MIMO雷达的研究
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摘要
MIMO雷达的灵感来自于无线通信中的MIMO技术,它在发射端和接收端都使用阵列天线,且发射相互正交的信号,可以取得空间分集增益,从而克服目标RCS闪烁,获得比传统雷达更好的性能。根据目前的研究,主要有三种形式的MIMO雷达:收发全分集的MIMO雷达、发射分集的MIMO雷达以及收发阵元间距都比较小的MIMO雷达。本论文详细介绍了这三种MIMO雷达的概念、模型,分别讨论了它们的目标检测、DOA估计和参数识别等方面的性能,并与传统的相控阵雷达做比较。论文的后半部分介绍了MIMO雷达的虚拟阵元和自适应处理方面的内容。MIMO雷达发射正交信号,产生虚拟阵元,扩大阵列孔径,这是MIMO雷达性能优于传统雷达的关键所在。为了产生更多的虚拟阵元,文章还讨论了MIMO雷达的布阵情况,针对一个具体线性阵列,分别用遗传算法和模拟退火算法对阵元的位置进行优化。由于发射正交信号,使得MIMO雷达的自适应处理成为可能,论文把CAPON,APES,CAPES三种自适应算法用于MIMO雷达,获得了更好的抗干扰性能和更高的谱分辨率。论文的最后一部分探讨了MIMO雷达的发射波形设计,普通的MIMO雷达发射全向信号,理论和实验证明,通过把发射信号的能量集中在目标附近,可以获得更好的分辨率。
The inspiration of MIMO radar comes from the MIMO technique of wireless communication, it uses array antenna both in transmit and receive terminals, transmits orthogonal signals and obtains spatial diversity gain, so it can overcome target RCS scintillations, and has a better performance than traditional radar. There exists three kind of MIMO radar: transmit-receive diversity MIMO radar, transmit diversity MIMO radar, and closely spaced MIMO radar at both transmit and receive terminals. This article introduces these three radars in detail, discusses their capacities such as target detection, DOA estimation, and parameter identification. As a comparison, the article also gives the performance of phased array radar. In the latter part of the article, the author leads out the concept of virtual array elements and adaptive processing of MIMO radar. Transmitting orthogonal signals, MIMO radar produces virtual elements and expends array aperture, this is the key factor that MIMO radar has a better performance. In order to produce more virtual array elements, the papar also did a research on the locating the array elements using genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm. What's more, adaptive techniques is applicable to MIMO radar, the article mentioned three adaptive techniques: CAPON, APES and CAPES. In return, MIMO radar get a better anti-jamming capacity and a higher spectrum resolution. The last part of the paper is the design of the transmit waveform, the common MIMO radar transmits omnidirectional signals, while both theory and experimental proved that a better resolution can be achieved through focusing the transmit power on the interested location.
The inspiration of MIMO radar comes from the MIMO technique of wireless communication, it uses array antenna both in transmit and receive terminals, transmits orthogonal signals and obtains spatial diversity gain, so it can overcome target RCS scintillations, and has a better performance than traditional radar. There exists three kind of MIMO radar: transmit-receive diversity MIMO radar, transmit diversity MIMO radar, and closely spaced MIMO radar at both transmit and receive terminals. This article introduces these three radars in detail, discusses their capacities such as target detection, DOA estimation, and parameter identification. As a comparison, the article also gives the performance of phased array radar. In the latter part of the article, the author leads out the concept of virtual array elements and adaptive processing of MIMO radar. Transmitting orthogonal signals, MIMO radar produces virtual elements and expends array aperture, this is the key factor that MIMO radar has a better performance. In order to produce more virtual array elements, the papar also did a research on the locating the array elements using genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm. What's more, adaptive techniques is applicable to MIMO radar, the article mentioned three adaptive techniques: CAPON, APES and CAPES. In return, MIMO radar get a better anti-jamming capacity and a higher spectrum resolution. The last part of the paper is the design of the transmit waveform, the common MIMO radar transmits omnidirectional signals, while both theory and experimental proved that a better resolution can be achieved through focusing the transmit power on the interested location.
引文
[1]李忻,黄绣江.MIMO无线技术的研究现状.移动通信,2006,(05).pp.85-88.
[2]申东娅.MIMO通信技术研究进展.2004年全国第十界微波集成电路与移动通信学术年会.pp.9-10.
[3]饶文元,戴利云,王军选.MIMO通信中的分集与复用.北京电子科技学院学报.2004,(12).pp.14-17.
[4]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安.西安电子科技大学出版社,1995年,pp200-237.
[5]S.Haykin,J.Litva,and T.J.Shepherd,Radar Array Processing,Springer-Verlag,New York,1st edition,1993,pp.262-264.
[6]E Fishler,A.Haimovich,R.Blum,D.Chizhik,L.Cimini,and R.Valenuela," MIMO radar:An idea whose time has come",in Proc IEEE Radar Conf.2004,pp71-78.
[7]K.W.Forsythe,D.W.Bliss,and G.S.Fawcett,"Multiple-Input multiple-Output (MIMO) Radar:Performance Issues," Signals,Systems and Computers,Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference.Vol 1.Nov.2004,pp.310-315.
[8]F.C.Robey,S.Coutts,D.Weikle,et."MIMO radar Theory and Experimental Results," the 38~(th) Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,vol.1,Nov.2004.pp.300-304.
[9]B.J.Donner,and I.D.Longstaff,"MIMO radar,Techniques and Opportunities,"proceedings of the 3~(rd) European radar conference,Sep.2006.pp.112-115.
[10]P.F.Sammartino,C.J.Baker,and H.D.Griffiths,"Target Model Effects on MIMO radar Performance",IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing,vol.5,May.2006,pp.1129-1132.
[11]A.Sheikhi,A.Zamani,"Coherent Detection for MIMO radars," IEEE radar conference,Apr.2007,pp.302-307.
[12]E.Fishler,A.Haimovich,R.Blum "Spatial diversity in radars—models and detection performance.IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.54,no.3,Mar.2006,pp.823-838.
[13]李穗平.一种新体制雷达:MIMO雷达.电子工程信息.2006,(05).pp.5-7.
[14]Chen Baixiao,Zhang Shouhong,Wang Yajun,Wang Jun."Analysis and Experimental Results on Sparse-array Synthetic Impulse and Aperture Radar," in Proc.2001 CIE int.Conf.Radar,Oct.2001.pp.76-80.
[15]I.Bekkerman,J.Tabrikian.Target detection and localization using MIMO radar and sonars.IEEE Trans.Signal on Process.,vol.54,no.10,Oct.2006,pp.3873-3883.
[16]M.Skolnik,Introduction to Radar Systems,3~(rd) ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,2002.pp.161-170.
[17]F.Friedmann,R.Raich,J.Goldberg,and H.Messer,"Bearing estimation for a distributed source of nonconstant modulus bounds and analysis," IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.51,no.12,Dec.2003,pp.3027-3035.
[18]Y.U.Lee,J.Choi,I.Song,and S.R.Lee."Distributed source modeling and direction-of-arrival estimation techniques," IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.45, no.4,Apr.1997,pp.960-969.
[19]R.Raich,J.Goldberg,and H.Messer."Beating estimation for a distributed source:Modeling,inherent accuracy limitations and algorithms." IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.48,no.2,Feb.2000,pp.429-441.
[20]赵树杰,赵建勋.信号检测与估计理论.北京 清华大学出版社2005年.pp.65-139.
[21]A.Lee,P.Stoica,"Maximum Likelihood Methods in Radar Array Signal Processing",IEEE Process,vol 86,no.2,Feb.1998.pp.421-441.
[22]张贤达,保铮.通信信号处理.北京 国防工业出版社 2000年.pp.326-332.
[23]Jian Li,Luzhou Xu,Petre Stoica,et."Range Compression and Waveform Optimization for MIMO radar:A Cramer-Rao Bound Based Study",IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.56,Issue 1,Jan.2008,pp.218-232.
[24]Luzhou Xu,Jian Li,"Iterative Generalized-Likelihood Ratio Test for MIMO radar",IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.55,Issue 6,June 2007,pp.2375-2385.
[25]Jian Li,Stoica,P.,Luzhou Xu,Roberts,W."On Parameter Identifiability of MIMO Radar",IEEE Signal Process,vol.14,Issue.12.Dec.2007,pp.968-971.
[26]M.Wax and I.Ziskind,"On unique Localization of multiple sources by passive sensor arrays," IEEE Trans.Acoust.,Speech,Signal Process.,vol.ASSP-37,no.7,Jul.1989.pp.996-1000.
[27]A.Nehorai,D.Starer,and P.Stoica," Direction of Arrival estimation inapplications with multipath and few snapshots," Circuits,Syst,Signal Process.,vol.10.1991.pp.327-342.
[28]王永良,陈辉,彭应宁等.空间谱估计理论与算法.清华大学出版社.2004年.pp.30-78.
[29]L.Xu,J.Li,and P.Stoica,"Radar imaging via adaptive MIMO techniques,"in Proc.EUSIPCO,Florence,Italy,2006.pp.171-176.
[30]H.L.Van Trees,Optimum Array Processing:Part Ⅳ of Detection,Estimation,and Modulation Theory.New York:Wiley.2002,pp.178-183.
[31]Ralph T.Hoctor,and Saleem A.Kassam,"Array Redundancy for Active Line Arrays," IEEE Trans.Image Process,vol.5,no.7,July.1996,pp.1179-1183.
[32]Alan T.Moffet,"Minimum-Redundancy Linear Arrays," IEEE Trans.Antennas and Propagation,vol.AP-16,no.2,Mar.1968.pp.172-175.
[33]项宝卫,余雪芬,骆兆文.模拟退火算法在优化中的研究进展,台州学院学报.2005年5月,第27卷,第6期.pp.6-9.
[34]余斌,刘海波.利用模拟退火算法优化非均匀阵列天线测向性能,通信对抗.2007年第一期.pp.50-53.
[35]顾治华,黄霞.非线性规划优化问题中的模拟退火算法,中国水运.2007年1月,第5卷,第1期.pp.225-226.
[36]蒋龙聪,刘江平.模拟退火算法及其改进,工程地球物理学报.2007年4月,第4卷,第2期.pp.135-140.
[37]Christopher S.Ruf,"Numerical Annealling of Low-Redundancy Linear Arrays,"IEEE Trans.Antennas and Propagations,vol.41,no.1,Jan.1993.pp.85-90.
[38]陈国良等,遗传算法及其应用,北京,人民邮电出版社,1996年.pp.26-81.
[39]张子敬,赵永波,焦李成.阵列天线的遗传优化,电子科学学刊,2002年1 月,第22卷,第1期.PP.174-176.
[40]付云起,袁乃昌,毛钧杰.基于遗传算法和模拟退火算法的不等间距稀布阵的设计,电子与信息学报,2001年7月,第23卷,第7期.pp.700-704.
[41]Randy L.Haupt," Thinned Arrays Using Genetic Algorithms," IEEE Trans.Antenna and Propagation.vol.42,no.7,Jul.1994.pp.993-999.
[42]Holland J H.Adaptation in nature and artificial system.Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press,1975.pp.32-40.
[43]J.Li and P.Stoica,"An adaptive filtering approach to spectral estimation and SAR imaging," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,vol.44,June 1996,pp.1469-1484.
[44]A.Jakobsson and P.Stoica,"Combining Capon and APES for estimation of spectral lines," Circuits,Systems and Signal Processing,vol.19,2000,pp.159-169.
[45]L.Xu,J.Li,P.Stoica,"Adaptive Techniques for MIMO radar," Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing.IEEE Workshop.Jul.2006.pp.258-262.
[46]J.Li,P.Stoica,and Z.Wang,"Doubly constrained robust Capon beamformer,"IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,vol.52,September2004,pp.2407-2423.
[47]J.Capon,"High resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis,"Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.57,August.1969.pp.1408-1418.
[48]D.R.Fuhrmann and G.San Antonio,"Transmit beamforming for MIMO radar systems using partial signal correlation," Proceedings of the 38~(th) Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,vol.1,Nov.2004,pp.295-299.
[49]Jian Li,Petre Stoica,and Yao Xie,"On Probing Signal Design for MIMO radar,"IEEE Trans on signal processing,vol.55,Aug.2007,pp.4151-4161.
[B1]S.M.Kay,Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing:Estimation Theory.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1998,pp.27-81.
[B2]P.Stoica and R.L.Moses著,吴仁彪,韩萍,冯青等译,现代信号谱分析,北京,电子工业出版社,2007年11月,pp.293-310.
[2]申东娅.MIMO通信技术研究进展.2004年全国第十界微波集成电路与移动通信学术年会.pp.9-10.
[3]饶文元,戴利云,王军选.MIMO通信中的分集与复用.北京电子科技学院学报.2004,(12).pp.14-17.
[4]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安.西安电子科技大学出版社,1995年,pp200-237.
[5]S.Haykin,J.Litva,and T.J.Shepherd,Radar Array Processing,Springer-Verlag,New York,1st edition,1993,pp.262-264.
[6]E Fishler,A.Haimovich,R.Blum,D.Chizhik,L.Cimini,and R.Valenuela," MIMO radar:An idea whose time has come",in Proc IEEE Radar Conf.2004,pp71-78.
[7]K.W.Forsythe,D.W.Bliss,and G.S.Fawcett,"Multiple-Input multiple-Output (MIMO) Radar:Performance Issues," Signals,Systems and Computers,Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference.Vol 1.Nov.2004,pp.310-315.
[8]F.C.Robey,S.Coutts,D.Weikle,et."MIMO radar Theory and Experimental Results," the 38~(th) Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,vol.1,Nov.2004.pp.300-304.
[9]B.J.Donner,and I.D.Longstaff,"MIMO radar,Techniques and Opportunities,"proceedings of the 3~(rd) European radar conference,Sep.2006.pp.112-115.
[10]P.F.Sammartino,C.J.Baker,and H.D.Griffiths,"Target Model Effects on MIMO radar Performance",IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing,vol.5,May.2006,pp.1129-1132.
[11]A.Sheikhi,A.Zamani,"Coherent Detection for MIMO radars," IEEE radar conference,Apr.2007,pp.302-307.
[12]E.Fishler,A.Haimovich,R.Blum "Spatial diversity in radars—models and detection performance.IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.54,no.3,Mar.2006,pp.823-838.
[13]李穗平.一种新体制雷达:MIMO雷达.电子工程信息.2006,(05).pp.5-7.
[14]Chen Baixiao,Zhang Shouhong,Wang Yajun,Wang Jun."Analysis and Experimental Results on Sparse-array Synthetic Impulse and Aperture Radar," in Proc.2001 CIE int.Conf.Radar,Oct.2001.pp.76-80.
[15]I.Bekkerman,J.Tabrikian.Target detection and localization using MIMO radar and sonars.IEEE Trans.Signal on Process.,vol.54,no.10,Oct.2006,pp.3873-3883.
[16]M.Skolnik,Introduction to Radar Systems,3~(rd) ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,2002.pp.161-170.
[17]F.Friedmann,R.Raich,J.Goldberg,and H.Messer,"Bearing estimation for a distributed source of nonconstant modulus bounds and analysis," IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.51,no.12,Dec.2003,pp.3027-3035.
[18]Y.U.Lee,J.Choi,I.Song,and S.R.Lee."Distributed source modeling and direction-of-arrival estimation techniques," IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.45, no.4,Apr.1997,pp.960-969.
[19]R.Raich,J.Goldberg,and H.Messer."Beating estimation for a distributed source:Modeling,inherent accuracy limitations and algorithms." IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.48,no.2,Feb.2000,pp.429-441.
[20]赵树杰,赵建勋.信号检测与估计理论.北京 清华大学出版社2005年.pp.65-139.
[21]A.Lee,P.Stoica,"Maximum Likelihood Methods in Radar Array Signal Processing",IEEE Process,vol 86,no.2,Feb.1998.pp.421-441.
[22]张贤达,保铮.通信信号处理.北京 国防工业出版社 2000年.pp.326-332.
[23]Jian Li,Luzhou Xu,Petre Stoica,et."Range Compression and Waveform Optimization for MIMO radar:A Cramer-Rao Bound Based Study",IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.56,Issue 1,Jan.2008,pp.218-232.
[24]Luzhou Xu,Jian Li,"Iterative Generalized-Likelihood Ratio Test for MIMO radar",IEEE Trans.Signal Process.,vol.55,Issue 6,June 2007,pp.2375-2385.
[25]Jian Li,Stoica,P.,Luzhou Xu,Roberts,W."On Parameter Identifiability of MIMO Radar",IEEE Signal Process,vol.14,Issue.12.Dec.2007,pp.968-971.
[26]M.Wax and I.Ziskind,"On unique Localization of multiple sources by passive sensor arrays," IEEE Trans.Acoust.,Speech,Signal Process.,vol.ASSP-37,no.7,Jul.1989.pp.996-1000.
[27]A.Nehorai,D.Starer,and P.Stoica," Direction of Arrival estimation inapplications with multipath and few snapshots," Circuits,Syst,Signal Process.,vol.10.1991.pp.327-342.
[28]王永良,陈辉,彭应宁等.空间谱估计理论与算法.清华大学出版社.2004年.pp.30-78.
[29]L.Xu,J.Li,and P.Stoica,"Radar imaging via adaptive MIMO techniques,"in Proc.EUSIPCO,Florence,Italy,2006.pp.171-176.
[30]H.L.Van Trees,Optimum Array Processing:Part Ⅳ of Detection,Estimation,and Modulation Theory.New York:Wiley.2002,pp.178-183.
[31]Ralph T.Hoctor,and Saleem A.Kassam,"Array Redundancy for Active Line Arrays," IEEE Trans.Image Process,vol.5,no.7,July.1996,pp.1179-1183.
[32]Alan T.Moffet,"Minimum-Redundancy Linear Arrays," IEEE Trans.Antennas and Propagation,vol.AP-16,no.2,Mar.1968.pp.172-175.
[33]项宝卫,余雪芬,骆兆文.模拟退火算法在优化中的研究进展,台州学院学报.2005年5月,第27卷,第6期.pp.6-9.
[34]余斌,刘海波.利用模拟退火算法优化非均匀阵列天线测向性能,通信对抗.2007年第一期.pp.50-53.
[35]顾治华,黄霞.非线性规划优化问题中的模拟退火算法,中国水运.2007年1月,第5卷,第1期.pp.225-226.
[36]蒋龙聪,刘江平.模拟退火算法及其改进,工程地球物理学报.2007年4月,第4卷,第2期.pp.135-140.
[37]Christopher S.Ruf,"Numerical Annealling of Low-Redundancy Linear Arrays,"IEEE Trans.Antennas and Propagations,vol.41,no.1,Jan.1993.pp.85-90.
[38]陈国良等,遗传算法及其应用,北京,人民邮电出版社,1996年.pp.26-81.
[39]张子敬,赵永波,焦李成.阵列天线的遗传优化,电子科学学刊,2002年1 月,第22卷,第1期.PP.174-176.
[40]付云起,袁乃昌,毛钧杰.基于遗传算法和模拟退火算法的不等间距稀布阵的设计,电子与信息学报,2001年7月,第23卷,第7期.pp.700-704.
[41]Randy L.Haupt," Thinned Arrays Using Genetic Algorithms," IEEE Trans.Antenna and Propagation.vol.42,no.7,Jul.1994.pp.993-999.
[42]Holland J H.Adaptation in nature and artificial system.Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press,1975.pp.32-40.
[43]J.Li and P.Stoica,"An adaptive filtering approach to spectral estimation and SAR imaging," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,vol.44,June 1996,pp.1469-1484.
[44]A.Jakobsson and P.Stoica,"Combining Capon and APES for estimation of spectral lines," Circuits,Systems and Signal Processing,vol.19,2000,pp.159-169.
[45]L.Xu,J.Li,P.Stoica,"Adaptive Techniques for MIMO radar," Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing.IEEE Workshop.Jul.2006.pp.258-262.
[46]J.Li,P.Stoica,and Z.Wang,"Doubly constrained robust Capon beamformer,"IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,vol.52,September2004,pp.2407-2423.
[47]J.Capon,"High resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis,"Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.57,August.1969.pp.1408-1418.
[48]D.R.Fuhrmann and G.San Antonio,"Transmit beamforming for MIMO radar systems using partial signal correlation," Proceedings of the 38~(th) Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,vol.1,Nov.2004,pp.295-299.
[49]Jian Li,Petre Stoica,and Yao Xie,"On Probing Signal Design for MIMO radar,"IEEE Trans on signal processing,vol.55,Aug.2007,pp.4151-4161.
[B1]S.M.Kay,Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing:Estimation Theory.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1998,pp.27-81.
[B2]P.Stoica and R.L.Moses著,吴仁彪,韩萍,冯青等译,现代信号谱分析,北京,电子工业出版社,2007年11月,pp.293-310.