will and capability, and also analyze the characteristics of universities and research institutions and the experts who create the knowledge, and find the most factors that influence the knowledge transfer. In addition, we take the intermediary organization as the factor to impact knowledge transfer.
引文
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[5]苏敬勤.产学研合作创新的交易成本及内外部化条件.科研管理,1999(9):68-71
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[14]Kogut,B.,Zander,U.,1993.Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation.Journal of International Business Studies 24(4),625-645
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Starbuck,W.H.,1992.Learning by knowledge-intensive firms.Journal of Management Studies 29,713-738
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[19]Tsang, E. W. K. (2001). Managerial learning in foreign-invested enterprises of China. Management International Review, 41:29—51
[20]Szulanski, G. (2000). The process of knowledge transfer: A diachronic analysis of stickiness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82,9—27
[21]Allen, T.J., 1977. Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information Within the R&D Organization. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
[22]Cyert, R.M., March, J.G., 1992. A behavioural theory of the firm, Blackwell: Cambridge.Capital in Acquisitions of High-Tech Firms.Journal of High Technology Management Research, Vol. 11, Issue 2, p. 295—319
[23]De Clercq, D., Sapienza, H., 2001. The creation of relational rents in venture capitalist～ entrepreneur dyads. Venture Capital 3 (2), 107—128
[24]Tung, R. L. (1994). Human resource issues and technology transfer.International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(4):804—821
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