前视探地雷达关键技术研究
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摘要
前视探地雷达是一种利用地下介质的不连续性来探测地下目标的有效工具。它是在下视探地雷达的基础上发展起来的一种新型的探地雷达。在前视探地雷达中，天线被放置在运动装置的前方，以一定的入射角照射被探测区域。
与下视探地雷达相比，前视探地雷达具有地表回波较弱、效率更高、远离危险地及可以对目标进行多视处理等优点。因此，对前视探地雷达的研究已成为当今探地雷达研究领域中的热点。
当前，对前视探地雷达的研究主要有系统硬件设计和信号处理技术，论文重点研究前视探地雷达的信号处理技术。前视探地雷达信号处理的难点主要表现在：前视探地雷达目标的雷达有效散射面积小于下视探地雷达目标的雷达有效散射面积，这使得前视探地雷达对目标的探测更加困难；前视探地雷达斜入射的电磁波在地表面的散射难以预测，目标回波易被地表杂波所淹没，这使得前视探地雷达很难得到高质量的数据图像；前视探地雷达斜入射的电磁波在空气和地分界面发生折射，同时由于地下介质的复杂性，如何精确地进行折射校正处理也是前视探地雷达研究的一个难题。论文主要研究了前视探地雷达的杂波抑制、合成孔径成像及波速估计等方面，针对这几个研究对象，论文的主要工作及创新点如下：
1．针对来自于成像区域之外的点散射源产生的杂波，提出了一种非线性拟合的杂波抑制方法。该方法通过顶点变化的抛物线Radon变换，提取杂波参数，利用非线性拟合技术重构杂波，实现杂波抑制。并分别对杂波抑制前后的信噪比及接收机的工作特性(Receiver Operating Characteristic，ROC)曲线进行了比较。从比较结果可以看出，采用该方法抑制这类杂波的效果较明显，通过杂波抑制可以获得更好的图像质量。
2．提出了两种前视探地雷达合成孔径成像方法，即：微波全息成像法和非平稳滤波法。微波全息成像法是通过计算电磁波的等效传播速度，将电磁波在两层介质中的传播等效处理为在单层介质中的传播，再利用微波全息成像法实现合成孔径成像。而非平稳滤波法则是将非平稳滤波理论应用于前视探地雷达合成孔径成像处理，通过构建非平稳滤波变换函数，对雷达接收数据的频谱进行频率域非平稳卷积滤波运算，实现重建目标频谱。最后，将非平稳滤波理论应用于前视探地雷达三维成像处理，利用估计的目标入射角，对目标图像进行折射校正处理，该方法的创新点是提出一种折射校正方法，使成像中的折射校正计算量显著降低。同时，利用估计的目标入射角实现前视探地雷达的多视处理，通过多视处理提高信噪比及目标的检测能力。
3．分析了在前视探地雷达中波速估计不精确对目标定位的影响，提出了一种前视探地雷达波速估计方法。该方法通过波速扫描和成像处理，利用目标图像灰度方差进行波速估计。对仿真数据和实测数据进行处理，结果证明了所提方法的有效性。
Forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) is an effective tool to detect buried targets by discerning the discontinuities in the electric permittivity of the propagation medium. And it is a new type GPR developed on the base of down-looking GPR (DLGPR). FLGPR places its antennas in front of a mobile platform and inspects the ground surface of interest with an incidence angle.
Compared with downward-looking systems, there are many advantages of FLGPR. FLGPR does not suffer from the problem of strong specular reflection from the ground, and is capable of collecting data for a much larger area in a much shorter time than DLGPR and imaging away from a safe distance. Furthermore, FLGPR can usually provide multiple observations on the same spot as the system moves forward, and can take advantage of multi-look processing to improve its detection capability. Due to these merits, the research of FLGPR has become an hot topic in the landmine detection community.
Currently, the researches of FLGPR can be cast into the system hardware design and the signal processing technology. This dissertation focuses on the signal processing technology of FLGPR, which is a challenging task due to the following reasons: The landmine radar cross section RCS of FLGPR is smaller than that of DLGPR, which makes landmine detection by FLGPR a challenging problem. EM waves scatter from a random rough ground surface in unpredictable ways, contributing to clutter which distort and obscure the desired scattering field from a buried target. Problems such as refraction at the air/ground interface will also result in errors to simple propagation models because of the complexity in the propagation medium. The clutter reduction, synthetic aperture imaging and the electromagnetic wave velocity estimation are investigated in this dissertation. The contents and innovations of this dissertation are as following:
1. Aimed at the clutter in radar data caused by backscattered from the scatterer external the imaging (survey) area in FLGPR, this dissertation proposes a method to reduce this kind of clutter. This clutter reduction method uses apex shifted parabolic Radon transform estimate the clutter parameter in the Radon domain. And the clutter are reconstructed by nonlinear curve fitting. Then the clutter is removed by subtraction method. By comparing the effect between pre-and post clutter reduction, the clutter reduction method increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the radar images and improves the detection performance. And the clutter reduction method can obtain higher quality images.
2. Two new methods, which are synthetic aperture imaging based on holographic imaging and synthetic aperture imaging based on nonstationary filter have been proposed. For the holographic imaging method, the propagation of electromagnetic wave in two different media can be equivalent to the propagation in one media by using the equivalent wave velocity, and the synthetic aperture imaging can be accomplished by holographic imaging method. But the nonstationary filtering method, by using nonstationary convolution filter, the spectrum of the refocused image can be reconstructed directly from the spectrum of backscattered signal from the target area. Furthermore, the theory of nonstationary filtering can be applied to the 3-D synthetic aperture imaging for FLGPR. The refraction correction of the target imaging can reduce the computational cost. The multi-look processing which improve its SNR and detection capability are accomplished by estimating the incidence angle of target.
3. After analyzing the effects of the imprecise of wave velocity on the target locating. A method is proposed to estimate the velocity of the electromagnetic wave propagation under ground. This method estimates the velocity using the image gray variance after synthetic aperture imaging with various velocities. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with simulated data and experimental data set.
与下视探地雷达相比，前视探地雷达具有地表回波较弱、效率更高、远离危险地及可以对目标进行多视处理等优点。因此，对前视探地雷达的研究已成为当今探地雷达研究领域中的热点。
当前，对前视探地雷达的研究主要有系统硬件设计和信号处理技术，论文重点研究前视探地雷达的信号处理技术。前视探地雷达信号处理的难点主要表现在：前视探地雷达目标的雷达有效散射面积小于下视探地雷达目标的雷达有效散射面积，这使得前视探地雷达对目标的探测更加困难；前视探地雷达斜入射的电磁波在地表面的散射难以预测，目标回波易被地表杂波所淹没，这使得前视探地雷达很难得到高质量的数据图像；前视探地雷达斜入射的电磁波在空气和地分界面发生折射，同时由于地下介质的复杂性，如何精确地进行折射校正处理也是前视探地雷达研究的一个难题。论文主要研究了前视探地雷达的杂波抑制、合成孔径成像及波速估计等方面，针对这几个研究对象，论文的主要工作及创新点如下：
1．针对来自于成像区域之外的点散射源产生的杂波，提出了一种非线性拟合的杂波抑制方法。该方法通过顶点变化的抛物线Radon变换，提取杂波参数，利用非线性拟合技术重构杂波，实现杂波抑制。并分别对杂波抑制前后的信噪比及接收机的工作特性(Receiver Operating Characteristic，ROC)曲线进行了比较。从比较结果可以看出，采用该方法抑制这类杂波的效果较明显，通过杂波抑制可以获得更好的图像质量。
2．提出了两种前视探地雷达合成孔径成像方法，即：微波全息成像法和非平稳滤波法。微波全息成像法是通过计算电磁波的等效传播速度，将电磁波在两层介质中的传播等效处理为在单层介质中的传播，再利用微波全息成像法实现合成孔径成像。而非平稳滤波法则是将非平稳滤波理论应用于前视探地雷达合成孔径成像处理，通过构建非平稳滤波变换函数，对雷达接收数据的频谱进行频率域非平稳卷积滤波运算，实现重建目标频谱。最后，将非平稳滤波理论应用于前视探地雷达三维成像处理，利用估计的目标入射角，对目标图像进行折射校正处理，该方法的创新点是提出一种折射校正方法，使成像中的折射校正计算量显著降低。同时，利用估计的目标入射角实现前视探地雷达的多视处理，通过多视处理提高信噪比及目标的检测能力。
3．分析了在前视探地雷达中波速估计不精确对目标定位的影响，提出了一种前视探地雷达波速估计方法。该方法通过波速扫描和成像处理，利用目标图像灰度方差进行波速估计。对仿真数据和实测数据进行处理，结果证明了所提方法的有效性。
Forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) is an effective tool to detect buried targets by discerning the discontinuities in the electric permittivity of the propagation medium. And it is a new type GPR developed on the base of down-looking GPR (DLGPR). FLGPR places its antennas in front of a mobile platform and inspects the ground surface of interest with an incidence angle.
Compared with downward-looking systems, there are many advantages of FLGPR. FLGPR does not suffer from the problem of strong specular reflection from the ground, and is capable of collecting data for a much larger area in a much shorter time than DLGPR and imaging away from a safe distance. Furthermore, FLGPR can usually provide multiple observations on the same spot as the system moves forward, and can take advantage of multi-look processing to improve its detection capability. Due to these merits, the research of FLGPR has become an hot topic in the landmine detection community.
Currently, the researches of FLGPR can be cast into the system hardware design and the signal processing technology. This dissertation focuses on the signal processing technology of FLGPR, which is a challenging task due to the following reasons: The landmine radar cross section RCS of FLGPR is smaller than that of DLGPR, which makes landmine detection by FLGPR a challenging problem. EM waves scatter from a random rough ground surface in unpredictable ways, contributing to clutter which distort and obscure the desired scattering field from a buried target. Problems such as refraction at the air/ground interface will also result in errors to simple propagation models because of the complexity in the propagation medium. The clutter reduction, synthetic aperture imaging and the electromagnetic wave velocity estimation are investigated in this dissertation. The contents and innovations of this dissertation are as following:
1. Aimed at the clutter in radar data caused by backscattered from the scatterer external the imaging (survey) area in FLGPR, this dissertation proposes a method to reduce this kind of clutter. This clutter reduction method uses apex shifted parabolic Radon transform estimate the clutter parameter in the Radon domain. And the clutter are reconstructed by nonlinear curve fitting. Then the clutter is removed by subtraction method. By comparing the effect between pre-and post clutter reduction, the clutter reduction method increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the radar images and improves the detection performance. And the clutter reduction method can obtain higher quality images.
2. Two new methods, which are synthetic aperture imaging based on holographic imaging and synthetic aperture imaging based on nonstationary filter have been proposed. For the holographic imaging method, the propagation of electromagnetic wave in two different media can be equivalent to the propagation in one media by using the equivalent wave velocity, and the synthetic aperture imaging can be accomplished by holographic imaging method. But the nonstationary filtering method, by using nonstationary convolution filter, the spectrum of the refocused image can be reconstructed directly from the spectrum of backscattered signal from the target area. Furthermore, the theory of nonstationary filtering can be applied to the 3-D synthetic aperture imaging for FLGPR. The refraction correction of the target imaging can reduce the computational cost. The multi-look processing which improve its SNR and detection capability are accomplished by estimating the incidence angle of target.
3. After analyzing the effects of the imprecise of wave velocity on the target locating. A method is proposed to estimate the velocity of the electromagnetic wave propagation under ground. This method estimates the velocity using the image gray variance after synthetic aperture imaging with various velocities. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with simulated data and experimental data set.
引文
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