建筑工程项目实施状态健康诊断指标体系研究
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摘要
建筑工程项目管理是一项复杂的管理活动,不仅需要人员、材料、设备、资金等有形资源的保障,更需要与其紧密相关的政策法规、相关部门、周围环境、管理组织与技术等无形资源的大力支持与配合。而且在项目实施过程中,项目参与方众多,各项工作的交叉界面复杂,使得管理者面临很大的困难。然而,在目前的项目管理实践活动中,缺乏一种科学有效的管理工具,帮助项目经理透过纷繁冗杂的表象全面把握项目总体运行的真实状况。如果项目管理者不能从全局的观点综合判断项目是否处于健康状态并积极采取应对措施,项目实施就可能出现问题,甚至酿成无法挽救的结果。
为了解决这一问题,通过借鉴医学健康诊断和机械维护诊断的基本原理,建筑工程项目实施健康诊断的新思想应运而生,即把建筑工程项目比作一个生命体,从医学的视角来分析和解决问题,定期对项目进行科学的健康诊断,将事故隐患消灭在萌芽状态,减少工程建设过程中问题的累积,从而杜绝重大工程事故的发生。
诊断是一种以正确的诊断方法、通过有效的诊断指标且仅以较小的技术层面就能从众多含噪的信息中捕捉和提取出有价值的信息并达到掌握研究对象所处状态的方法。其中,诊断指标是分析、衡量和判定对象发展状态的具有对比性和解释性的有效工具,它既可以宏观地反映对象的整体状态,又可以微观地分析各个组成要素的具体问题,诊断指标体系的建立是进行科学诊断的第一步。因此,对于建筑工程项目健康诊断而言,若要达到对项目实施状态进行有效分析和诊断的目的,首先就需要构建健康诊断指标体系。
本论文通过对我国建筑工程项目管理现状中存在问题的具体分析,在工程相似学思想的启发下,针对建筑工程项目实施过程中各种影响因素显现的波动性和相关性以及它们给工程项目的正常实施所带来影响的阶段差异性,以工程实际调查结果为依据,对建筑工程项目实施状态健康诊断指标体系的建立进行了系统的理论研究和实证分析,主要研究的内容有:
(1)通过建筑工程项目病态表象调查结果的时域分析和分类分析,将建筑工程项目中具有代表性的病态表象进行了统计分析,得出了能够系统描述建筑工程项目各阶段各种病态表象的表象谱,为由浅入深、由表及里全面认识和研究建筑工程项目中的病态表象提供了依据。
(2)在确定了病态表象的类别特征及其特点的基础上,对建筑工程项目中的病态表象从产生病态表象的病因要素和项目健康劣化过程两个角度出发进行了病理分析。深入分析了病态表象与病因要素之间的关系以及项目健康的劣化过程,完善了建筑工程项目病态表象病理分析的理论基础,也为今后健康诊断程序化实现提供了必要的理论依据。
(3)应用信息去噪和信息提炼以及知识推理和数据挖掘等方法,对建筑工程项目病态表象特征进行了系统性的分析并建立了病态表象特征谱;同时,利用粗集(Rough Set)最大泛化算法和约简规则使得研究问题容易得到较小错误率和在数据缩减与生成方面所具有的特殊作用,以粗集推理规则为理论依据,提出了特征变量的推理模型,并以之为基础,对建筑工程项目中的病态表象进行了约简运算,系统地识别和提炼出能够有效描述建筑工程项目各种病态表象的特征参数。
(4)在集合理论的指导下,按照映射和关系集合的相关原理,推导出病态表象特征参数与指标之间的转换关系模型,并以此模型为依据,建立了建筑工程项目实施状态的健康诊断指标体系。为了确认指标体系的正确性、完整性和有效性,同时也为了确保在诊断指标的研究过程中避免发生缺漏并避免相同或相近指标的重复,对诊断指标体系进行了二次实证调研。在调研基础上,进一步通过指标间差异度和重要度的计算分析,对指标体系进行了必要的筛选与修正,最终建立了完整的三级健康诊断指标体系。
本论文从实践调研出发,构建了建筑工程项目实施过程的病态表象谱;对病态表象进行了深入的病理分析;论文还建立了病态表象特征谱并识别出相应的病态表象特征参数;论文最后建立了健康诊断指标体系并通过二次调研完成了最终修正。研究成果为项目管理者提供了一种科学有效的管理工具,帮助其透过纷繁冗杂的表象全面把握项目总体运行的真实状况,从而积极采取应对措施,保证项目目标的成功实现。研究成果丰富了项目管理理论并对项目管理实践活动具有重要应用价值。
Construction management is a practical activity with strong restrains.During the construction process,not only the tangible resource,such as men,material,machine and capital are required to assure the execution of the project,but also some intangible resource such as policies,related organization,environment and technology are required to cooperate with the project.Furthermore,there are so many stakeholders and interfaces, which make the situation much more complicated.However,in present engineering practice,there lack of scientific and efficient management tools for project managers to deal with the complexity and to tell the true execution condition of project through the different representations.If the project managers cannot tell whether the project is in good health condition by an overall viewpoint,the tiny defects during construction will accumulate and maybe finally lead to catastrophe.
In order to avoid the above mentioned situation,by using medicine health diagnosing and machine maintain diagnosing principle as reference,the new thought of health diagnosing for construction project was born:The construction project can be taken as a life and it should be diagnosed periodically and scientifically from the view point of medicine.Then the tiny defects during construction can be found out and will not accumulate to big problems.
Diagnose is a kind of method to determine the nature of the object by means of scientific method and a set of effective index,which can catch and extract useful information from all information including noises.Diagnose index is the tool to analyze, measure and judge the condition and it can reflex the macro status of object and also can analyze the micro particular components.To establish the diagnosing index is the first step for health diagnosing.So,for construction projects health diagnosing,it is also the key to establish the health diagnosing index.
In order to solve the above mentioned problem,the current situation of construction project management in China was studied practically.And the new thought of health diagnosing of construction project was proposed by the enlightenment of engineering similarity theory and based upon the analysis on the fluctuation and correlation of all the influential factors to the construction project and their phased differences.The theoretical study and the empirical analysis on the health diagnosing for construction project were undertaken by the instruction of the new thought,and by the support of practical engineering investigation.The main research contents are:
(1) The abnormal state representations were categorized and the representation spectrum to describe all the abnormal state representations at each construction stage was obtained by the time domain analysis and classification on construction abnormal representation investigation,which was the foundation to understand and study the abnormal state representations comprehensively.Then,the pathology analysis to explore the inducement mechanization of the abnormal state representations was carried on based upon its category and features from the angle of view of components and processes.The study showed that there are multidimensional mapping structure relationship between the components of abnormal state representations and the pathogens.Furthermore,the degradation process model was established and was described mathematically.The research accomplished the theoretical foundation and provided footstone for further study.
(2) The characteristics of the abnormal state representations were analyzed systematically and the representation characteristic spectrum was established by means of information de-noising,information mining,knowledge reasoning and data mining.Since the Maximum Generalization Algorithms and Reduction Rule in the Rough Set theory are effective to decrease the error rate during analysis and are good at reducing and generating data,Rough Set was used to establish the reasoning model for characteristic parameters,to reduce the abnormal state representations in construction project and to identify and refine the characteristic parameters.The transformation model between the parameters and index was deduced and finally the health diagnosing index system was established under the instruction of Set theory.
(3) In order to testify the correction,integration and effectiveness of the research results and to avoid any omission or repetition of the indexes,the secondary investigation was carried on.Based on which,the discrepancy and importance among indexes were calculated,the necessary filter and adjustment were made and the index weights at different levels were determined and the final three-level heath diagnosing index was established.
The study started from engineering practical investigation,established the abnormal state representations spectrum,and analyzed the pathology of abnormal state representations thoroughly.The study established the representation characteristic spectrum and then identified and refined the characteristic parameters.Based on which,the health diagnosing index system was established and adjusted.The final established index system provides a scientific tool for construction managers to know the real status of the construction process through the current phenomenon and to avoid the problem to accumulate and to lead to disasters.It enriched the project management theories and has important value for construction practice.
为了解决这一问题,通过借鉴医学健康诊断和机械维护诊断的基本原理,建筑工程项目实施健康诊断的新思想应运而生,即把建筑工程项目比作一个生命体,从医学的视角来分析和解决问题,定期对项目进行科学的健康诊断,将事故隐患消灭在萌芽状态,减少工程建设过程中问题的累积,从而杜绝重大工程事故的发生。
诊断是一种以正确的诊断方法、通过有效的诊断指标且仅以较小的技术层面就能从众多含噪的信息中捕捉和提取出有价值的信息并达到掌握研究对象所处状态的方法。其中,诊断指标是分析、衡量和判定对象发展状态的具有对比性和解释性的有效工具,它既可以宏观地反映对象的整体状态,又可以微观地分析各个组成要素的具体问题,诊断指标体系的建立是进行科学诊断的第一步。因此,对于建筑工程项目健康诊断而言,若要达到对项目实施状态进行有效分析和诊断的目的,首先就需要构建健康诊断指标体系。
本论文通过对我国建筑工程项目管理现状中存在问题的具体分析,在工程相似学思想的启发下,针对建筑工程项目实施过程中各种影响因素显现的波动性和相关性以及它们给工程项目的正常实施所带来影响的阶段差异性,以工程实际调查结果为依据,对建筑工程项目实施状态健康诊断指标体系的建立进行了系统的理论研究和实证分析,主要研究的内容有:
(1)通过建筑工程项目病态表象调查结果的时域分析和分类分析,将建筑工程项目中具有代表性的病态表象进行了统计分析,得出了能够系统描述建筑工程项目各阶段各种病态表象的表象谱,为由浅入深、由表及里全面认识和研究建筑工程项目中的病态表象提供了依据。
(2)在确定了病态表象的类别特征及其特点的基础上,对建筑工程项目中的病态表象从产生病态表象的病因要素和项目健康劣化过程两个角度出发进行了病理分析。深入分析了病态表象与病因要素之间的关系以及项目健康的劣化过程,完善了建筑工程项目病态表象病理分析的理论基础,也为今后健康诊断程序化实现提供了必要的理论依据。
(3)应用信息去噪和信息提炼以及知识推理和数据挖掘等方法,对建筑工程项目病态表象特征进行了系统性的分析并建立了病态表象特征谱;同时,利用粗集(Rough Set)最大泛化算法和约简规则使得研究问题容易得到较小错误率和在数据缩减与生成方面所具有的特殊作用,以粗集推理规则为理论依据,提出了特征变量的推理模型,并以之为基础,对建筑工程项目中的病态表象进行了约简运算,系统地识别和提炼出能够有效描述建筑工程项目各种病态表象的特征参数。
(4)在集合理论的指导下,按照映射和关系集合的相关原理,推导出病态表象特征参数与指标之间的转换关系模型,并以此模型为依据,建立了建筑工程项目实施状态的健康诊断指标体系。为了确认指标体系的正确性、完整性和有效性,同时也为了确保在诊断指标的研究过程中避免发生缺漏并避免相同或相近指标的重复,对诊断指标体系进行了二次实证调研。在调研基础上,进一步通过指标间差异度和重要度的计算分析,对指标体系进行了必要的筛选与修正,最终建立了完整的三级健康诊断指标体系。
本论文从实践调研出发,构建了建筑工程项目实施过程的病态表象谱;对病态表象进行了深入的病理分析;论文还建立了病态表象特征谱并识别出相应的病态表象特征参数;论文最后建立了健康诊断指标体系并通过二次调研完成了最终修正。研究成果为项目管理者提供了一种科学有效的管理工具,帮助其透过纷繁冗杂的表象全面把握项目总体运行的真实状况,从而积极采取应对措施,保证项目目标的成功实现。研究成果丰富了项目管理理论并对项目管理实践活动具有重要应用价值。
Construction management is a practical activity with strong restrains.During the construction process,not only the tangible resource,such as men,material,machine and capital are required to assure the execution of the project,but also some intangible resource such as policies,related organization,environment and technology are required to cooperate with the project.Furthermore,there are so many stakeholders and interfaces, which make the situation much more complicated.However,in present engineering practice,there lack of scientific and efficient management tools for project managers to deal with the complexity and to tell the true execution condition of project through the different representations.If the project managers cannot tell whether the project is in good health condition by an overall viewpoint,the tiny defects during construction will accumulate and maybe finally lead to catastrophe.
In order to avoid the above mentioned situation,by using medicine health diagnosing and machine maintain diagnosing principle as reference,the new thought of health diagnosing for construction project was born:The construction project can be taken as a life and it should be diagnosed periodically and scientifically from the view point of medicine.Then the tiny defects during construction can be found out and will not accumulate to big problems.
Diagnose is a kind of method to determine the nature of the object by means of scientific method and a set of effective index,which can catch and extract useful information from all information including noises.Diagnose index is the tool to analyze, measure and judge the condition and it can reflex the macro status of object and also can analyze the micro particular components.To establish the diagnosing index is the first step for health diagnosing.So,for construction projects health diagnosing,it is also the key to establish the health diagnosing index.
In order to solve the above mentioned problem,the current situation of construction project management in China was studied practically.And the new thought of health diagnosing of construction project was proposed by the enlightenment of engineering similarity theory and based upon the analysis on the fluctuation and correlation of all the influential factors to the construction project and their phased differences.The theoretical study and the empirical analysis on the health diagnosing for construction project were undertaken by the instruction of the new thought,and by the support of practical engineering investigation.The main research contents are:
(1) The abnormal state representations were categorized and the representation spectrum to describe all the abnormal state representations at each construction stage was obtained by the time domain analysis and classification on construction abnormal representation investigation,which was the foundation to understand and study the abnormal state representations comprehensively.Then,the pathology analysis to explore the inducement mechanization of the abnormal state representations was carried on based upon its category and features from the angle of view of components and processes.The study showed that there are multidimensional mapping structure relationship between the components of abnormal state representations and the pathogens.Furthermore,the degradation process model was established and was described mathematically.The research accomplished the theoretical foundation and provided footstone for further study.
(2) The characteristics of the abnormal state representations were analyzed systematically and the representation characteristic spectrum was established by means of information de-noising,information mining,knowledge reasoning and data mining.Since the Maximum Generalization Algorithms and Reduction Rule in the Rough Set theory are effective to decrease the error rate during analysis and are good at reducing and generating data,Rough Set was used to establish the reasoning model for characteristic parameters,to reduce the abnormal state representations in construction project and to identify and refine the characteristic parameters.The transformation model between the parameters and index was deduced and finally the health diagnosing index system was established under the instruction of Set theory.
(3) In order to testify the correction,integration and effectiveness of the research results and to avoid any omission or repetition of the indexes,the secondary investigation was carried on.Based on which,the discrepancy and importance among indexes were calculated,the necessary filter and adjustment were made and the index weights at different levels were determined and the final three-level heath diagnosing index was established.
The study started from engineering practical investigation,established the abnormal state representations spectrum,and analyzed the pathology of abnormal state representations thoroughly.The study established the representation characteristic spectrum and then identified and refined the characteristic parameters.Based on which,the health diagnosing index system was established and adjusted.The final established index system provides a scientific tool for construction managers to know the real status of the construction process through the current phenomenon and to avoid the problem to accumulate and to lead to disasters.It enriched the project management theories and has important value for construction practice.
引文
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