红外隐真与示假中的若干热物理问题研究
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摘要
随着红外探测技术的飞速发展,各种具有高探测精度、高分辨率的红外探测和遥感设备不断涌现,对武器装备的战场生存产生了极大的威胁,武器装备的红外伪装能力急需得到提高。
按目的可将红外伪装技术分为两类,分别为红外隐真与红外示假。红外隐真主要是针对目标的红外辐射特征进行材料和结构设计,减弱目标热红外辐射信号,降低目标从背景中被辨识的概率,以实现对目标的保护。红外示假主要是通过制作与真目标外形及尺寸一致,且红外辐射特性与真目标接近的假目标来迷惑敌方精确制导武器,达到保护真目标,消耗敌人火力的目的。
影响目标红外辐射强度的主要参数为表面发射率和表面温度。红外伪装的实质是通过对表面发射率及表面温度的控制,将目标的红外辐射控制在所需范围之内。表面发射率与表面结构和材料密切相关,当表面材料及结构确定时,其表面辐射特性只由温度决定。为实现较好的伪装效果,选用合适的热物理手段对目标表面进行温度控制是实现红外伪装的关键所在。本文研究的为红外隐真与示假中的一些热物理问题。
在红外示假方面,当前国内的制式假目标多采用主动加热方式,能在夜间较好地模拟真目标的红外特征,但是由于其只能加热,不能冷却,在白天不能有效模拟真目标的红外特性。针对这个问题,作者提出了两种解决方案,一为利用相变材料的大热容,将假目标的热量在白天以潜热形式存储,避免温升过快,夜间则通过相变将白天存储的热量释放,以减缓假目标表面的降温速率;另一种方法则是通过对流换热,将假目标的热量以显热的形式存储与释放,达到温控目的。
在相变材料应用于红外示假的研究中,通过数值模拟,研究确定了适用于制作假目标的相变材料各物性参数的范围,分析了相变材料制作假目标的可行性,并根据所得结果,选取石蜡为研究对象,建立了相变材料模拟金属构件红外特征的理论模型,研究了适用于模拟各金属构件红外特征的相变材料假目标的相关结构参数,得出了相变材料假目标模拟各金属构件红外特征的理论结果,并对相变材料的导热系数这一物性提出了进一步的改进要求;搭建了假目标实验平台,验证了所建理论模型的准确性;以坦克假目标为研究对象,制作了炮塔、负重轮和前上装甲板三个坦克假目标的关键红外热特征部件,并进行了野外实验,取得了较好的结果;以添加铝肋片作为改进相变材料导热能力的手段,理论研究了此类导热增强型相变材料的相关结构参数对模拟效果的影响,得出了模拟不同厚度钢板红外特征的导热增强型相变材料的结构参数及模拟效果。
在研究对流换热在红外假目标中的应用中,作者设计了一种金属构件红外特征的被动式模拟系统,系统由管板、泵、储液罐及工质构成;工质在系统中循环,以控制板材的表面温度,用于模拟金属构件的红外特征。通过数值模拟,研究了管板上管道分布密度、单根管道内工质的流率以及工质的总质量对管板表面平均温度变化的影响,结果表明,系统可较好地模拟2、5、10及20cm四种典型厚度的钢板的表面红外特征,管板表面温度的均匀度可控制在0.6℃以内,在一天中与钢板表面温度的最大差别可控制在4℃以内,符合当前红外假目标的设计要求。
在红外隐真方面,追求与环境背景的全波段融合是红外隐真的最高目标。真实植被叶片的蒸腾作用对其红外特征有重要影响。通过选择适宜孔隙率和适宜材质的多孔材料制成伪装器材,利用流动介质在多孔材料孔隙通道内的渗流和表面蒸发作用,可望模拟实际植被的红外特性,达到逼真伪装的目的。
本文建立了考虑蒸腾作用的植物叶片的热物理模型,理论分析了其表面温度的变化情况;设计了一种多孔仿真叶片,建立了多孔仿真叶片的理论模型,研究多孔介质的厚度、孔隙率、颗粒有效直径等关键参数对其表面温度变化的影响,并与实际植物叶片的结果相比较,发现多孔材料板厚0.5cm、孔隙率0.05、颗粒有效直径2.5mm的仿真叶片与植物叶片的表面温度较接近,典型日周期内两者表面温差在3℃以内,可很好地实现红外伪装。
With the development of the infrared(IR) detecting technology,various infrared detecting and remote sensing equipments of high accuracy and resolution are developed in the world,the safety of weaponry is seriously threatened,IR camouflage capacity of the weaponry should be enhanced urgently.
There are two categories of IR camouflage technology according to the purpose, one is IR stealth and the other is IR decoy.IR stealth is to reduce the thermal infrared signal of the target by the method of material selecting and structure designing, making the thermal signal of target similar to the background,and reducing the probability of the target being identified from the background.IR decoy is to make a false target whose configuration and dimensions are same as real target and of similar infrared characteristic to real target.The false target is used in battlefield to protect the real target by puzzling enemy's precision-guided weapon.
Surface emissivity and surface temperature are two key parameters that influence the infrared radiant intensity of the target.The essential of IR camouflage is to limit the infrared radiation of the target in a certain range by controlling surface emissivity and temperature of the target.Surface emissivity is determined by surface material and structure,while the surface material and structure are definite,surface temperature is the only influence factor.In order to achieve a satisfying camouflage effect,the key point is the surface temperature control by choosing an appropriate thermophysical method.This paper studies the application of some thermal control technologies in infrared camouflage and decoy.
In the study of IR decoy technology,the method of active heating is commonly adopted in the standard false target,which is appropriate for simulating the infrared characteristic of real target at night,but the simulation is not satisfying during the daytime as lack of cooling ability.In this work,two methods are presented to solve that problem.The first method is the application of phase change material(PCM). PCM is used to store the heat of false target in the form of latent heat during the daytime,to avoid fast temperature increasing,while at night,the heat stored in PCM during the daytime is released by phase changing to slow down the surface temperature decreasing.The other method is storing and releasing heat of false target in the form of sensible heat by convection heat transfer to achieve the purpose of surface temperature control.
In the study of the application of PCM in IR false target,through numerical simulation,the feasibility of the use of PCM is analyzed and the range of PCM parameters that suit for IR false target is determined.Based on the results,paraffin is selected as the candidate material.A theoretical model is built to investigate the simulation of the infrared characteristic of the metal structure with the PCM false target.Structure parameters of the PCM false target that suit for the simulation are investigated numerically.According to the results,further request on the improvement of the thermal conductivity of PCM is presented.An experimental platform is built and the numerical model is validated experimentally.Three key thermal characteristic components of the false tank(barbette,wheel and front armor plate) are manufactured and tested,and good results are obtained.A method for the thermal conductivity enhancing of PCM by using aluminum fins is studied,the influence of the structure parameters of PCM plates to the simulation effects are investigated numerically,and the reasonable configuration parameters of the PCM plates used to simulate the steel plates of different thickness are obtained.
In the study of the application of heat convection method in IR false target,a passive infrared simulation system is designed to simulate the infrared characteristic of metal constructions.The system is made up of pipe-plate,pump,receiver,and working fluid.The working fluid circulates in the system,to control the pipe-plate surface temperature for simulating the infrared characteristic of metal constructions. By numerical simulation,the influences of the pipe distribution density,working fluid mass flow rate and the total mass of working fluid to the simulation effects are discussed.Results show that such a system can show a good performance in simulating the surface thermal characteristic of armor plates of four typical thicknesses of 2,5,10 and 20cm,the evenness degree of the surface temperature of pipe-plate is within 0.6℃,and the maximum surface temperature difference between pipe-plate and armor plate is within 4℃in a whole day.
In the study of the IR stealth technology,the final goal of IR stealth is to make the infrared radiation of target same as the background.The infrared characteristic of plant leaf is greatly influenced by transpiration.Take advantage of the seepage flow and surface evaporation of the liquid in porous material,the IR stealth equipment made from porous material of suitable porosity and material can be used to simulate the IR characteristic of plant leaf.
A thermophysical model of plant leaf considering transpiration is built and the surface temperature variation of the plant leaf is investigated theoretically.A kind of porous artificial leaf is proposed,the influences of the porosity,thickness and particle diameter of the artificial leaf to its surface temperature are discussed.According to the simulation results,it is found that the artificial leaf of the thickness of 0.5cm,porosity of 0.05 and particle diameter of 2.5mm is suit for simulating the infrared characteristic of realistic leaf,the surface temperature difference is within 3℃in a typical diurnal periodicity.
按目的可将红外伪装技术分为两类,分别为红外隐真与红外示假。红外隐真主要是针对目标的红外辐射特征进行材料和结构设计,减弱目标热红外辐射信号,降低目标从背景中被辨识的概率,以实现对目标的保护。红外示假主要是通过制作与真目标外形及尺寸一致,且红外辐射特性与真目标接近的假目标来迷惑敌方精确制导武器,达到保护真目标,消耗敌人火力的目的。
影响目标红外辐射强度的主要参数为表面发射率和表面温度。红外伪装的实质是通过对表面发射率及表面温度的控制,将目标的红外辐射控制在所需范围之内。表面发射率与表面结构和材料密切相关,当表面材料及结构确定时,其表面辐射特性只由温度决定。为实现较好的伪装效果,选用合适的热物理手段对目标表面进行温度控制是实现红外伪装的关键所在。本文研究的为红外隐真与示假中的一些热物理问题。
在红外示假方面,当前国内的制式假目标多采用主动加热方式,能在夜间较好地模拟真目标的红外特征,但是由于其只能加热,不能冷却,在白天不能有效模拟真目标的红外特性。针对这个问题,作者提出了两种解决方案,一为利用相变材料的大热容,将假目标的热量在白天以潜热形式存储,避免温升过快,夜间则通过相变将白天存储的热量释放,以减缓假目标表面的降温速率;另一种方法则是通过对流换热,将假目标的热量以显热的形式存储与释放,达到温控目的。
在相变材料应用于红外示假的研究中,通过数值模拟,研究确定了适用于制作假目标的相变材料各物性参数的范围,分析了相变材料制作假目标的可行性,并根据所得结果,选取石蜡为研究对象,建立了相变材料模拟金属构件红外特征的理论模型,研究了适用于模拟各金属构件红外特征的相变材料假目标的相关结构参数,得出了相变材料假目标模拟各金属构件红外特征的理论结果,并对相变材料的导热系数这一物性提出了进一步的改进要求;搭建了假目标实验平台,验证了所建理论模型的准确性;以坦克假目标为研究对象,制作了炮塔、负重轮和前上装甲板三个坦克假目标的关键红外热特征部件,并进行了野外实验,取得了较好的结果;以添加铝肋片作为改进相变材料导热能力的手段,理论研究了此类导热增强型相变材料的相关结构参数对模拟效果的影响,得出了模拟不同厚度钢板红外特征的导热增强型相变材料的结构参数及模拟效果。
在研究对流换热在红外假目标中的应用中,作者设计了一种金属构件红外特征的被动式模拟系统,系统由管板、泵、储液罐及工质构成;工质在系统中循环,以控制板材的表面温度,用于模拟金属构件的红外特征。通过数值模拟,研究了管板上管道分布密度、单根管道内工质的流率以及工质的总质量对管板表面平均温度变化的影响,结果表明,系统可较好地模拟2、5、10及20cm四种典型厚度的钢板的表面红外特征,管板表面温度的均匀度可控制在0.6℃以内,在一天中与钢板表面温度的最大差别可控制在4℃以内,符合当前红外假目标的设计要求。
在红外隐真方面,追求与环境背景的全波段融合是红外隐真的最高目标。真实植被叶片的蒸腾作用对其红外特征有重要影响。通过选择适宜孔隙率和适宜材质的多孔材料制成伪装器材,利用流动介质在多孔材料孔隙通道内的渗流和表面蒸发作用,可望模拟实际植被的红外特性,达到逼真伪装的目的。
本文建立了考虑蒸腾作用的植物叶片的热物理模型,理论分析了其表面温度的变化情况;设计了一种多孔仿真叶片,建立了多孔仿真叶片的理论模型,研究多孔介质的厚度、孔隙率、颗粒有效直径等关键参数对其表面温度变化的影响,并与实际植物叶片的结果相比较,发现多孔材料板厚0.5cm、孔隙率0.05、颗粒有效直径2.5mm的仿真叶片与植物叶片的表面温度较接近,典型日周期内两者表面温差在3℃以内,可很好地实现红外伪装。
With the development of the infrared(IR) detecting technology,various infrared detecting and remote sensing equipments of high accuracy and resolution are developed in the world,the safety of weaponry is seriously threatened,IR camouflage capacity of the weaponry should be enhanced urgently.
There are two categories of IR camouflage technology according to the purpose, one is IR stealth and the other is IR decoy.IR stealth is to reduce the thermal infrared signal of the target by the method of material selecting and structure designing, making the thermal signal of target similar to the background,and reducing the probability of the target being identified from the background.IR decoy is to make a false target whose configuration and dimensions are same as real target and of similar infrared characteristic to real target.The false target is used in battlefield to protect the real target by puzzling enemy's precision-guided weapon.
Surface emissivity and surface temperature are two key parameters that influence the infrared radiant intensity of the target.The essential of IR camouflage is to limit the infrared radiation of the target in a certain range by controlling surface emissivity and temperature of the target.Surface emissivity is determined by surface material and structure,while the surface material and structure are definite,surface temperature is the only influence factor.In order to achieve a satisfying camouflage effect,the key point is the surface temperature control by choosing an appropriate thermophysical method.This paper studies the application of some thermal control technologies in infrared camouflage and decoy.
In the study of IR decoy technology,the method of active heating is commonly adopted in the standard false target,which is appropriate for simulating the infrared characteristic of real target at night,but the simulation is not satisfying during the daytime as lack of cooling ability.In this work,two methods are presented to solve that problem.The first method is the application of phase change material(PCM). PCM is used to store the heat of false target in the form of latent heat during the daytime,to avoid fast temperature increasing,while at night,the heat stored in PCM during the daytime is released by phase changing to slow down the surface temperature decreasing.The other method is storing and releasing heat of false target in the form of sensible heat by convection heat transfer to achieve the purpose of surface temperature control.
In the study of the application of PCM in IR false target,through numerical simulation,the feasibility of the use of PCM is analyzed and the range of PCM parameters that suit for IR false target is determined.Based on the results,paraffin is selected as the candidate material.A theoretical model is built to investigate the simulation of the infrared characteristic of the metal structure with the PCM false target.Structure parameters of the PCM false target that suit for the simulation are investigated numerically.According to the results,further request on the improvement of the thermal conductivity of PCM is presented.An experimental platform is built and the numerical model is validated experimentally.Three key thermal characteristic components of the false tank(barbette,wheel and front armor plate) are manufactured and tested,and good results are obtained.A method for the thermal conductivity enhancing of PCM by using aluminum fins is studied,the influence of the structure parameters of PCM plates to the simulation effects are investigated numerically,and the reasonable configuration parameters of the PCM plates used to simulate the steel plates of different thickness are obtained.
In the study of the application of heat convection method in IR false target,a passive infrared simulation system is designed to simulate the infrared characteristic of metal constructions.The system is made up of pipe-plate,pump,receiver,and working fluid.The working fluid circulates in the system,to control the pipe-plate surface temperature for simulating the infrared characteristic of metal constructions. By numerical simulation,the influences of the pipe distribution density,working fluid mass flow rate and the total mass of working fluid to the simulation effects are discussed.Results show that such a system can show a good performance in simulating the surface thermal characteristic of armor plates of four typical thicknesses of 2,5,10 and 20cm,the evenness degree of the surface temperature of pipe-plate is within 0.6℃,and the maximum surface temperature difference between pipe-plate and armor plate is within 4℃in a whole day.
In the study of the IR stealth technology,the final goal of IR stealth is to make the infrared radiation of target same as the background.The infrared characteristic of plant leaf is greatly influenced by transpiration.Take advantage of the seepage flow and surface evaporation of the liquid in porous material,the IR stealth equipment made from porous material of suitable porosity and material can be used to simulate the IR characteristic of plant leaf.
A thermophysical model of plant leaf considering transpiration is built and the surface temperature variation of the plant leaf is investigated theoretically.A kind of porous artificial leaf is proposed,the influences of the porosity,thickness and particle diameter of the artificial leaf to its surface temperature are discussed.According to the simulation results,it is found that the artificial leaf of the thickness of 0.5cm,porosity of 0.05 and particle diameter of 2.5mm is suit for simulating the infrared characteristic of realistic leaf,the surface temperature difference is within 3℃in a typical diurnal periodicity.
引文
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