冷战后美国对外军事行动的动因研究
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摘要
冷战结束后,美国成为世界唯一的超级大国;苏联敌人不复存在,美国的核心安全问题得到解决。然而,美国并没有放弃在国际关系中使用武力。与冷战时期相比,美国对外军事行动在数量上和范围上都有所扩展,这与其全球战略密切相关。根据变化了的国际环境,美国分别推出“世界新秩序”、“参与和扩展”和“布什主义”全球战略。在这些战略思想的指导下,三任美国政府对待联合国和国际合作的态度不尽相同,在对外用兵上也有不同的指导原则。
在美国政府看来,冷战的结束并没有自动生成一个和平时代:地区冲突取代世界大战成为国际政治的显著特征;传统的军事对抗让位于大规模杀伤性武器扩散和恐怖主义等跨国威胁,给国家安全构成新的挑战;长期掩盖在两极体制下的民族矛盾与种族冲突爆发开来,人道主义灾难日益突出。冷战结束后,“单一威胁”已经被“复杂多变”的挑战所取代,美国必须采取一切措施保卫国家安全和人民生命;作为当今超级大国,美国还要承担起超越国界的全球责任。在应对这些威胁与挑战时,美国往往具有更深层次的利益诉求和战略考虑。
本论文通过海湾战争、科索沃战争和伊拉克战争三个案例,分别检验美国对外军事行动的经济利益动因、人道主义动因和国家安全动因。以此发现,在海湾战争中,美国为了捍卫中东的石油利益实施了“准单边主义”行动;在科索沃战争中,美国为了在巴尔干的战略利益不惜违反联合国决议、主导北约对一个主权国家发动大规模的空袭行动;在伊拉克战争中,美国为了推翻萨达姆政权把“先发制人”战略付诸实施,将武力运用和“单边主义”发挥到了极致。
总而言之,冷战后美国对外军事行动的开展与它的全球战略、当代国际政治大环境和美国作为超级大国的现实需求都密不可分。从根本上,美国对外军事行动都是服务于它的全球战略;从客观上,冷战后的国际政治为美国提供了有利的条件;从主观上,美国具有采取军事行动的现实需求。
In the Post-Cold War era, United States becomes the sole superpower all over the world. Due to the disintegration of Soviet Union, the core issue concerning American security has been resolved. However, United States continues to resort to force in international relations. What’s more, compared with the Cold War period, American military operations aborad increase other than decrease in both quantity and range. All are closely connected to American global strategies. In accordance with the changing international environment, United States puts forward different global strategies, namely,“New World Order”,“Engagement and Enlargement”and“Bush Doctrine”. The three strategies reflect different attitudes of American governments towards United Nations and international cooperation, as well as distinct principles on use of force.
From U.S. point of view, the end of Cold War does not automatically transformed into a peaceful world. Regional conflicts arise to be the dominant danger instead of the world war. Traditional military threat is replaced by transnational threats such as the spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction and terrorism, which pose new chanlleges on Amerian national security. Humanitarian disasters become more pressing due to the eruption of national conflicts and regional struggles which were covered for a long time under the Biopolar System. After the Cold War, the single threat has been replaced by more complex and uncertain chanlleges. United States must take all the necessary measures to protect its country and people. Meanwhile, as the only superpower, United States has to shoulder the global responsibilities far beyond its border.
In dealing with these threats and challenges, United States usually owns deep interests and strategic consideration. In the dissertation, I examine three motives from economic, humanitarian and national security aspects through case studies to find out the true reasons of these military operations respectively. During the Gulf War, in order to secure its oil interests in Middle East, United States carried out“quasi-unilateral”activity. In the Kosovo War, in order to pursue its strategic interests in Balkan, United States led NATO to launch large-scale air strikes against a sovereign country without authorization from UN Security Council. In the Iraq War, in order to overthrow Saddam Hussein regime, United States put preemptive strategy into practice, which expanded its motive to resort to force and unilateralism to extreme.
All in all, after the Cold War, all the American military operations are closely related to its global strategies, contemporary international environment and actual demands as the only superpower. Foundationally, American military operations serve its global strategies. Objectively, the international politics in the Post-Cold War era provides United States with preferable conditions to resort to force. Subjectively, United States has actual demands to conduct military operations.
在美国政府看来,冷战的结束并没有自动生成一个和平时代:地区冲突取代世界大战成为国际政治的显著特征;传统的军事对抗让位于大规模杀伤性武器扩散和恐怖主义等跨国威胁,给国家安全构成新的挑战;长期掩盖在两极体制下的民族矛盾与种族冲突爆发开来,人道主义灾难日益突出。冷战结束后,“单一威胁”已经被“复杂多变”的挑战所取代,美国必须采取一切措施保卫国家安全和人民生命;作为当今超级大国,美国还要承担起超越国界的全球责任。在应对这些威胁与挑战时,美国往往具有更深层次的利益诉求和战略考虑。
本论文通过海湾战争、科索沃战争和伊拉克战争三个案例,分别检验美国对外军事行动的经济利益动因、人道主义动因和国家安全动因。以此发现,在海湾战争中,美国为了捍卫中东的石油利益实施了“准单边主义”行动;在科索沃战争中,美国为了在巴尔干的战略利益不惜违反联合国决议、主导北约对一个主权国家发动大规模的空袭行动;在伊拉克战争中,美国为了推翻萨达姆政权把“先发制人”战略付诸实施,将武力运用和“单边主义”发挥到了极致。
总而言之,冷战后美国对外军事行动的开展与它的全球战略、当代国际政治大环境和美国作为超级大国的现实需求都密不可分。从根本上,美国对外军事行动都是服务于它的全球战略;从客观上,冷战后的国际政治为美国提供了有利的条件;从主观上,美国具有采取军事行动的现实需求。
In the Post-Cold War era, United States becomes the sole superpower all over the world. Due to the disintegration of Soviet Union, the core issue concerning American security has been resolved. However, United States continues to resort to force in international relations. What’s more, compared with the Cold War period, American military operations aborad increase other than decrease in both quantity and range. All are closely connected to American global strategies. In accordance with the changing international environment, United States puts forward different global strategies, namely,“New World Order”,“Engagement and Enlargement”and“Bush Doctrine”. The three strategies reflect different attitudes of American governments towards United Nations and international cooperation, as well as distinct principles on use of force.
From U.S. point of view, the end of Cold War does not automatically transformed into a peaceful world. Regional conflicts arise to be the dominant danger instead of the world war. Traditional military threat is replaced by transnational threats such as the spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction and terrorism, which pose new chanlleges on Amerian national security. Humanitarian disasters become more pressing due to the eruption of national conflicts and regional struggles which were covered for a long time under the Biopolar System. After the Cold War, the single threat has been replaced by more complex and uncertain chanlleges. United States must take all the necessary measures to protect its country and people. Meanwhile, as the only superpower, United States has to shoulder the global responsibilities far beyond its border.
In dealing with these threats and challenges, United States usually owns deep interests and strategic consideration. In the dissertation, I examine three motives from economic, humanitarian and national security aspects through case studies to find out the true reasons of these military operations respectively. During the Gulf War, in order to secure its oil interests in Middle East, United States carried out“quasi-unilateral”activity. In the Kosovo War, in order to pursue its strategic interests in Balkan, United States led NATO to launch large-scale air strikes against a sovereign country without authorization from UN Security Council. In the Iraq War, in order to overthrow Saddam Hussein regime, United States put preemptive strategy into practice, which expanded its motive to resort to force and unilateralism to extreme.
All in all, after the Cold War, all the American military operations are closely related to its global strategies, contemporary international environment and actual demands as the only superpower. Foundationally, American military operations serve its global strategies. Objectively, the international politics in the Post-Cold War era provides United States with preferable conditions to resort to force. Subjectively, United States has actual demands to conduct military operations.
引文
①托克维尔:《论美国的民主》下册(董果良译),北京·商务印书馆,1991年版,第817页。
②本论文的研究范围是从1990年到2003年,论文中的用词“冷战后”、“冷战结束后”、“冷战的结束”和“后冷战时代”均从1990年开始。
③肯尼思·华尔兹:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第145页。
①Jerry K. Sweeney, A Handbook of American Military History: from the Revolutionary War to the Present (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006).
②Ward Churchill, On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality (Oakland: AK Press, 2003).
③Karl R. DeRouen, Jr. ed., Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Presidential Use of Force, 1789-2000 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001).
①Andrea Kathryn Talentino, Military Intervention after the Cold War: The Evolution of Theory and Practice (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005).
②Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (London: Cornell University Press, 2003).
③William C. Martel, Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
④理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》(殷雄、徐静译),北京·新华出版社,2000年版。
⑤Andrew J. Bacevich: American Empire: the Realities and Consequences of U.S. Foreign Policy (London: HarvardUniversity Press, 2002).
①John A. Tures,“United States Military Operations in the New World Order: an Examination of the Evidence”, American Diplomacy, Vol.2, No. 22 (2002), http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_01-03/tures_military/tures_military.html. (Last visited on October 16, 2007).
②赵小卓:《冷战后美国对外军事干预研究》,军事科学院博士论文,2006年5月。
③沈逸:《论冷战后美国对外干涉行动》,载《国际观察》,1999年第5期,第33-37页。
④兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基:《大抉择》(王振西主译),北京·新华出版社,2005年版。
①Josef Joffe,“Bismarck or Britain? Toward an American Grand Strategy after Bipolarity”, International Security, Vol. 19, No.4 (Spring 1995), pp. 94–117.
②查尔斯·库普乾:《美国时代的终结》(潘忠歧译),上海人民出版社,2004年版。
③Thomas J. McCormick, America’s Half Century (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1995).
④国内关于“世界新秩序”的论文成果有:刘力平:《美国国家安全战略的重大调整》,载《现代国际关系》,1992年第3期,第16-21页;罗凤礼:《布什“世界新秩序”的历史剖析》,载《世界历史》,1994年第5期,第36-42页;覃辉银:《冷战后美国的全球战略述评》,载《湘潭论坛》,2007年第1期,第108-110页;刘爽:《关于建立“世界新秩序”的不同主张》,载《理论前沿》,1993年第1期,第9-10页;古燕:《美国国家安全战略述评》,载《世界经济与政治》,1992年第2期,第57-61页;等等。
⑤刘绪贻:《布什政府的全球战略》,载《美国研究》,1993年第1期,第82-95页。
⑥潘同文:《布什的世界新秩序初探》,载《国际问题研究》,1991年第4期,第15-26页。
⑦张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,载《美国研究》,2000年第4期,第7-39页。
⑧潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策——从老布什到小布什》,北京·时事出版社,2004年版。
⑨朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?——冷战后美国国家安全战略》,天津人民出版社,2005年版。
⑩门洪华:《美国霸权与国际秩序》,载《国际观察》,2006年第1期,第17-24页。11 Eric A. Miller and Steve A. Yetiv,“The New World Order in Theory and Practice: The Bush Administration's Worldview in Transition”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.31, No.1 (March 2001), pp.56-68.类似观点参见:Charles Krauthammer,“The Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, Vo.70, No.1 (Spring 1991), pp.23-33. 12汪波:《冷战后美国外交政策中世界新秩序概念的缘起》,载《国际政治》,2003年第5期,第365-369页。
①Kissinger Henry, Does America Need a Foreign Policy? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001).
②彭光谦:《国际战略格局剧变中的美国国家安全战略》,载《美国研究》,1993年第4期,第7-21页。
③萨本望、尚鸿:《美国克林顿政府外交政策评析》,载《外交学院学报》2001年第2期,第39-46页。持有相同观点的论文成果有:苏格:《美国“参与和扩展”国家安全战略的定位》,载《外交学院学报》,1997年第4期,第23-30页;宋玉华:《评新世纪美国政府的全球战略》,载《世界经济与政治》,1999年第9期,第44-49页;等等。
④Douglas Brinkley,“Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine”, Foreign Policy, No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp.111-127.
⑤Samuel Huntington,“The Lonely Superpower”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, Issue 2 (March/April 1999), pp.35-49.
⑥Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, International Security, Vol. 21, No.3 (Winter 1996/1997), pp.3-51.
⑦潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策——从老布什到小布什》。梁萧持有相同观点,参见梁萧:《浅析冷战后美国国家安全战略的调整》,载《和平与发展》,1994年第4期,第45-48页。
⑧查尔斯·库普乾:《美国时代的终结》。
①William H. Lewis,“Assertive Multilateralism: Rhetoric vs. Reality”, in William H. Lewis ed. INSS McNair Papers, (Washington DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies, November 1993), pp.19-34.
②Samuel Huntington,“The Lonely Superpower”.
③Robert W. Lanham,“Beyond the Clinton Doctrine: U.S. Military Intervention Policy”, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1997/Lanham.htm. (Last visited on January 20, 2008).
④朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》。
⑤参见专著:朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》;潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策》;张爽:《美国民族主义——影响国家安全战略的思想根源》,北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版;周建明、张曙光:《美国安全解读》,北京·新华出版社2002年版。参见论文:戴超武:《布什主义与美国外交思想传统的继承和发展》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2006年第5期,第97-102页;吴兴唐:《“布什主义”剖析》,载《当代世界》,2002年第4期,第27-28页;张建新:《从布什主义到新帝国主义》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第6期,第15-20页;王正泉:《简析“布什主义”特征》,载《思想理论教育导刊》,2003年第8期,第41-43页;萨本望:《论“布什主义”》,载《外交学院学报》,2003年第2期,第23-28页;等等。
⑥Ivo H. Daaler & James M. Lindsay, American Unbound: The Bush Resolution in Foreign Policy (Washington D.C., Brookings Institution Press, 2003).
⑦Robert Jervis,“Understanding the Bush Doctrine”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 118, No.3 (Fall 2003).
⑧刘阿明,《布什主义与新帝国论》,北京·时事出版社,2005年版。
⑨中国现代国际关系研究院美欧研究中心主编:《反恐背景下美国全球战略》,北京·时事出版社,2004年版。
①郝雨凡、赵全胜主编:《布什的困境——海内外专家透视美国外交政策走向》,北京·时事出版社,2006年版。
②朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》。
③此外,国内讨论“布什主义”与新保守主义的论文成果有:郝雨凡:《“9.11”事件与美国保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2002年第2期,第7-30页;李志东、梅仁毅:《冷战后美国的新保守主义思想运动》,载《美国研究》,2006年第2期,第83-105页;夏立平:《美国新保守主义及其对布什政府对外政策的影响》,载《同济大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第2期,第87-94页;谢莉娇:《新保守主义在小布什外交政策中的悖论》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2006年第5期,第41-44页;姜振飞、姜恒:《新保守主义与布什政府的外交政策》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2005年第4期,第23-28页;王联合:《论美国新保守主义及其外交影响》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第4期,第35-41页;芮立平:《美国的新保守主义》,载《理论导刊》,2005年第6期,第73-75页;等等。
④斯蒂芬·哈尔珀、乔纳森·克拉克:《美国为什么单干?-美国新保守主义派与全球秩序》(邵崇忠、朱玉华、黄浩译),沈阳·辽宁出版社,2007年版。
⑤Richard Crockatt, America Embattled: September 11, Anti-Americanism and the Global Order (New York: Routledge, 2003).
⑥周琪:《“布什主义”与美国的新保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2007年第2期,第7-27页。类似的讨论还有:郝雨凡:《“9.11”事件与美国保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2002年第2期,第7-38页。
⑦瓦西利斯·福斯卡斯、比伦特·格卡伊:《新美帝国主义:布什的反恐战争和以血换石油》(薛颖译),北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版。
①John Newhouse, Imperial America: The Bush Assault on the World Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003).
②查默斯·约翰逊:《帝国的悲哀——黩武主义、保密与共和国的终结》(任晓、张耀、薛晨译),上海人民出版社,2005年版。
③Joseph S. Nye,“The Decline of America's Soft Power”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.3 (May/June 2004), pp.16-20.
④门洪华:《霸权之翼:美国国际制度战略》,北京大学出版社,2005年版。
⑤John L. Gaddis,“A Grand Strategy of Transformation”, Foreign Policy, No.133 (November/December 2002), pp.50-57.
⑥Peter J. Schraeder, Intervention into the 1990s:U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (London: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1992).
⑦Amos A. Jordan et al., American National Security (London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1999).
⑧Max Hilaire, International Law and the United States Military Intervention in the Western Hemisphere (London: Kluwer Law International, 1998).
①参见论文成果:王勇辉:《美国石油地缘战略与中东地区安全》,载《阿拉伯世界》,2005年第6期,第43-48页;张建新:《美国霸权与国际石油政治》,载《上海交通大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2006年第2期,第26-31页;舒先林:《美国中东石油战略的经济机制及启示》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》,2005年第1期,第85-89页;等等。
②参见论文成果:米歇尔·T.克莱尔:《致命的交叉点:石油、恐怖主义和美国国家安全》(马志良摘译),载《国外社会科学》,2003年第6期,第26-29页;潘忠岐:《美国新中东战略及其内在困境》,载《国际论坛》,2006年第4期,第1-6页;王京烈:《整体考察美国的中东政策》(上),载《阿拉伯世界研究》,2007年第5期,第3-10页;王京烈:《整体考察美国的中东政策》(下),载《阿拉伯世界研究》,2007年第6期,第3-10页;赵国忠:《美国在中东的军事存在及其战略企图》,载《西亚非洲》,2006年第1期,第32-36页;周舟:《美国中东政策的演变》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2007年第4期,第11-16页;田文林:《美国的中东战略及其历史命运》,载《现代国际关系》,2006年第8期,第1-7页;等等。
③王晓德:《试论美国向拉美“输出民主”的实质》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1995年第2期,第9-15页。
④刘卫东:《美国民主输出的困境——以美国在海地推广民主的实践为例》,载《江南社会学院学报》,2007年第1期,第29-33页。
⑤Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
⑥Brain Jenkins,“International Terrorism”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., in The Use of Force (Boulder: Row and Littlefield, 1999), pp71-73.
⑦张家栋:《恐怖主义论》,北京·时事出版社,2007年版。
⑧陶文钊:《美国为什么成为恐怖主义袭击的目标》,载《国际经济评论》,1998年第6期,第33页。其他相关论文成果有:根纳季·久加诺夫:《全球主义与国际恐怖主义》(陈爱茹摘译),载《国外社会科学》,2003年第6期,第23-25页;朱素梅:《反思恐怖主义——美国学者对恐怖主义研究的认识和反省》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2004年第4期,第1-5页;等等。
①Steve Fetter,“What is the Threat?”in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.340-356.
②Kenneth N.Waltz,“Peace, Stability and Nuclear Weapons”in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.357-371.持有相同观点的文章还有:Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74 (March/April 1995), pp.22-37.
③Scott D. Sagan,“Why Nuclear Spread is Dangerous?”in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.372-384.
④Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, Preventive Defense: a New Defense Security Strategy for America (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
⑤罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》(郭树勇译),北京大学出版社,2003年版。布热津斯基在《大抉择》中也有类似论述。
⑥李少军主编:《当代全球问题》,杭州·浙江人民出版社,2006年版。
⑦其他国内论文成果有:时殷弘:《论美国反恐怖主义战争——一项从大战略视角出发的回顾和评介》,载《国际经济评论》,2001年第6期,第25-28页;江凌飞:《恐怖主义与美国战略选择上的“两难”》,载《现代国际关系》,2001年第10期,第13-14页;牛新春:《美国反恐之纲——简析美国<反击恐怖主义国家战略>》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第3期,第38-40页;姜志峰:《美国应对恐怖主义威胁的国家安全战略》,载《国防科技》,2004年第2期,第61-63页;迟开翔:《冷战后美国反核恐怖主义政策的发展》,载《中共四川省委党校学报》,2006年第1期,第91-93页;萨本望、李春宏:《布什政府<国家安全战略报告>评析》,载《和平与发展》,2002年第4期,第5-8页;杨文静:《美国反击大规模杀伤性武器战略浅析》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第1期,第47-48页;等等。
①Ivan Eland & Daniel Lee,“The Rogue State Doctrine and National Missile Defense”, Foreign Policy Briefing (March 29, 2001), pp.1-13.
②James H. Lebovic, Deterring International Terrorism and Rogue States: US National Security Policy after 9/11 (London: Routledge, 2007).
③Christopher Preble,“The Bush Doctrine and‘Rogue’Sates”, Foreign Service Journal (October 2005), pp.25-30.
④John A. Tures,“Operation Exporting Freedom: The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations”, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, (Winter/Spring 2005), pp.97-111.
⑤刘国平:《美国民主制度输出》,北京:社会科学出版社,2006年版。
⑥罗艳华:《试论冷战后美国“输出民主”战略的新发展》,载《国际政治研究》,2005年第1期,第94-99页。
⑦潘忠岐:《民主改造中东?——解读小布什政府的中东战略构想》,载《阿拉伯世界》,2005年第1期,第12-16页。
①Chaim Kaufmann,“Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.385-405.
②Barry R. Posen,“Military Responses to Refugee Disasters”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.406-426.
③Humanitarian Studies Unit ed., Reflections on Humanitarian Action: Principles, Ethics and Contradiction, (London: Pluto Press, 2001).
④David Rieff, At the Point of Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention (New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2005).
⑤周琪:《美国人权外交政策》,上海人民出版社,2001年版。
⑥赵怀普:《西方“人道主义干涉”政策剖析》,载《欧洲研究》,2001年第3期,第6-12页。
⑦周桂银:《中国、美国与国际伦理——对冷战后人道主义干涉的一项比较研究(1991年-1999年)》,载《国际政治研究》,2003年第4期,第36-43页。其他相关论文有:罗观、刘波:《试析人道主义干涉的两难困境》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2006年第6期,第19-22页;张秀三:《论人道主义干涉及其实质》,载《东南亚研究》,2001年第3期,第72-76页;等等。
⑧Stephen John Stedman,“The New Interventionists”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72 (1993), pp. 1-16.
①Andrew S. Natsios, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Humanitarian Relief in Complex Emergencies (Westport: Praeger, 1997).
②尼古拉斯·盖耶特:《又是一个美国世纪吗?——2000年之后的美国与世界》,北京·商务印书馆,2005年版。
③关于“克林顿主义”的国外论文成果有:Charles William Maynes,“A Workable Clinton Doctrine”, Foreign Policy, Vol. 93 (Summer 1998), pp.3-20; John Dumbrell,“Was There a Clinton Doctrine? President Clinton’s Foreign Policy Reconsidered”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 13, No.2 (June 2002), pp.43-56; Graham Allison,“Get Ready for the Clinton Doctrine”, New Statesman, Vol.9, No.428 (November 1996), pp.2-16; Charles Krauthammer,“The Clinton Doctrine”, Times, Vol. 153, No.13 (April 1999), p.88; Charles Stevenson,“The Evolving Clinton Doctrine on the Use of Force”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.22, No.4 (Summer 1996), pp.511-535, etc.国内论文成果有:吕其昌:《值得警惕的“克林顿主义”》,载《国际论坛》,1999年第5期,第11-16页;晓丘:《“克林顿主义”应运而生》,载《世界知识》,1999年第15期,第29-28页;等等。
④Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force (Oxford: University Press, 2000).
⑤Mohammad Taghi Karoubi: Just or Unjust War? International Law and Unilateral Use of Armed Force by States at the Turn of the 20th Century (Burlington: Ashgate, 2003).
⑥路易斯·亨金等:《真理与强权——国际法与武力的使用》(胡炜、徐敏译),武汉大学出版社,2004年版。
⑦盛红生、杨泽伟、秦小轩:《武力的边界》,北京·时事出版社,2003年版。其他相关论文成果还有:托马斯·皮克林:《美国在安理会的行为》,载《外交评论》,2006年第4期,第6-9页;李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,载《法学评论》,2002年第3期,第66-73页;胡炜、徐敏:《关于国际法与武力使用的几点思考》,载《世界经济与政治》,2004年第1期,第30-35页;等等。
①Stanimir A Alexandrov, Self-defense against the Use of Force in International Law (London: Kluwer Law International, 1996).
②简基松:《“反恐”军事行动对国家自卫权规则的突破》,载《法学杂志》,2002年第2期,第33-35页。其他相关论文成果有:刘阿明:《先发制人与国际法——从美国国家安全战略角度的考察》,载《社会科学》,2004年第6期,第40-46页;张薇:《浅析布什主义对国家法的挑战》,载《湖北社会科学》,2004年第2期,第100-102页;欧阳超:《“先发制人”战略与国际法》,载《现代国际关系》,2005年第7期,第13-19页。
③John L. Hammond,“The Bush Doctrine, Preventive War, and International Law”, The Philosophical Forum, Vol.XXXVL. No.1(Spring 2005), pp. 97-111.上文综述中有些成果已经涉及到这个问题,其他相关论文成果还有:卡尔-海因茨·卡姆普:《预防性军事行动——一种新的安全政治现实》,载《世界经济与政治》,2005年第2期,第60-65页;刘阿明、王联合:《先发制人与预防性战争辨析——以布什政府国家安全战略为例》,载《学术探索》,2004年第11期,第68-73页;等等。
④Louis Henkin, Foreign Affairs and the Constitution (New York: The Norton Library, 1972).
⑤Louis Fisher, The Politics of Shared Power: Congress and the Executive (Texas A&M University Press, 1998).
⑥国内相关论文成果有:蒋晓燕:《“9.11”事件对美国总统和国会战争权之争的影响——<授权对伊拉克使用武力决议案>个案研究》,载《国际观察》,2003年第5期,第39-45页;江峡:《论美国总统对外战争的权力扩张》,载《湖北行政学院学报》,2006年第4期,第85-90页;孙仲:《论美国总统与国会外交决策权的消长》,载《浙江大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2000年第2期,第70-76页;马俊平:《论美国总统与国会外交决策权之争的根源》,载《解放军外国语学院学报》,2001年第2期,第115-118页;王军明:《浅析美国总统的战争权》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2003年第6期,第15-18页;等等。
①张相元、王勇、胡东华:《海湾战争纵览》,北京·海军海潮出版社,1992年版。
②Stephen Pelletiere, Iraq and International Oil System: Why America Went to War in the Gulf (Westport: Praeger, 2001).
③Dale R. Herspring, The Pentagon and the Presidency (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2005).其他类似的研究有:史蒂夫·耶蒂夫在专著《解读对外政策》中从决策机制的角度研究美国在海湾战争中的战争决策,参见Steve A. Yetiv, Explaining Foreign Policy: U.S. Decision-Making and the Persian Gulf War (Baltimore and London, 2004);徐晖在博士论文《从波斯湾到朝鲜半岛》中从危机管理的角度分析了美国在海湾战争中的决策过程,参见徐晖:《从波斯湾到朝鲜半岛:后冷战时代美国危机管理比较研究》,中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2003年5月。
④William C. Martel, Victory in War.
⑤William Head & Earl H. Tilford, Jr., eds., The Eagle in the Desert: Looking Back on U.S. Involvement in thePersian Gulf War (Westport, Praeger, 1996).
①门洪华:《和平的纬度:联合国集体安全机制研究》,上海人民出版社,2002年版。
②刘靖华:《海湾、"布什主义"与世界新秩序》,载《西亚非洲》,1991年第4期,第17-25页。
③William C. Martel, Victory in War.
④潘同文:《布什的世界新秩序初探》,载《国际问题研究》,1991年第4期,第15-26页。
⑤董漫远:《海湾战争后的中东地区安全问题探讨》,载《西亚非洲》,1991年第8期,第1-8页。
⑥伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆:《丑陋的胜利——解剖科索沃战争》(沈建译),北京·新华出版社,2001年版。
⑦杨运忠、冯金平:《21世纪美国安全战略与中美关系》,济南·黄河出版社,2004年版。
①杨永红:《美国霸权主义的新发展》,载《国际问题研究》,1999年第4期,第6-8页。
②尚鸿:《从科索沃战争看美“新干涉主义”的主要特征》,载《和平与发展》,1999年第4期,第1-2,32页。
③布鲁诺·考彼尔特斯、尼克·福臣、时殷弘主编:《战争的道德制约:冷战后局部战争的哲学思考》,北京·法律出版社,2003年版。
④盛红生、杨泽伟、秦小轩:《武力的边界》,北京·时事出版社,2003年版。
⑤Humanitarian Studies Unit ed., Reflections on Humanitarian Action: Principles, Ethics and Contradiction, (London: Pluto Press, 2001).
⑥汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,北京·时事出版社,2007年版。
①瓦西利斯·福斯卡斯、比伦特·格卡伊:《新美帝国主义:布什的反恐战争和以血换石油》(薛颖译),北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版。
②斯蒂芬·哈尔珀、乔纳森·克拉克:《美国为什么单干?-美国新保守主义派与全球秩序》(邵崇忠、朱玉华、黄浩译),沈阳·辽宁出版社,2007年版。
③Alex Danchev and John MacMillan, The Iraq War and Democratic Politics (New York: Routledge, 2005).
④Douglas Kellner,“Preemptive Strikes and the War on Iraq: A Critique of Bush Administration Unilateralism and Militarism”, NEW Political Science, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September 2004), pp.417-440.
⑤刘阿明,《布什主义与新帝国论》,北京·时事出版社,2005年版。
⑥陶文钊:《美国中东政策的困境》,载《和平与发展》,2007年第4期,第29-33页。
⑦刘宗义,《解析美国对伊拉克战争的决策》,外交学院博士学位论文,2007年4月。
①黑格尔:《小逻辑》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版,第1页。
②Quincy Wright, A Study of War (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971), p.131.
③Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: a Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).
①John E. Jessup & Louise B. Ketz eds., Encyclopedia of the American Military (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994), p.1201.
②Joint Chief of Staff of US, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, April 12, 2001 (as amended through 22 March 2007), http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/doctrine.htm. (Last visited on July 18,, 2007).同时,参见郑文翰主编:《军事大辞典》,上海辞书出版社,1992年版,第19页。
①郑文翰主编:《军事大辞典》,第124页。
②爱德华·卡尔:《二十年危机》(秦亚青译),北京·世界知识出版社,2005年版,第104页。
③理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》(殷雄、徐静译),北京·新华出版社,2000年版,第63页。
④Joint Chief of Staff of US, Joint Publication 3-0: Doctrine for Joint Operations, September 10, 2001, pp. I-2-3, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/jp3_0(01).pdf. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
⑤郑文翰主编:《军事大辞典》,第19页。
⑥John E. Jessup & Louise B. Ketz eds., pp.1201-1202.
⑦Ibid, p.1202.
①Joint Chief of Staff of US, Joint Publication 3-0: Joint Operations, September 17, 2006, pp.I-11-12, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/doctrine.htm. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
②Ibid, pp.I-12.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①门洪华著:《和平的纬度:联合国集体安全机制研究》,上海人民出版社,2002年9月,第294页。
②同上,第295页。
③John A. Tures, United States Military Operations in the New World Order:an Examination of the Evidence, http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_01-03/tures_military/tures_military.html. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
④理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第142-143页。
①朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界——冷战后美国国家安全战略》,天津人民出版社,2005年版,第210页。
②同上,第209-210页。
③根据2007年美国国会图书馆国会研究处报告统计:Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, pp.20-37, CRS Report for Congress, January 8, 2007, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32170.pdf. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
①根据附录一“冷战后美国对外军事行动一览表(1990-2003)”统计。
②本论文关于冷战时期的相关统计是从1945年到1989年。参见2007年美国国会图书馆国会研究处报告:Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, pp.15-20.
③关于1990-2003年间美国总统在海外使用武力的次数,根据2007年美国国会图书馆国会研究处报告统计:Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, pp.20-37.关于同期美国对外军事行动的次数,根据附录一“冷战后美国对外军事行动一览表(1990-2003)”统计。
④Ivo Daalder & Robert Kagan, America and the Use of Force: Sources of Legitimacy, p.1, http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/other/DaalderKagan07.pdf. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
①Karl R. DeRouen, Jr., Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Presidential Use of Force, 1789-2000 (London: Greenwood Press, 2001), p.205.
①巴瑞·布赞等:《新安全论》(朱宁译),杭州·浙江出版社,2003年版,第92页。
①理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第5页。
②赫德利·布尔:无政府社会(张小明译),北京·世界知识出版社,2003年版,第147页。
③Ivo Daalder & Robert Kagan, America and the Use of Force: Sources of Legitimacy, p.1.
④Ibid.p.3.
①罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》(郭树勇译),北京大学出版社,2003年版,第196页。
②Barry M. Blechman ed., Force without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1978), p.13.
①Francis Fukuyama,“The End of History?”, The National Interest, Vol.16 (Summer 1989), pp.3-19.
②兹比格纽·布热津斯基:《大棋局》(中国国际问题研究所译),上海译文出版社,2007年版,第1页。
③罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第14页。
①William E. Odom,“Realism about Russia”, the National Interest, No.65 (Fall 2001), p.64.
②Carl Conetta, America’s New Deal with Europe: NATO Primacy and“Double Expansion”(Cambridge, Mass: Commonwealth Institute, January 1998), p.10.转引自罗伯特·阿特,《美国大战略》,第15页。
③罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第17页。
④同上。
⑤Bates Gill & Michael O’Hanlon,“China’s Hollow Military”, The National Interest, Vol.56 (Summer 1999), p.56.
①马丁·怀特:《权力政治》(宋爱群译),北京·世界知识出版社,2004年版,第22页。
②同上,第18页。
③The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991, http://www.fas.org/man/docs/918015-nss.htm. (Last visited on September 8, 2007).
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,北京·时事出版社,1996年版,第251页。
⑤The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, preface. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf. (November 11, 2007).
⑥The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
⑦Colin L. Powell,“U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.71 (Winter 1992/93), p.33.
①Bill Clinton, Remarks at the United States Military Academy Commencement Ceremony in West Point, May 29, 1993, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n22_v29/ai_14110648. (November 11, 2007).
②George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. (November 11, 2007).
③罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第17-18页。
④Ivo Daalder & James M. Lindsay, America Unbound: the Bush Resolution in Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), p.72.
①Basil Henry Liddell Hart, Strategy, pp.335-336.转引自时殷弘:《大战略——理论与实力分析》,载《国际政治——理论探究·历史概观·战略思考》(时殷弘主编),北京·当代世界出版社,2002年版,第472-473页。
②保罗·肯尼迪:《战争与和平中的大战略——拓展定义》,载《战争与和平的大战略》(保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译),北京·世界知识出版社,2005年版,第3-5页。
③查尔斯·库普乾:《美国时代的终结》(潘忠歧译),上海人民出版社,2004年版,第11页。
④Barry R. Posen & Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, International Security, Vol. 21, No.3 (Winter 1996/1997), pp.3-51.
①Doug Bandow,“Keep the Troops and the Money at Home”, Current History, Vol. 93, No. 579 (January 1994), p.10.
②Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, p.10.
③Ibid.
④Ibid., pp.11-13.
①Barry R. Posen & Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, p.16.
②罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第160页。
③同上,第173页。
④同上,第186-198页。
⑤张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,载《美国研究》,2000年第4期,第23页。
⑥Barry R. Posen & Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, pp.23-24.
⑦Ibid., p.22.
①Ibid., p.30.
②Ibid.
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第142页。
①“世界新秩序”的正式提出是在1990年,但老布什关于全球战略的新思考早在“超越遏制”战略时期就已经出现。1989年5月12日,老布什总统在得克萨斯农工大学发表关于“超越遏制”战略的讲话中,明确表示美国的目标是“欢迎苏联回到世界秩序中来”。后来,老布什在西德梅因茨关于建立一个“完整而自由的欧洲”的讲话,以及在荷兰莱顿讲话中都表达了类似的思想,“我们所谋求的新世界是一个行动一致的自由国家的联邦——在这个新世界里将有越来越多的国家进入不断扩大的自由圈子。”1989年9月25日,布什在联大发表讲话时,表示“一个新的自由世界的到来已为时不远。现在存在着建立一个基于统统利益和共同理念上的国际社会的可能性。”1990年8月4日,在科罗拉多阿斯彭学会的讲话中,又提出“我们今天的任务是世界各民主国家的伟大理想:建立一个名副其实的自由国家共同体。”所有这些都表达了老布什关于“世界新秩序”的构想与设计蓝图。参见潘同文:《布什的世界新秩序初探》,载《国际问题研究》,1991年第4期,第15-16页。
①George H.W. Bush, Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2217&year=1990&month=9. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④杜孜主编:《转换中的世界格局》,北京·世界知识出版社,1992年版,第302页。
⑤George H.W. Bush, Address Before the 45th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, October 1, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2280&year=1990&month=10. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union, January 29, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2656&year=1991&month=01. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Cessation of the Persian Gulf Conflict, March 6, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2767&year=1991&month=3. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③George H.W. Bush, Remarks at Maxwell Air Force Base War College in Montgomery Alabama, April 13, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2869&year=1991&month=4. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②Ibid.
③梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第143页。
④The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
⑤朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第187页。
⑥同上,第188页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990.
③张爽:《美国民族主义——影响国家安全战略的思想根源》,北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版,第165页。
①Bill Clinton, A New Covenant for American Security, December 12, 1991, http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=128&subid=174&contentid=250537. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②表达同样思想的讲话还有:Remarks Prepared for Delivery, Governor Bill Clinton, Foreign Policy Association, New York, April1,1992, pp.2-3.参见张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,第25页。
③Bill Clinton, A New Covenant for American Security, December 12, 1991.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③1993年,克林顿正式就任美国总统。近半个世纪的冷战时期,美国“参与”世界的方式是“遏制”前敌人苏联。苏联解体后,美国已经无法再通过“遏制”战略来“参与”世界了。在克林顿总统的要求下,美国国家安全事务助理安东尼·莱克联合“国家安全委员会”其他三位成员,专门组成研究小组,负责挑选一个类似“遏制”的词语作为克林顿政府的大战略。在“民主参与”、“民主扩张主义”等众多选择中,莱克认为“扩展”一词最为准确地体现了克林顿政府建立民主的长期战略。如果“扩展”战略真正得以实现,莱克无疑能够像“遏制战略之父”乔治·凯南一样,名垂青史。随后,他极力向克林顿总统力荐“扩展”战略。克林顿总统立刻接受了这个概念。参见Douglas Brinkley,“Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine”, Foreign Policy, No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp.114-116.
④Anthony Lake, From Containment to Enlargement, Delivered at Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies, September 21, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, Vol. 4, No. 39 (September 27, 1993), p.14.
①Ibid.
②潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策——从老布什到小布什》,北京·时事出版社,2004年版,第188页。
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第251页。
②同上,第245-247页。
③同上,第252-279页。
①萨本望、尚鸿:《美国克林顿政府外交政策评析》,载《外交学院学报》,2001年第2期,第40页。
②The White House, A National Security Strategy for a New Century, May 1997, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/national/nss9705.htm. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③The White House, A National Security Strategy for a Global Age, December 2000, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/strategy/nss-0012.pdf. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①Department of Defense, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, May 1997, pp.4-12, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/strategy/qdr97.pdf. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
②关于“Assertive Multilateralism”,国内学者并没有统一的译法。有学者译作“果断的多边主义”,有学者译作“肯定性多边主义”。克林顿政府的这个提法主要是表示对联合国的积极支持,比老布什政府的“多边主义”立场更进一步。
③Madeleine K. Albright, A Strong United Nations Serves U.S. Security Interests, Address before the Council on Foreign Relations’Conference on Cooperative Security and the United Nations, June 11, 1993,http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n26_v4/ai_13238113. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①Madeleine K. Albright, Myths of Peace-Keeping, Statement before the Subcommittee on International security, International Organizations, and Human Rights of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, June 24, 1993, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n26_v4/ai_13238115. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第266页。
③The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p26, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/national/nss-9502.pdf. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第261页。
②The White House, The National Security for a New Century, May 1997.
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第216页。
④萨本望:《论“布什主义”》,载《外交学院学报》,2003年第2期,第23页。
①参见斯蒂芬·哈尔珀、乔纳森·克拉克:《美国为什么单干?-美国新保守主义派与全球秩序》(邵崇忠、朱玉华、黄浩译),沈阳·辽宁出版社,2007年版,第68页。
②Joshua Muravchik,“Beyond Self-Defense”, Commentary, December 1992, p.21.
③Paul D. Wolfowitz,“Clinton’s First Year”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.73, No.1 (January/February 1994), pp.28-43.
④George W. Bush, A Distinctly American Internationalism, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 19, 1999, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/wspeech.htm. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
⑥Ibid.
①George W. Bush, Remarks by the President at Christening Ceremony for the USS Ronald Reagan, March 4, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010305.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②Ibid.
③Frank J. Gaffney, Jr.,“The Bush doctrine”, Jewish World Review, March 13, 2001, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/gaffney031301.asp. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
④Charles Krauthammer,“The Bush Doctrine: ABM, Kyoto, and the New American Unilateralism”, the Weekly Standard, Vol. 6, No. 36 (June 4, 2001).转引自刘阿明:《布什主义与新帝国论》,北京·时事出版社,2005年版,第88页。
①George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People United States, September 20, 2001, http://www.historycentral.com/Documents/Bushjoint.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001.
④George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p30.
①理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第149页。
②朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第348页。
③George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy, January 5, 1993, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=5156&year=1993&month=01. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
④Ibid.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③Colin L. Powel,“U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead”, p.38.
④Ibid.
①Ibid., pp.38-39.
②梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第260-261页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p12.
②戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》(时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译),北京·商务印书馆,2004年版,第375页。
③Gideon Rose,“The Exit Strategy Delusion”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.77, No.1 (January/ February 1998), p56.
④Anthony Lake, Defining Missions, Setting Deadlines, March 6, 1996, www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=898 - 100k. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p15.
②George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002, www.whitehouse.org/news/releases2002/06/20020601_3.htm. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p15.
④George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
①George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002.
②George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
③George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002.
④The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.v.
⑤Ibid., p15.
①Peter J. Schraeder, Intervention into the 1990s:U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (London: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1992), p.6.
①Peter J. Schraeder, p.49.
②A.M. Gray, Defense Policy for the 1990s, May 1990, p.18.转引自Peter J. Schraeder, pp.49-50.
③Dick Cheney, Statement of the Secretary of Defense before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, March 19, 1991, p.7.转引自Peter J. Schraeder ed., p.50.
④The White House, A National Security Strategy for A New Century, May 1997.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategy of the United States of America: a Strategy of Flexible and Selective Engagement, February 1995, http://www.fas.org/man/docs/nms_feb95.htm. (Last visited on October 12, 2007).
③George H.W. Bush, Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis, September 11, 1990, p.5, http://www.afa.org/magazine/aug2007/0807keeperfull.pdf. (Last visited on October 12, 2007).
④Amos A. Jordan et al., American National Security (London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1999), p397.
①Amos A. Jordan et al., p.398.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④图标说明:第一、在该图中,非洲不包括埃及;第二、“1995年占世界总产量的份额统计”系作者根据图表中的数据计算得出。图表来源:1997 Statistical Review of World Energy, British Petroleum,转引自Amos A. Jordan et al., p.397.
①Amos A. Jordan et al., p394.
②汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,北京·时事出版社,2007年版,第4页。
③The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
④Ibid.
①Max Hilaire, p.125.
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
①Andrea Kathryn Talentino, Military Intervention after the Cold War: The Evolution of Theory and Practice (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005), p129.
②Ibid, p142.
③Ibid, p.129.
④梅孜:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第288页。
①The White House, A National Security Strategy of Enlargement and Engagement, Frebruary 1995, p.12.
①J.Bryan Hehir:“The Moral Dimension in the Use of Force”, in H.W. Brands with Darren J. Pierson & Reynolds S. Kiefer, eds., The Use of Force after the Cold War (Texas A & M University Press), p.20.
②Ibid.
③约翰·加迪斯(John L. Gaddis)用“长久和平”(Long Peace)一词形容冷战时期的国际安全形势。“长久和平”是指在不爆发战争情况下的一种仿佛永无休止的持续竞争状态,总是笼罩在核战争的阴影下。John Lewis Gaddis: The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press), 1987, pp.215-246.
④Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74 (March/April 1995), p.22.
⑤J.Bryan Hehir:“The Moral Dimension in the Use of Force”, in H.W. Brands with Darren J. Pierson & Reynolds S. Kiefer, eds., p.20.
⑥Embassy of Australia Washington D.C. Public Affairs Office: Report of the Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (Canberra: Australia: National Capital, 1996), p.24.
①Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, p.22.
②Steve Fetter,“What is the Threat?”, in H.W. Brands & Darren J. Pierson & Reynolds S. Kiefer, p.21.
③罗伯特·阿特著:《美国大战略》,第59-60页。
①同上,第60页。
②小约瑟夫·奈著:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》(张小明译),上海世纪出版社,2005年版,第165-166页。
③Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, p.22.
①张爽:《美国民族主义》,第163页。
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③Ivan Eland & Daniel Lee,“The Rogue State Doctrine and National Missile Defense”, Foreign Policy Briefing, No. 65 (March 29, 2001), pp.2-3.
④转引自彭光谦:《国际战略格局剧变中的美国国家安全战略》,载《美国研究》,1993年第4期,第13页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.13.
②William S. Cohen: Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, May 1997, p.2.
③The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
④The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.14.
⑤Department of Defense, Annual Report to the President and the Congress, March 1996, http://www.dod.mil/execsec/adr_intro.html. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
⑥萨本望:《美国防务政策的战略性调整——美国新年度<国防报告>评析》,载《瞭望》,1996年第14期,第40页。
①S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
②John C. Super ed., The United States at War, Volume 1(California: Salem Press Inc., 2005), pp.717-718.
③Kenneth Katzman, Iraq: Weapons Programs, U.N. Requirements, and U.S. Policy, CRS Issue Brief for Congress, September 2, 2003, p.2, http://www.fas.org/man/crs/IB92117.pdf. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
④Noam Chomsky,“Rogue States”, E-Maganize, April 1998, http://www.chomshy.info/articles/199804--htm. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第289,255页。
②Noam Chomsky,“Rogue States”.
③William S. Cohen, DoD News Briefing, December 19, 1998,转引自Andrew J. Bacevich: American Empire: the Realities and Consequences of U.S. Foreign Policy (London: Harvard University Press, 2002), p.151.
①William J. Broad,“How Japan Germ Terror Alerted World”, New York Times, May 26, 1998, pA1.
②Colum Lynch,“Bin Laden Sought Uraniuan”, Washington Post, February 8, 2001, pA2.
③National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2015, December 2000, http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/globaltrends2015/index.html. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
④The United States Commission on National Security/21st Century, Road Map for National Security: Imperative for Change, January 31, 2001, pp.viii, 10, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/nssg/PhaseIIIFR.pdf. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
①The White House,Homeland Security Presidential Directive-1,October 29, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011030-1.html. (Last visited on November 11, 2007).
①Brain Jenkins,“International Terrorism”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.71-73.
②Jeffrey D. Brake, Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management: Background and Issues for Congress, CRS Report for Congress, April 19, 2001, p.2, http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL30938.pdf. (Last visited on October 10, 2007).
③Brain Jenkins,“International Terrorism”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz, eds., p.72.
④参见罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第19页。
①Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), p.19.
②Jeffrey D. Brake, Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management: Background and Issues for Congress April 19, 2001. p.2.
③Ibid., p3.
④图标来源:美国国家恐怖主义委员会关于“国际恐怖主义威胁的变量统计”,转引自Jeffrey D. Brake, p.3.
①Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, Preventive Defense: A New Defense Security Strategy for America, (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), p.17.
②Ibid.
③Department of State, Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2003: A Brief Chronology, March 2004, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/5902.htm. (Last visited on September 20, 2007).
④Ibid.
⑤Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001, May 2002, p.1, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10288.pdf. (Last visited on September 20, 2007).
⑥Paul R. Pillar, p.42.
①参见附录二“冷战后美国遭遇恐怖袭击一览表(1990-2003)”。
②罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第20页。
③同上。
④Paul R. Pillar, p.57.
⑤Ibid., pp.58-59.
⑥Ibid., pp.60-61.
⑦Ibid., p.72.
⑧兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基:《大抉择》(王振西主译),北京·新华出版社,2005年版,第42页。
①Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, pp.150-151.
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③Ibid.
④George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy in West Point, January 5, 1993.
①The White House, National Security of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.10.
②The White House, The National Security for a New Century, May 1997.
③Department of Defense, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, May 1997, p5.
④Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, p.17.
⑤The White House, Presidential Decision Directive 39, U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism, June 21, 1995, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd39.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).参见Jeffrey D. Brake, p.5.
⑥Ibid.
①The White House, A National Security Strategy for a New Century, May 1995, p.10.
②The White House, The National Security for a New Century, May 1997.
③Louis Fisher, The Politics of Shared Power: Congress and the Executive (Texas A&M University Press, 1998), p.204.
④Department of State, Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2003: A Brief Chronology, March 2004.
⑤Raphael F Perl, Terrorism: U. S. Response to Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania: A New Policy Direction, CRS Report for Congress, September 1, 1998, p.1, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB55/crs19980901.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑥Ibid, p.2
①Ibid.
②所有时间均以纽约当地时间为准。关于这四起撞机事件的描述参见美国“9.11”独立调查委员会公布的报告:The 9/11 Commission, Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, July 22, 2004, pp.1-14, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/fullreport.pdf. (Last visited on December 12, 2007).同时,参见该报告的中文版:《9/11委员会报告》(史禺等译),北京·世界知识出版社,2005年版,第5-20页。
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》,第82页。
①Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001, May 2002, pp.v-1.
②George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001.
③阿富汗战争的代号最初是“无限正义行动”。根据伊斯兰教义,只有安拉才能提供“无限正义”。为了避免引起穆斯林世界的反对,美国把这次军事行动的代号改为“持久自由行动”。
④George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, September 20, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①William C. Martel, Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p.228.
②Ivo Daalder & James M. Lindsay, pp.81-82.
③George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, September 20, 2001.
④William C. Martel, p.229.
①Humanitarian Studies Unit: Reflections on Humanitarian Action: Principles, Ethics and Contradiction (London: Pluto Press, 2001), p.23.
②小约瑟夫·奈著:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》(张小明译),上海世纪出版社,2005年版,第182页。
①Andrew M. Dorman & Thomas G. Otte: Military Intervention: from Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention (Brookfield: Dartmouth, 1995), p.86.
②Hon. Alexander M. Haig, Jr., The Question of Humanitarian Intervention, Vol.9, No.2 (February 2001), http://www.fpri.org/fpriwire/0902.200102.haig.humanitarianintervention.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③小约瑟夫·奈:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》,第152页。
④肯尼思·华尔兹:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第145页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy, January 5, 1993.
③Operation Provide Comfort, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/provide_comfort.htm. (Last visitedOctober 18, 2007).
①参见Andrew J. Bacevich: pp.271-272,注视20中的说明。
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③Robert Kaplan,“The Coming Anarchy”, The Atlantic Monthly, Vol.273, No.2 (February 1994).
④“Waiting for America”, U.S. News and World Report, December 7, 1992;“No-Day Relief Plan for Somalia Launched”, UN Chronicle, December 1992.转引自Andrea Kathryn Talentino, p.113.
①参见Alynna J. Lyon,“American Humanitarian Intervention: Toward a Theory of Coevolution”, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 3, No.1 (January 2007), pp. 46-78.
②Congressional Quarterly, December 5, 1992,转引自Andrea Kathryn Talentino, pp.113-114.
③Andrea Kathryn Talentino, p.95.
④George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy, January 5, 1993.
⑤The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, pii.
②Ibid., p.12.
③Andrew M. Dorman & Thomas G. Otte, p.93.
④理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第45页。
①S/RES/837, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/332/31/IMG/N9333231.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 2, 2007).
②理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第45页。
③John C. Super ed., The United States at War, Vol.Ⅰ(California Salem Press, 2005), p.707.
④Madeleine K. Albright,“Yes, There is a Reason to Be in Somalia”, The New York Times, August 10, 1993, p. A19.
⑤Anthony Lake, From Containment to Enlargement, pp.17-18.
⑥Madeleine K. Albright,“Yes, There is a Reason to Be in Somalia”.
①Karl R. DeRouen, Jr. ed., p.129.
②William C. Martel, p.200.
③欧洲国家最初反对美国涉足波黑问题,因此将这一问题定义为“欧洲的问题”。这个提法得到了老布什政府的认同。
①Jon Western,“Sources of Humanitarian Intervention: Beliefs, Information, and Advocacy in the U.S. Decisions on Somalia and Bosnia”, International Security, Vol. 27, No. 1 (July/August 1999).
②David M. Malone and Yuen Foong Khong, Unilateralism and US Foreign Policy-international Perspectives (London: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 2003), p.161.
③Laura Silber and Allan Little, Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation (New York: TV Books, Inc., 1996), p.297.
④Bill Clinton, First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1993, http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/historicspeeches/clinton/first_inaugural.html. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
⑤William C. Martel, p.203.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p25.
②Bill Clinton, Transcript of President Clinton's Speech on Bosnia, November 27, 1995, http://www.cnn.com/US/9511/bosnia_speech/speech.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①《联合国宪章》第2条第4款,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①《联合国宪章》第1章第1条,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②《联合国宪章》第7章第39条,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter7.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③Ian Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States, (Oxford: New York, 1963), pp.271-272“.有限的例外”是指《宪章》第51条规定的自卫权。
④《联合国宪章》第7章,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter7.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
①S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②S/RES/794, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/772/10/IMG/N9277210.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①S/RES/940, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/94/s940.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②《联合国宪章》第8章,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter8.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③S/RES/781, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/491/63/IMG/N9249163.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①S/RES/816, http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/816(1993)&Lang=C. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force (Oxford: Oxford University, 2000), p.172.
③S/RES/836, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/330/20/IMG/N9333020.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④Christine Gray, p.172.
⑤《联合国宪章》第7章第51条,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter7.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①路易斯·亨金:《武力的使用:法与美国政策》,载《真理与强权——国际法与武力的使用》(路易斯·亨金等著,胡炜、徐敏译),武汉大学出版社,2004年版,第44页。
②Stanimir A Alexandrov, Self-defense against the Use of Force in International Law (London: Kluwer Law International, 1996), p95.
③S/RES/1368, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/01/s1368.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④S/RES/1373, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/01/s1373.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,载《法学评论》,2002年第3期,第71-72页。
②威廉·D·罗杰斯:《武力的原则、原则的力量》,载《真理与强权》(路易斯·亨金等著),第90页。
③路易斯·亨金:《武力的使用:法与美国政策》,载《真理与强权》(路易斯·亨金等著),第38页。
④Mohammad Taghi Karoubi, p.114.
①S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②S/RES/837, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/332/31/IMG/N9333231.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③Nicole Deller and John Burroughs,“Jus ad Bellum: Law Regulating Resort to Force”, Human Rights Magazine. Vol.30, No.1 (2003), http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter03/lawregulatingresorttoforce.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①S/RES/688, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/595/82/IMG/NR059582.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②Ibid.
①S/RES/687, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/595/81/IMG/NR059581.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②S/RES/1154, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1154.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③S/RES/1205, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1205.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①Christine Gray, p.192.
②Ibid., p.193.
③S/RES/1160, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1160.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④S/RES/1199, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1199.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑤S/RES/1203, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1203.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑥Christine Gray, p.34.
①Christine Gray, p.195.
②在1986年尼加拉瓜案例中,国际法院对于“武装攻击”的概念做出如下界定:“武装攻击”不仅包括一国的正规部队跨越国际边界的直接攻击行为,还包括一国派遣或代表该国派遣武装团队或雇佣兵到另一国的间接攻击,如果他们在另一国内进行武力行为的严重性等同于正规部队进行的实际武力攻击的话。但武力攻击不包括向反对派提供武器或后勤、财政或其他支持的援助行为(虽然这种行为可能构成非法的使用武力或武力威胁,或对一国内部或外部事务的干涉)。参见Christine Gray, pp.54-56.
③李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,第71页。
④Christine Gray, p.106.
⑤GA, 20th Session, Six Committee, 886th mtg, December 1, 1965, para 42.转引自Stanimir A Alexandrov, p.167.
①Louis Henkin,“Notes from the President: the Missile Attack on Baghdad and its Justifications”, the American Society of International Law Newsletter, Vol.3, No.3 (June/August 1993).
①李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,第72页。
②李道揆:《美国政府和美国政治》下册,北京·商务印书馆,2004年版,第779页。
③同上,第782页。
①Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances, 2005, pp.10-13, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/War_Powers_Deciding_To_Use_Force_Abroad.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊著:《联邦当人文集》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年版,第376-377页。
③Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances, pp.14-15.
④Ibid., p.14.
⑤Ibid., pp.39-42.
①Ibid., p.17.
②Public Papers, The President's News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis, January 9, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2605&year=1991&month=01. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③Bill Clinton, Address to the Nation on Airstrikes against Serbian Targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -Serbia and Montenegro, March 29, 1999, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_/ai_54600068. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances, p.3.
⑤Louis Fisher,“Who’s in Charge?”, https://www.mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=21. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑥美国国会一共在5次战争中行使过11次宣战权。这5次战争分别是:1812年美英战争,1846年美墨战争,1898美西战争,第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战。其中11次宣战包括:1812年对英国宣战;1846年对墨西哥宣战;1898年对西班牙宣战;1917年第一次世界大战中对德国宣战,1917年一战中对奥匈帝国宣战;1941年第二次世界大战中对日本宣战,1941年二战中对德国宣战;1941年二战中对意大利宣战;1942年二战中对保加利亚宣战;1942年二战中对匈牙利宣战;1942年二战中对罗马尼亚宣战。参见Jennifer K. Elsea & Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, March 8, 2007, pp.1-6, www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/NHC/CRS/DeclWar.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances. p.10.
②Congress, Authorization of the Use of U.S. Armed Forces Against Those Responsible for the Recent Attacks Launched Against the United States, http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/terrorism/sjres23.es.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①Richard F. Grimmett, Authorization for Use of Military Force in Response to the 9/11 Attacks (P.L. 107-40): Legislative History, p4, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22357.pdf. (Last visited on October 25, 2007).
②Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances. p27.
③Congress, Authorization of the Use of Force against Iraq Resolution of 2002, October 16,2002, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ243.107. (Last visited on October 25, 2007).
①Public Papers, The President's News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis, January 9, 1991.
②The State Department, President Bush’s Signing Statement for H.J.Res. 114, http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/usandun/02101606.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第44-45页。
④同上,第45页。
⑤Louis Fisher, p204.
①Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992, p.18, www.ndu.edu/library/epubs/cpgw.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第32页。
②George H.W. Bush, Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters on the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, August 5, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1990/90080502.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③George H.W. Bush, Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia, August 8, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2147&year=1990&month=8. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid.
①John C. Super ed., p.694.
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990.
③The White House, National Security Directive 26: U.S. Policy toward the Persian Gulf (U), October 2, 1989, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/nsd26.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①The White House, National Security Directive 45: U.S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (C), August 20, 1990, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/nsd_45.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990.
③参见William C. Martel, p179.
④Amos A. Jordan et al., p.394.
⑤William C. Martel, p180.
⑥William Safire,“The Time has Come”, New York Times, July 13, 1995, International A3-14.
①George H.W. Bush, Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia, August 8, 1990.
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③参见附录三“联合国安理会关于海湾问题的相关决议”。
①S/RES/660, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/73/IMG/NR057473.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
②S/RES/661, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/73/IMG/NR057473.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
③S/RES/662, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/75/IMG/NR057475.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
④S/RES/664, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/77/IMG/NR057477.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
⑤S/RES/665, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/78/IMG/NR057478.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
⑥S/RES/666, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/79/IMG/NR057479.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑦S/RES/667, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/80/IMG/NR057480.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑧S/RES/669, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/82/IMG/NR057482.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑨S/RES/670, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/83/IMG/NR057483.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑩S/RES/674, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/87/IMG/NR057487.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007). 11 S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElemen. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
①Jennifer K. Elsea, Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force, p.15.
②Congress, Authorization of the Use of U.S. Armed Forces Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 678 with Respect to Iraq, in Jennifer K. Elsea & Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force, p.103.
③Louis Fisher, Exercising Congress’s Constitutional Power to End a War, Statement before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 30, 2007, http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig8/fisher1.html. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
④Jennifer K. Elsea & Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force, p.15.
⑤Public Papers, The President's News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis, January 9, 1991.
⑥Louis Fisher, p.203.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②周琪:《美国人权外交政策》,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第305页。
①Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992, p.341.
①George C. Herring,“America and Vietnam: The Unending War”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.70, No. 5 (Winter 1991/92).
②George H.W. Bush, A Nation Blessed: Persian Gulf War as Turning Point in U.S. Military History, in Naval War College Review, Autumn, 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_4_54/ai_83295126. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
③Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992, p59.
④Ibid., pp.59-60.
①William C. Martel, p186.
②布鲁诺·考彼尔特斯、尼克·福臣、时殷弘主编:《战争的道德制约:冷战后局部战争的哲学思考》,北京·法律出版社,2003年版,第231页。
①Steven Woehrel, Kosovo and U.S. Policy, CRS Report for Congress, June 16, 1998, http://www.fas.org/man/crs/96-790.txt. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
②Statements of United States’Policy on Kosovo, April 18, 1999, New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E1DD1E3BF93BA25757C0A96F958260&scp=1&sq=March+24+NATO+Bill+Clinton&st=nyt. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
①查尔斯·克劳塞默:《克林顿主义》,载《国外社会科学文摘》,1999年第7期,第31页。
②President Bill Clinton speaks on Kosovo, April 28, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/04/28/kosovo/transcript.html. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
⑤Javier Solana, NATO statement on Kosovo, April 23, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/23/nato.kosovo.statement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑥Ibid.
①Steve Bowman, Kosovo: U.S. and Allied Military Operations, CRS Report for Congress, July 24, 2000, p3, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/IB10027_20000724.pdf. (Last visited on January 29, 2008).
②Operation Allied Force, Operation Noble Anvil, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/allied_force.htm. (Last visited on January 19, 2008).
③Statements of United States’Policy on Kosovo, April 18, 1999, New York Times.
④伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆:《丑陋的胜利——解剖科索沃战争》(沈建译),北京·新华出版社,2001年版,第157页。
⑤同上,第173页。
①Linda D. Kozaryn, Albright Says Kosovo Matters to United States, February 8, 1999, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41963. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
②The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.26.
①Statements of United States’Policy on Kosovo.
②Linda D. Kozaryn, Albright Says Kosovo Matters to United States, February 8, 1999.
③President Bill Clinton speaks on Kosovo, April 28, 1999.
④伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆著:《丑陋的胜利》,第83-84页。
①Steven Erlanger, Yugoslavia's Opposition Leader Claims Victory over Milosevic, September 26, 2000, New York Times, September 26, 2000, pA1.
②Ibid.
①S/RES/1160, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1160.htm. (Last visited on October 29, 2007).
②S/RES/1199, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1199.htm. (Last visited on October 29, 2007).
③S/RES/1199, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1203.htm. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
④Letter from Secretary-General Solana, addressed to the permanent representative to the North Atlantic Council, October 9, 1998,转引自Bruno Simma,“NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects”,European Journal of International Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1999, p.7, http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol10/No1/100001.pdf. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
①转引自布鲁诺·考彼尔特斯等:《战争的道德制约》,第241页。
②Bruno Simma,“NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects”, p.11.
①Steven Woehrel, Kosovo and U.S. Policy, CRS Report for Congress, p.6.
②Ibid.
③Steve Bowman, Kosovo, U.S. and Allied Military Operations, p12.
④President Bill Clinton speaks on Kosovo, April 28, 1999.
⑤Steve Bowman, Kosovo: U.S. and Allied Military Operations, p.3.
①Noam Chomsky, The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo (London, Pluto Press, 1999), pp.16-17.
②卡尔·塞莱曼斯:《北约对科索沃危机的干预:1999年3月—6月》,载《战争的道德制约》,第260-261页。
③伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆著:《丑陋的胜利》,第236页。
④Pycckmm Francais, New Figures on Civilian Deaths in Kosovo War, http://www.hrw.org/press/2000/02/nato207.htm. (Last visitied on November 12, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
①George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002.
②The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.13.
①Department of State, National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, February 2003, p.9, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/71936.pdf. (Last visited on December 2, 2007).
②Ibid., pp.15-18.
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.13.
④兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基:《大抉择》,第7页。
⑤George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29,2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
①Department of Defense, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, September 30, 2001, pⅣ, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pdfs/qdr2001.pdf.
②George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. (Last visited on December 28, 2007).
③George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
④罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第59-60页。
①George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
②Ibid.
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, pp.13-14.
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid., pp.12.
①Dick Chiney, Remarks by the Vice President to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html; Vice President Honors Veterans of Korean War, August 29, 2002. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020829-5.html. (Last visited on January 3, 2008).
②The White House, President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly, New York, New York, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html. (Last visited on January 3, 2008).
③George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
①The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.13.
②Ibid., p.15.
③相关联合国安理会决议和声明参见The White House, A Decade of Deception and Defianc:Saddam Hussein’s Defiance of the United Nations, September 12, 2002, pp.4-8, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/iraqdecade.pdf. (Last visited on January 25, 2008).
④Ibid., p.2.
⑤Dick Chiney, Remarks by the Vice President to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002; Vice President Honors Veterans of Korean War, August 29, 2002.
⑥Ibid.
①Ibid.
②参见刘宗义:《解析美国的伊拉克战争决策》,第102-103页。.
③转引自朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第312页。
④The White House, President Discuss Security and Defense Issues, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/release/2002/08/20020821-1.html. (Last visited on January 15, 2008).
①George W. Bush, Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation, March 17, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.org/news/2003/031703.asp. (Last visited on January 15, 2008).
①George W. Bush, President Bush Addresses the Nation, March 19, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-17.html. (Last visited on January 18, 2008).
②Han Blix, An Updated on Inspection, Report of the Executive Chairman of UN-MOVIC to the United Nations Security Council, 27 January 2003, http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/Bx27.htm. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
③Colin L. Powell, Remarks to the United Nations Security Council, February 5, 2003. http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/17300.htm. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
①George W. Bush, President Bush Addresses the Nation, March 19, 2003.
②Ibid.
③汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,第97页。
①Department of Defense, Secretary Rumsfield Briefs at Foreign Press Center, January 22, 2003, http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1330. (Last visited on November 12, 2007).
②汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,第98页。
③William C. Martel, p.249.
①Dick Chiney, Remarks by the Vice President to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002; Vice President Honors Veterans of Korean War, August 29, 2002.
②The White House, President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly, December 12, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第350页。
④John B. Bellinger III,Authority for Use of Force by the United States against Iraq under International Law, April 10, 2003, http://www.cfr.org/publication/5862/authority_for_use_of_force_by_the_united_states_against_iraq_under_international_law.html. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
⑤Raymond W. Copson, Iraq War: Background and Issues Overview, April 22, 2003, p.3, http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RL31715.pdf. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
①S/RES/1441, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/02/s1441.htm. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
②George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
③John B. Bellinger III, Authority for Use of Force by the United States Against Iraq under International Law, April 10, 2003, http://www.cfr.org/publication.html?id=5862. (Last visited on November 12, 2007).
①参见联合国武器核查小组负责人Richard Butler的采访讲话:Richard Butler, Bush Administration Obliged to Seek U.N. Security Council Backing for Iraq War, January 23, 2003, http://legal.lege.net/war_legal/war_legal.txt. (Last visited on Janurary 28, 2008).
②William C. Martel, p.248
③Ibid., p249.
①The White House, President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended, May 1, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030501-15.html. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
②Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon&Schuster Paperbacks, 2004), pp.422-424.
③George W. Bush, For a general discussion of the administration’s optimism about the effects of overthrowing Saddam on the Middle East, Speech to the American Enterprise Institute, 26 February 2003.转引自Philip Gordon, Bush’s Middle East Vision, Survival 45 (Spring 2003), pp.155–165.
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张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,载《美国研究》,2000年第4期。
张秀三:《论人道主义干涉及其实质》,载《东南亚研究》,2001年第3期。
张耀:《“新帝国论”评析》,载《世界经济与政治》,2003年第7期。
赵国忠:《美国在中东的军事存在及其战略企图》,载《西亚非洲》,2006年第1期。
周桂银:《中国、美国与国际伦理——对冷战后人道主义干涉的一项比较研究(1991年-1999年)》,载《国际政治研究》,2003年第4期。
周琪:《“布什主义”与美国的新保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2007年第2期。
朱素梅:《反思恐怖主义——美国学者对恐怖主义研究的认识和反省》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2004年第4期。
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①Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, Washington DC: CRS Report for Congress, January 8,2007, pp.20-37, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32170.pdf. (Last visited on January 20, 2008).
①Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian, Department of State, Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2003: A Brief Chronology, March 2004, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/5902.htm. (Last visited on December 28, 2007).同时参考美国公共事务局历史文献办公室公布的中文版“重大恐怖主义事件(1961-2001)”,载《美国参考》。该信息来自中国学术交流网:“重大恐怖主义事件(1961-2001)(A)”,http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=19422&cid=16;“重大恐怖主义事件(1961-2001)(B)”,http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=19423&cid=16. (Last visited on January 20, 2008).
②本论文的研究范围是从1990年到2003年,论文中的用词“冷战后”、“冷战结束后”、“冷战的结束”和“后冷战时代”均从1990年开始。
③肯尼思·华尔兹:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第145页。
①Jerry K. Sweeney, A Handbook of American Military History: from the Revolutionary War to the Present (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006).
②Ward Churchill, On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality (Oakland: AK Press, 2003).
③Karl R. DeRouen, Jr. ed., Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Presidential Use of Force, 1789-2000 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001).
①Andrea Kathryn Talentino, Military Intervention after the Cold War: The Evolution of Theory and Practice (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005).
②Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (London: Cornell University Press, 2003).
③William C. Martel, Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
④理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》(殷雄、徐静译),北京·新华出版社,2000年版。
⑤Andrew J. Bacevich: American Empire: the Realities and Consequences of U.S. Foreign Policy (London: HarvardUniversity Press, 2002).
①John A. Tures,“United States Military Operations in the New World Order: an Examination of the Evidence”, American Diplomacy, Vol.2, No. 22 (2002), http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_01-03/tures_military/tures_military.html. (Last visited on October 16, 2007).
②赵小卓:《冷战后美国对外军事干预研究》,军事科学院博士论文,2006年5月。
③沈逸:《论冷战后美国对外干涉行动》,载《国际观察》,1999年第5期,第33-37页。
④兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基:《大抉择》(王振西主译),北京·新华出版社,2005年版。
①Josef Joffe,“Bismarck or Britain? Toward an American Grand Strategy after Bipolarity”, International Security, Vol. 19, No.4 (Spring 1995), pp. 94–117.
②查尔斯·库普乾:《美国时代的终结》(潘忠歧译),上海人民出版社,2004年版。
③Thomas J. McCormick, America’s Half Century (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1995).
④国内关于“世界新秩序”的论文成果有:刘力平:《美国国家安全战略的重大调整》,载《现代国际关系》,1992年第3期,第16-21页;罗凤礼:《布什“世界新秩序”的历史剖析》,载《世界历史》,1994年第5期,第36-42页;覃辉银:《冷战后美国的全球战略述评》,载《湘潭论坛》,2007年第1期,第108-110页;刘爽:《关于建立“世界新秩序”的不同主张》,载《理论前沿》,1993年第1期,第9-10页;古燕:《美国国家安全战略述评》,载《世界经济与政治》,1992年第2期,第57-61页;等等。
⑤刘绪贻:《布什政府的全球战略》,载《美国研究》,1993年第1期,第82-95页。
⑥潘同文:《布什的世界新秩序初探》,载《国际问题研究》,1991年第4期,第15-26页。
⑦张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,载《美国研究》,2000年第4期,第7-39页。
⑧潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策——从老布什到小布什》,北京·时事出版社,2004年版。
⑨朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?——冷战后美国国家安全战略》,天津人民出版社,2005年版。
⑩门洪华:《美国霸权与国际秩序》,载《国际观察》,2006年第1期,第17-24页。11 Eric A. Miller and Steve A. Yetiv,“The New World Order in Theory and Practice: The Bush Administration's Worldview in Transition”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.31, No.1 (March 2001), pp.56-68.类似观点参见:Charles Krauthammer,“The Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, Vo.70, No.1 (Spring 1991), pp.23-33. 12汪波:《冷战后美国外交政策中世界新秩序概念的缘起》,载《国际政治》,2003年第5期,第365-369页。
①Kissinger Henry, Does America Need a Foreign Policy? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001).
②彭光谦:《国际战略格局剧变中的美国国家安全战略》,载《美国研究》,1993年第4期,第7-21页。
③萨本望、尚鸿:《美国克林顿政府外交政策评析》,载《外交学院学报》2001年第2期,第39-46页。持有相同观点的论文成果有:苏格:《美国“参与和扩展”国家安全战略的定位》,载《外交学院学报》,1997年第4期,第23-30页;宋玉华:《评新世纪美国政府的全球战略》,载《世界经济与政治》,1999年第9期,第44-49页;等等。
④Douglas Brinkley,“Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine”, Foreign Policy, No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp.111-127.
⑤Samuel Huntington,“The Lonely Superpower”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, Issue 2 (March/April 1999), pp.35-49.
⑥Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, International Security, Vol. 21, No.3 (Winter 1996/1997), pp.3-51.
⑦潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策——从老布什到小布什》。梁萧持有相同观点,参见梁萧:《浅析冷战后美国国家安全战略的调整》,载《和平与发展》,1994年第4期,第45-48页。
⑧查尔斯·库普乾:《美国时代的终结》。
①William H. Lewis,“Assertive Multilateralism: Rhetoric vs. Reality”, in William H. Lewis ed. INSS McNair Papers, (Washington DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies, November 1993), pp.19-34.
②Samuel Huntington,“The Lonely Superpower”.
③Robert W. Lanham,“Beyond the Clinton Doctrine: U.S. Military Intervention Policy”, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1997/Lanham.htm. (Last visited on January 20, 2008).
④朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》。
⑤参见专著:朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》;潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策》;张爽:《美国民族主义——影响国家安全战略的思想根源》,北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版;周建明、张曙光:《美国安全解读》,北京·新华出版社2002年版。参见论文:戴超武:《布什主义与美国外交思想传统的继承和发展》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2006年第5期,第97-102页;吴兴唐:《“布什主义”剖析》,载《当代世界》,2002年第4期,第27-28页;张建新:《从布什主义到新帝国主义》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第6期,第15-20页;王正泉:《简析“布什主义”特征》,载《思想理论教育导刊》,2003年第8期,第41-43页;萨本望:《论“布什主义”》,载《外交学院学报》,2003年第2期,第23-28页;等等。
⑥Ivo H. Daaler & James M. Lindsay, American Unbound: The Bush Resolution in Foreign Policy (Washington D.C., Brookings Institution Press, 2003).
⑦Robert Jervis,“Understanding the Bush Doctrine”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 118, No.3 (Fall 2003).
⑧刘阿明,《布什主义与新帝国论》,北京·时事出版社,2005年版。
⑨中国现代国际关系研究院美欧研究中心主编:《反恐背景下美国全球战略》,北京·时事出版社,2004年版。
①郝雨凡、赵全胜主编:《布什的困境——海内外专家透视美国外交政策走向》,北京·时事出版社,2006年版。
②朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》。
③此外,国内讨论“布什主义”与新保守主义的论文成果有:郝雨凡:《“9.11”事件与美国保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2002年第2期,第7-30页;李志东、梅仁毅:《冷战后美国的新保守主义思想运动》,载《美国研究》,2006年第2期,第83-105页;夏立平:《美国新保守主义及其对布什政府对外政策的影响》,载《同济大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第2期,第87-94页;谢莉娇:《新保守主义在小布什外交政策中的悖论》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2006年第5期,第41-44页;姜振飞、姜恒:《新保守主义与布什政府的外交政策》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2005年第4期,第23-28页;王联合:《论美国新保守主义及其外交影响》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第4期,第35-41页;芮立平:《美国的新保守主义》,载《理论导刊》,2005年第6期,第73-75页;等等。
④斯蒂芬·哈尔珀、乔纳森·克拉克:《美国为什么单干?-美国新保守主义派与全球秩序》(邵崇忠、朱玉华、黄浩译),沈阳·辽宁出版社,2007年版。
⑤Richard Crockatt, America Embattled: September 11, Anti-Americanism and the Global Order (New York: Routledge, 2003).
⑥周琪:《“布什主义”与美国的新保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2007年第2期,第7-27页。类似的讨论还有:郝雨凡:《“9.11”事件与美国保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2002年第2期,第7-38页。
⑦瓦西利斯·福斯卡斯、比伦特·格卡伊:《新美帝国主义:布什的反恐战争和以血换石油》(薛颖译),北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版。
①John Newhouse, Imperial America: The Bush Assault on the World Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003).
②查默斯·约翰逊:《帝国的悲哀——黩武主义、保密与共和国的终结》(任晓、张耀、薛晨译),上海人民出版社,2005年版。
③Joseph S. Nye,“The Decline of America's Soft Power”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.3 (May/June 2004), pp.16-20.
④门洪华:《霸权之翼:美国国际制度战略》,北京大学出版社,2005年版。
⑤John L. Gaddis,“A Grand Strategy of Transformation”, Foreign Policy, No.133 (November/December 2002), pp.50-57.
⑥Peter J. Schraeder, Intervention into the 1990s:U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (London: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1992).
⑦Amos A. Jordan et al., American National Security (London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1999).
⑧Max Hilaire, International Law and the United States Military Intervention in the Western Hemisphere (London: Kluwer Law International, 1998).
①参见论文成果:王勇辉:《美国石油地缘战略与中东地区安全》,载《阿拉伯世界》,2005年第6期,第43-48页;张建新:《美国霸权与国际石油政治》,载《上海交通大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2006年第2期,第26-31页;舒先林:《美国中东石油战略的经济机制及启示》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》,2005年第1期,第85-89页;等等。
②参见论文成果:米歇尔·T.克莱尔:《致命的交叉点:石油、恐怖主义和美国国家安全》(马志良摘译),载《国外社会科学》,2003年第6期,第26-29页;潘忠岐:《美国新中东战略及其内在困境》,载《国际论坛》,2006年第4期,第1-6页;王京烈:《整体考察美国的中东政策》(上),载《阿拉伯世界研究》,2007年第5期,第3-10页;王京烈:《整体考察美国的中东政策》(下),载《阿拉伯世界研究》,2007年第6期,第3-10页;赵国忠:《美国在中东的军事存在及其战略企图》,载《西亚非洲》,2006年第1期,第32-36页;周舟:《美国中东政策的演变》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2007年第4期,第11-16页;田文林:《美国的中东战略及其历史命运》,载《现代国际关系》,2006年第8期,第1-7页;等等。
③王晓德:《试论美国向拉美“输出民主”的实质》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1995年第2期,第9-15页。
④刘卫东:《美国民主输出的困境——以美国在海地推广民主的实践为例》,载《江南社会学院学报》,2007年第1期,第29-33页。
⑤Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
⑥Brain Jenkins,“International Terrorism”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., in The Use of Force (Boulder: Row and Littlefield, 1999), pp71-73.
⑦张家栋:《恐怖主义论》,北京·时事出版社,2007年版。
⑧陶文钊:《美国为什么成为恐怖主义袭击的目标》,载《国际经济评论》,1998年第6期,第33页。其他相关论文成果有:根纳季·久加诺夫:《全球主义与国际恐怖主义》(陈爱茹摘译),载《国外社会科学》,2003年第6期,第23-25页;朱素梅:《反思恐怖主义——美国学者对恐怖主义研究的认识和反省》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2004年第4期,第1-5页;等等。
①Steve Fetter,“What is the Threat?”in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.340-356.
②Kenneth N.Waltz,“Peace, Stability and Nuclear Weapons”in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.357-371.持有相同观点的文章还有:Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74 (March/April 1995), pp.22-37.
③Scott D. Sagan,“Why Nuclear Spread is Dangerous?”in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.372-384.
④Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, Preventive Defense: a New Defense Security Strategy for America (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
⑤罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》(郭树勇译),北京大学出版社,2003年版。布热津斯基在《大抉择》中也有类似论述。
⑥李少军主编:《当代全球问题》,杭州·浙江人民出版社,2006年版。
⑦其他国内论文成果有:时殷弘:《论美国反恐怖主义战争——一项从大战略视角出发的回顾和评介》,载《国际经济评论》,2001年第6期,第25-28页;江凌飞:《恐怖主义与美国战略选择上的“两难”》,载《现代国际关系》,2001年第10期,第13-14页;牛新春:《美国反恐之纲——简析美国<反击恐怖主义国家战略>》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第3期,第38-40页;姜志峰:《美国应对恐怖主义威胁的国家安全战略》,载《国防科技》,2004年第2期,第61-63页;迟开翔:《冷战后美国反核恐怖主义政策的发展》,载《中共四川省委党校学报》,2006年第1期,第91-93页;萨本望、李春宏:《布什政府<国家安全战略报告>评析》,载《和平与发展》,2002年第4期,第5-8页;杨文静:《美国反击大规模杀伤性武器战略浅析》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第1期,第47-48页;等等。
①Ivan Eland & Daniel Lee,“The Rogue State Doctrine and National Missile Defense”, Foreign Policy Briefing (March 29, 2001), pp.1-13.
②James H. Lebovic, Deterring International Terrorism and Rogue States: US National Security Policy after 9/11 (London: Routledge, 2007).
③Christopher Preble,“The Bush Doctrine and‘Rogue’Sates”, Foreign Service Journal (October 2005), pp.25-30.
④John A. Tures,“Operation Exporting Freedom: The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations”, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, (Winter/Spring 2005), pp.97-111.
⑤刘国平:《美国民主制度输出》,北京:社会科学出版社,2006年版。
⑥罗艳华:《试论冷战后美国“输出民主”战略的新发展》,载《国际政治研究》,2005年第1期,第94-99页。
⑦潘忠岐:《民主改造中东?——解读小布什政府的中东战略构想》,载《阿拉伯世界》,2005年第1期,第12-16页。
①Chaim Kaufmann,“Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.385-405.
②Barry R. Posen,“Military Responses to Refugee Disasters”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.406-426.
③Humanitarian Studies Unit ed., Reflections on Humanitarian Action: Principles, Ethics and Contradiction, (London: Pluto Press, 2001).
④David Rieff, At the Point of Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention (New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2005).
⑤周琪:《美国人权外交政策》,上海人民出版社,2001年版。
⑥赵怀普:《西方“人道主义干涉”政策剖析》,载《欧洲研究》,2001年第3期,第6-12页。
⑦周桂银:《中国、美国与国际伦理——对冷战后人道主义干涉的一项比较研究(1991年-1999年)》,载《国际政治研究》,2003年第4期,第36-43页。其他相关论文有:罗观、刘波:《试析人道主义干涉的两难困境》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2006年第6期,第19-22页;张秀三:《论人道主义干涉及其实质》,载《东南亚研究》,2001年第3期,第72-76页;等等。
⑧Stephen John Stedman,“The New Interventionists”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72 (1993), pp. 1-16.
①Andrew S. Natsios, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Humanitarian Relief in Complex Emergencies (Westport: Praeger, 1997).
②尼古拉斯·盖耶特:《又是一个美国世纪吗?——2000年之后的美国与世界》,北京·商务印书馆,2005年版。
③关于“克林顿主义”的国外论文成果有:Charles William Maynes,“A Workable Clinton Doctrine”, Foreign Policy, Vol. 93 (Summer 1998), pp.3-20; John Dumbrell,“Was There a Clinton Doctrine? President Clinton’s Foreign Policy Reconsidered”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 13, No.2 (June 2002), pp.43-56; Graham Allison,“Get Ready for the Clinton Doctrine”, New Statesman, Vol.9, No.428 (November 1996), pp.2-16; Charles Krauthammer,“The Clinton Doctrine”, Times, Vol. 153, No.13 (April 1999), p.88; Charles Stevenson,“The Evolving Clinton Doctrine on the Use of Force”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.22, No.4 (Summer 1996), pp.511-535, etc.国内论文成果有:吕其昌:《值得警惕的“克林顿主义”》,载《国际论坛》,1999年第5期,第11-16页;晓丘:《“克林顿主义”应运而生》,载《世界知识》,1999年第15期,第29-28页;等等。
④Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force (Oxford: University Press, 2000).
⑤Mohammad Taghi Karoubi: Just or Unjust War? International Law and Unilateral Use of Armed Force by States at the Turn of the 20th Century (Burlington: Ashgate, 2003).
⑥路易斯·亨金等:《真理与强权——国际法与武力的使用》(胡炜、徐敏译),武汉大学出版社,2004年版。
⑦盛红生、杨泽伟、秦小轩:《武力的边界》,北京·时事出版社,2003年版。其他相关论文成果还有:托马斯·皮克林:《美国在安理会的行为》,载《外交评论》,2006年第4期,第6-9页;李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,载《法学评论》,2002年第3期,第66-73页;胡炜、徐敏:《关于国际法与武力使用的几点思考》,载《世界经济与政治》,2004年第1期,第30-35页;等等。
①Stanimir A Alexandrov, Self-defense against the Use of Force in International Law (London: Kluwer Law International, 1996).
②简基松:《“反恐”军事行动对国家自卫权规则的突破》,载《法学杂志》,2002年第2期,第33-35页。其他相关论文成果有:刘阿明:《先发制人与国际法——从美国国家安全战略角度的考察》,载《社会科学》,2004年第6期,第40-46页;张薇:《浅析布什主义对国家法的挑战》,载《湖北社会科学》,2004年第2期,第100-102页;欧阳超:《“先发制人”战略与国际法》,载《现代国际关系》,2005年第7期,第13-19页。
③John L. Hammond,“The Bush Doctrine, Preventive War, and International Law”, The Philosophical Forum, Vol.XXXVL. No.1(Spring 2005), pp. 97-111.上文综述中有些成果已经涉及到这个问题,其他相关论文成果还有:卡尔-海因茨·卡姆普:《预防性军事行动——一种新的安全政治现实》,载《世界经济与政治》,2005年第2期,第60-65页;刘阿明、王联合:《先发制人与预防性战争辨析——以布什政府国家安全战略为例》,载《学术探索》,2004年第11期,第68-73页;等等。
④Louis Henkin, Foreign Affairs and the Constitution (New York: The Norton Library, 1972).
⑤Louis Fisher, The Politics of Shared Power: Congress and the Executive (Texas A&M University Press, 1998).
⑥国内相关论文成果有:蒋晓燕:《“9.11”事件对美国总统和国会战争权之争的影响——<授权对伊拉克使用武力决议案>个案研究》,载《国际观察》,2003年第5期,第39-45页;江峡:《论美国总统对外战争的权力扩张》,载《湖北行政学院学报》,2006年第4期,第85-90页;孙仲:《论美国总统与国会外交决策权的消长》,载《浙江大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2000年第2期,第70-76页;马俊平:《论美国总统与国会外交决策权之争的根源》,载《解放军外国语学院学报》,2001年第2期,第115-118页;王军明:《浅析美国总统的战争权》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2003年第6期,第15-18页;等等。
①张相元、王勇、胡东华:《海湾战争纵览》,北京·海军海潮出版社,1992年版。
②Stephen Pelletiere, Iraq and International Oil System: Why America Went to War in the Gulf (Westport: Praeger, 2001).
③Dale R. Herspring, The Pentagon and the Presidency (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2005).其他类似的研究有:史蒂夫·耶蒂夫在专著《解读对外政策》中从决策机制的角度研究美国在海湾战争中的战争决策,参见Steve A. Yetiv, Explaining Foreign Policy: U.S. Decision-Making and the Persian Gulf War (Baltimore and London, 2004);徐晖在博士论文《从波斯湾到朝鲜半岛》中从危机管理的角度分析了美国在海湾战争中的决策过程,参见徐晖:《从波斯湾到朝鲜半岛:后冷战时代美国危机管理比较研究》,中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2003年5月。
④William C. Martel, Victory in War.
⑤William Head & Earl H. Tilford, Jr., eds., The Eagle in the Desert: Looking Back on U.S. Involvement in thePersian Gulf War (Westport, Praeger, 1996).
①门洪华:《和平的纬度:联合国集体安全机制研究》,上海人民出版社,2002年版。
②刘靖华:《海湾、"布什主义"与世界新秩序》,载《西亚非洲》,1991年第4期,第17-25页。
③William C. Martel, Victory in War.
④潘同文:《布什的世界新秩序初探》,载《国际问题研究》,1991年第4期,第15-26页。
⑤董漫远:《海湾战争后的中东地区安全问题探讨》,载《西亚非洲》,1991年第8期,第1-8页。
⑥伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆:《丑陋的胜利——解剖科索沃战争》(沈建译),北京·新华出版社,2001年版。
⑦杨运忠、冯金平:《21世纪美国安全战略与中美关系》,济南·黄河出版社,2004年版。
①杨永红:《美国霸权主义的新发展》,载《国际问题研究》,1999年第4期,第6-8页。
②尚鸿:《从科索沃战争看美“新干涉主义”的主要特征》,载《和平与发展》,1999年第4期,第1-2,32页。
③布鲁诺·考彼尔特斯、尼克·福臣、时殷弘主编:《战争的道德制约:冷战后局部战争的哲学思考》,北京·法律出版社,2003年版。
④盛红生、杨泽伟、秦小轩:《武力的边界》,北京·时事出版社,2003年版。
⑤Humanitarian Studies Unit ed., Reflections on Humanitarian Action: Principles, Ethics and Contradiction, (London: Pluto Press, 2001).
⑥汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,北京·时事出版社,2007年版。
①瓦西利斯·福斯卡斯、比伦特·格卡伊:《新美帝国主义:布什的反恐战争和以血换石油》(薛颖译),北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版。
②斯蒂芬·哈尔珀、乔纳森·克拉克:《美国为什么单干?-美国新保守主义派与全球秩序》(邵崇忠、朱玉华、黄浩译),沈阳·辽宁出版社,2007年版。
③Alex Danchev and John MacMillan, The Iraq War and Democratic Politics (New York: Routledge, 2005).
④Douglas Kellner,“Preemptive Strikes and the War on Iraq: A Critique of Bush Administration Unilateralism and Militarism”, NEW Political Science, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September 2004), pp.417-440.
⑤刘阿明,《布什主义与新帝国论》,北京·时事出版社,2005年版。
⑥陶文钊:《美国中东政策的困境》,载《和平与发展》,2007年第4期,第29-33页。
⑦刘宗义,《解析美国对伊拉克战争的决策》,外交学院博士学位论文,2007年4月。
①黑格尔:《小逻辑》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年版,第1页。
②Quincy Wright, A Study of War (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971), p.131.
③Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: a Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).
①John E. Jessup & Louise B. Ketz eds., Encyclopedia of the American Military (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994), p.1201.
②Joint Chief of Staff of US, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, April 12, 2001 (as amended through 22 March 2007), http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/doctrine.htm. (Last visited on July 18,, 2007).同时,参见郑文翰主编:《军事大辞典》,上海辞书出版社,1992年版,第19页。
①郑文翰主编:《军事大辞典》,第124页。
②爱德华·卡尔:《二十年危机》(秦亚青译),北京·世界知识出版社,2005年版,第104页。
③理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》(殷雄、徐静译),北京·新华出版社,2000年版,第63页。
④Joint Chief of Staff of US, Joint Publication 3-0: Doctrine for Joint Operations, September 10, 2001, pp. I-2-3, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/jp3_0(01).pdf. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
⑤郑文翰主编:《军事大辞典》,第19页。
⑥John E. Jessup & Louise B. Ketz eds., pp.1201-1202.
⑦Ibid, p.1202.
①Joint Chief of Staff of US, Joint Publication 3-0: Joint Operations, September 17, 2006, pp.I-11-12, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/doctrine.htm. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
②Ibid, pp.I-12.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①门洪华著:《和平的纬度:联合国集体安全机制研究》,上海人民出版社,2002年9月,第294页。
②同上,第295页。
③John A. Tures, United States Military Operations in the New World Order:an Examination of the Evidence, http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_01-03/tures_military/tures_military.html. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
④理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第142-143页。
①朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界——冷战后美国国家安全战略》,天津人民出版社,2005年版,第210页。
②同上,第209-210页。
③根据2007年美国国会图书馆国会研究处报告统计:Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, pp.20-37, CRS Report for Congress, January 8, 2007, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32170.pdf. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
①根据附录一“冷战后美国对外军事行动一览表(1990-2003)”统计。
②本论文关于冷战时期的相关统计是从1945年到1989年。参见2007年美国国会图书馆国会研究处报告:Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, pp.15-20.
③关于1990-2003年间美国总统在海外使用武力的次数,根据2007年美国国会图书馆国会研究处报告统计:Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, pp.20-37.关于同期美国对外军事行动的次数,根据附录一“冷战后美国对外军事行动一览表(1990-2003)”统计。
④Ivo Daalder & Robert Kagan, America and the Use of Force: Sources of Legitimacy, p.1, http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/other/DaalderKagan07.pdf. (Last visited on July 18, 2007).
①Karl R. DeRouen, Jr., Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Presidential Use of Force, 1789-2000 (London: Greenwood Press, 2001), p.205.
①巴瑞·布赞等:《新安全论》(朱宁译),杭州·浙江出版社,2003年版,第92页。
①理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第5页。
②赫德利·布尔:无政府社会(张小明译),北京·世界知识出版社,2003年版,第147页。
③Ivo Daalder & Robert Kagan, America and the Use of Force: Sources of Legitimacy, p.1.
④Ibid.p.3.
①罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》(郭树勇译),北京大学出版社,2003年版,第196页。
②Barry M. Blechman ed., Force without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1978), p.13.
①Francis Fukuyama,“The End of History?”, The National Interest, Vol.16 (Summer 1989), pp.3-19.
②兹比格纽·布热津斯基:《大棋局》(中国国际问题研究所译),上海译文出版社,2007年版,第1页。
③罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第14页。
①William E. Odom,“Realism about Russia”, the National Interest, No.65 (Fall 2001), p.64.
②Carl Conetta, America’s New Deal with Europe: NATO Primacy and“Double Expansion”(Cambridge, Mass: Commonwealth Institute, January 1998), p.10.转引自罗伯特·阿特,《美国大战略》,第15页。
③罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第17页。
④同上。
⑤Bates Gill & Michael O’Hanlon,“China’s Hollow Military”, The National Interest, Vol.56 (Summer 1999), p.56.
①马丁·怀特:《权力政治》(宋爱群译),北京·世界知识出版社,2004年版,第22页。
②同上,第18页。
③The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991, http://www.fas.org/man/docs/918015-nss.htm. (Last visited on September 8, 2007).
④梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,北京·时事出版社,1996年版,第251页。
⑤The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, preface. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf. (November 11, 2007).
⑥The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
⑦Colin L. Powell,“U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.71 (Winter 1992/93), p.33.
①Bill Clinton, Remarks at the United States Military Academy Commencement Ceremony in West Point, May 29, 1993, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n22_v29/ai_14110648. (November 11, 2007).
②George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. (November 11, 2007).
③罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第17-18页。
④Ivo Daalder & James M. Lindsay, America Unbound: the Bush Resolution in Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), p.72.
①Basil Henry Liddell Hart, Strategy, pp.335-336.转引自时殷弘:《大战略——理论与实力分析》,载《国际政治——理论探究·历史概观·战略思考》(时殷弘主编),北京·当代世界出版社,2002年版,第472-473页。
②保罗·肯尼迪:《战争与和平中的大战略——拓展定义》,载《战争与和平的大战略》(保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译),北京·世界知识出版社,2005年版,第3-5页。
③查尔斯·库普乾:《美国时代的终结》(潘忠歧译),上海人民出版社,2004年版,第11页。
④Barry R. Posen & Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, International Security, Vol. 21, No.3 (Winter 1996/1997), pp.3-51.
①Doug Bandow,“Keep the Troops and the Money at Home”, Current History, Vol. 93, No. 579 (January 1994), p.10.
②Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, p.10.
③Ibid.
④Ibid., pp.11-13.
①Barry R. Posen & Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, p.16.
②罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第160页。
③同上,第173页。
④同上,第186-198页。
⑤张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,载《美国研究》,2000年第4期,第23页。
⑥Barry R. Posen & Andrew L. Ross,“Competing Vision for U.S. Grand Strategy”, pp.23-24.
⑦Ibid., p.22.
①Ibid., p.30.
②Ibid.
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第142页。
①“世界新秩序”的正式提出是在1990年,但老布什关于全球战略的新思考早在“超越遏制”战略时期就已经出现。1989年5月12日,老布什总统在得克萨斯农工大学发表关于“超越遏制”战略的讲话中,明确表示美国的目标是“欢迎苏联回到世界秩序中来”。后来,老布什在西德梅因茨关于建立一个“完整而自由的欧洲”的讲话,以及在荷兰莱顿讲话中都表达了类似的思想,“我们所谋求的新世界是一个行动一致的自由国家的联邦——在这个新世界里将有越来越多的国家进入不断扩大的自由圈子。”1989年9月25日,布什在联大发表讲话时,表示“一个新的自由世界的到来已为时不远。现在存在着建立一个基于统统利益和共同理念上的国际社会的可能性。”1990年8月4日,在科罗拉多阿斯彭学会的讲话中,又提出“我们今天的任务是世界各民主国家的伟大理想:建立一个名副其实的自由国家共同体。”所有这些都表达了老布什关于“世界新秩序”的构想与设计蓝图。参见潘同文:《布什的世界新秩序初探》,载《国际问题研究》,1991年第4期,第15-16页。
①George H.W. Bush, Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2217&year=1990&month=9. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④杜孜主编:《转换中的世界格局》,北京·世界知识出版社,1992年版,第302页。
⑤George H.W. Bush, Address Before the 45th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, October 1, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2280&year=1990&month=10. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union, January 29, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2656&year=1991&month=01. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Cessation of the Persian Gulf Conflict, March 6, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2767&year=1991&month=3. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③George H.W. Bush, Remarks at Maxwell Air Force Base War College in Montgomery Alabama, April 13, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2869&year=1991&month=4. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②Ibid.
③梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第143页。
④The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
⑤朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第187页。
⑥同上,第188页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990.
③张爽:《美国民族主义——影响国家安全战略的思想根源》,北京·世界知识出版社,2006年版,第165页。
①Bill Clinton, A New Covenant for American Security, December 12, 1991, http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=128&subid=174&contentid=250537. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②表达同样思想的讲话还有:Remarks Prepared for Delivery, Governor Bill Clinton, Foreign Policy Association, New York, April1,1992, pp.2-3.参见张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,第25页。
③Bill Clinton, A New Covenant for American Security, December 12, 1991.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③1993年,克林顿正式就任美国总统。近半个世纪的冷战时期,美国“参与”世界的方式是“遏制”前敌人苏联。苏联解体后,美国已经无法再通过“遏制”战略来“参与”世界了。在克林顿总统的要求下,美国国家安全事务助理安东尼·莱克联合“国家安全委员会”其他三位成员,专门组成研究小组,负责挑选一个类似“遏制”的词语作为克林顿政府的大战略。在“民主参与”、“民主扩张主义”等众多选择中,莱克认为“扩展”一词最为准确地体现了克林顿政府建立民主的长期战略。如果“扩展”战略真正得以实现,莱克无疑能够像“遏制战略之父”乔治·凯南一样,名垂青史。随后,他极力向克林顿总统力荐“扩展”战略。克林顿总统立刻接受了这个概念。参见Douglas Brinkley,“Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine”, Foreign Policy, No. 106 (Spring 1997), pp.114-116.
④Anthony Lake, From Containment to Enlargement, Delivered at Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies, September 21, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, Vol. 4, No. 39 (September 27, 1993), p.14.
①Ibid.
②潘锐:《冷战后的美国外交政策——从老布什到小布什》,北京·时事出版社,2004年版,第188页。
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第251页。
②同上,第245-247页。
③同上,第252-279页。
①萨本望、尚鸿:《美国克林顿政府外交政策评析》,载《外交学院学报》,2001年第2期,第40页。
②The White House, A National Security Strategy for a New Century, May 1997, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/national/nss9705.htm. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③The White House, A National Security Strategy for a Global Age, December 2000, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/strategy/nss-0012.pdf. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①Department of Defense, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, May 1997, pp.4-12, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/strategy/qdr97.pdf. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
②关于“Assertive Multilateralism”,国内学者并没有统一的译法。有学者译作“果断的多边主义”,有学者译作“肯定性多边主义”。克林顿政府的这个提法主要是表示对联合国的积极支持,比老布什政府的“多边主义”立场更进一步。
③Madeleine K. Albright, A Strong United Nations Serves U.S. Security Interests, Address before the Council on Foreign Relations’Conference on Cooperative Security and the United Nations, June 11, 1993,http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n26_v4/ai_13238113. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①Madeleine K. Albright, Myths of Peace-Keeping, Statement before the Subcommittee on International security, International Organizations, and Human Rights of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, June 24, 1993, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n26_v4/ai_13238115. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第266页。
③The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p26, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/national/nss-9502.pdf. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第261页。
②The White House, The National Security for a New Century, May 1997.
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第216页。
④萨本望:《论“布什主义”》,载《外交学院学报》,2003年第2期,第23页。
①参见斯蒂芬·哈尔珀、乔纳森·克拉克:《美国为什么单干?-美国新保守主义派与全球秩序》(邵崇忠、朱玉华、黄浩译),沈阳·辽宁出版社,2007年版,第68页。
②Joshua Muravchik,“Beyond Self-Defense”, Commentary, December 1992, p.21.
③Paul D. Wolfowitz,“Clinton’s First Year”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.73, No.1 (January/February 1994), pp.28-43.
④George W. Bush, A Distinctly American Internationalism, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, November 19, 1999, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/wspeech.htm. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
⑥Ibid.
①George W. Bush, Remarks by the President at Christening Ceremony for the USS Ronald Reagan, March 4, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010305.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②Ibid.
③Frank J. Gaffney, Jr.,“The Bush doctrine”, Jewish World Review, March 13, 2001, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/gaffney031301.asp. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
④Charles Krauthammer,“The Bush Doctrine: ABM, Kyoto, and the New American Unilateralism”, the Weekly Standard, Vol. 6, No. 36 (June 4, 2001).转引自刘阿明:《布什主义与新帝国论》,北京·时事出版社,2005年版,第88页。
①George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
②George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People United States, September 20, 2001, http://www.historycentral.com/Documents/Bushjoint.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001.
④George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p30.
①理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第149页。
②朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第348页。
③George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy, January 5, 1993, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=5156&year=1993&month=01. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
④Ibid.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③Colin L. Powel,“U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead”, p.38.
④Ibid.
①Ibid., pp.38-39.
②梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第260-261页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p12.
②戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》(时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译),北京·商务印书馆,2004年版,第375页。
③Gideon Rose,“The Exit Strategy Delusion”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.77, No.1 (January/ February 1998), p56.
④Anthony Lake, Defining Missions, Setting Deadlines, March 6, 1996, www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=898 - 100k. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
①The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p15.
②George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002, www.whitehouse.org/news/releases2002/06/20020601_3.htm. (Last visited on June 27, 2007).
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p15.
④George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
①George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002.
②George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
③George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002.
④The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.v.
⑤Ibid., p15.
①Peter J. Schraeder, Intervention into the 1990s:U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World (London: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1992), p.6.
①Peter J. Schraeder, p.49.
②A.M. Gray, Defense Policy for the 1990s, May 1990, p.18.转引自Peter J. Schraeder, pp.49-50.
③Dick Cheney, Statement of the Secretary of Defense before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, March 19, 1991, p.7.转引自Peter J. Schraeder ed., p.50.
④The White House, A National Security Strategy for A New Century, May 1997.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategy of the United States of America: a Strategy of Flexible and Selective Engagement, February 1995, http://www.fas.org/man/docs/nms_feb95.htm. (Last visited on October 12, 2007).
③George H.W. Bush, Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis, September 11, 1990, p.5, http://www.afa.org/magazine/aug2007/0807keeperfull.pdf. (Last visited on October 12, 2007).
④Amos A. Jordan et al., American National Security (London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1999), p397.
①Amos A. Jordan et al., p.398.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④图标说明:第一、在该图中,非洲不包括埃及;第二、“1995年占世界总产量的份额统计”系作者根据图表中的数据计算得出。图表来源:1997 Statistical Review of World Energy, British Petroleum,转引自Amos A. Jordan et al., p.397.
①Amos A. Jordan et al., p394.
②汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,北京·时事出版社,2007年版,第4页。
③The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
④Ibid.
①Max Hilaire, p.125.
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
①Andrea Kathryn Talentino, Military Intervention after the Cold War: The Evolution of Theory and Practice (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005), p129.
②Ibid, p142.
③Ibid, p.129.
④梅孜:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第288页。
①The White House, A National Security Strategy of Enlargement and Engagement, Frebruary 1995, p.12.
①J.Bryan Hehir:“The Moral Dimension in the Use of Force”, in H.W. Brands with Darren J. Pierson & Reynolds S. Kiefer, eds., The Use of Force after the Cold War (Texas A & M University Press), p.20.
②Ibid.
③约翰·加迪斯(John L. Gaddis)用“长久和平”(Long Peace)一词形容冷战时期的国际安全形势。“长久和平”是指在不爆发战争情况下的一种仿佛永无休止的持续竞争状态,总是笼罩在核战争的阴影下。John Lewis Gaddis: The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press), 1987, pp.215-246.
④Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74 (March/April 1995), p.22.
⑤J.Bryan Hehir:“The Moral Dimension in the Use of Force”, in H.W. Brands with Darren J. Pierson & Reynolds S. Kiefer, eds., p.20.
⑥Embassy of Australia Washington D.C. Public Affairs Office: Report of the Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (Canberra: Australia: National Capital, 1996), p.24.
①Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, p.22.
②Steve Fetter,“What is the Threat?”, in H.W. Brands & Darren J. Pierson & Reynolds S. Kiefer, p.21.
③罗伯特·阿特著:《美国大战略》,第59-60页。
①同上,第60页。
②小约瑟夫·奈著:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》(张小明译),上海世纪出版社,2005年版,第165-166页。
③Michael Mandelbaum,“Lessons of the Next Nuclear War”, p.22.
①张爽:《美国民族主义》,第163页。
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③Ivan Eland & Daniel Lee,“The Rogue State Doctrine and National Missile Defense”, Foreign Policy Briefing, No. 65 (March 29, 2001), pp.2-3.
④转引自彭光谦:《国际战略格局剧变中的美国国家安全战略》,载《美国研究》,1993年第4期,第13页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.13.
②William S. Cohen: Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, May 1997, p.2.
③The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
④The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.14.
⑤Department of Defense, Annual Report to the President and the Congress, March 1996, http://www.dod.mil/execsec/adr_intro.html. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
⑥萨本望:《美国防务政策的战略性调整——美国新年度<国防报告>评析》,载《瞭望》,1996年第14期,第40页。
①S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
②John C. Super ed., The United States at War, Volume 1(California: Salem Press Inc., 2005), pp.717-718.
③Kenneth Katzman, Iraq: Weapons Programs, U.N. Requirements, and U.S. Policy, CRS Issue Brief for Congress, September 2, 2003, p.2, http://www.fas.org/man/crs/IB92117.pdf. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
④Noam Chomsky,“Rogue States”, E-Maganize, April 1998, http://www.chomshy.info/articles/199804--htm. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
①梅孜编译:《美国国家安全战略报告汇编》,第289,255页。
②Noam Chomsky,“Rogue States”.
③William S. Cohen, DoD News Briefing, December 19, 1998,转引自Andrew J. Bacevich: American Empire: the Realities and Consequences of U.S. Foreign Policy (London: Harvard University Press, 2002), p.151.
①William J. Broad,“How Japan Germ Terror Alerted World”, New York Times, May 26, 1998, pA1.
②Colum Lynch,“Bin Laden Sought Uraniuan”, Washington Post, February 8, 2001, pA2.
③National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2015, December 2000, http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/globaltrends2015/index.html. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
④The United States Commission on National Security/21st Century, Road Map for National Security: Imperative for Change, January 31, 2001, pp.viii, 10, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/nssg/PhaseIIIFR.pdf. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
①The White House,Homeland Security Presidential Directive-1,October 29, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011030-1.html. (Last visited on November 11, 2007).
①Brain Jenkins,“International Terrorism”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz eds., pp.71-73.
②Jeffrey D. Brake, Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management: Background and Issues for Congress, CRS Report for Congress, April 19, 2001, p.2, http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL30938.pdf. (Last visited on October 10, 2007).
③Brain Jenkins,“International Terrorism”, in Robert J. Art & Kenneth N. Waltz, eds., p.72.
④参见罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第19页。
①Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), p.19.
②Jeffrey D. Brake, Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management: Background and Issues for Congress April 19, 2001. p.2.
③Ibid., p3.
④图标来源:美国国家恐怖主义委员会关于“国际恐怖主义威胁的变量统计”,转引自Jeffrey D. Brake, p.3.
①Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, Preventive Defense: A New Defense Security Strategy for America, (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), p.17.
②Ibid.
③Department of State, Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2003: A Brief Chronology, March 2004, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/5902.htm. (Last visited on September 20, 2007).
④Ibid.
⑤Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001, May 2002, p.1, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10288.pdf. (Last visited on September 20, 2007).
⑥Paul R. Pillar, p.42.
①参见附录二“冷战后美国遭遇恐怖袭击一览表(1990-2003)”。
②罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第20页。
③同上。
④Paul R. Pillar, p.57.
⑤Ibid., pp.58-59.
⑥Ibid., pp.60-61.
⑦Ibid., p.72.
⑧兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基:《大抉择》(王振西主译),北京·新华出版社,2005年版,第42页。
①Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, pp.150-151.
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③Ibid.
④George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy in West Point, January 5, 1993.
①The White House, National Security of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.10.
②The White House, The National Security for a New Century, May 1997.
③Department of Defense, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, May 1997, p5.
④Ashton B. Carter & William J. Perry, p.17.
⑤The White House, Presidential Decision Directive 39, U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism, June 21, 1995, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd39.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).参见Jeffrey D. Brake, p.5.
⑥Ibid.
①The White House, A National Security Strategy for a New Century, May 1995, p.10.
②The White House, The National Security for a New Century, May 1997.
③Louis Fisher, The Politics of Shared Power: Congress and the Executive (Texas A&M University Press, 1998), p.204.
④Department of State, Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961-2003: A Brief Chronology, March 2004.
⑤Raphael F Perl, Terrorism: U. S. Response to Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania: A New Policy Direction, CRS Report for Congress, September 1, 1998, p.1, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB55/crs19980901.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑥Ibid, p.2
①Ibid.
②所有时间均以纽约当地时间为准。关于这四起撞机事件的描述参见美国“9.11”独立调查委员会公布的报告:The 9/11 Commission, Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, July 22, 2004, pp.1-14, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/fullreport.pdf. (Last visited on December 12, 2007).同时,参见该报告的中文版:《9/11委员会报告》(史禺等译),北京·世界知识出版社,2005年版,第5-20页。
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?》,第82页。
①Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001, May 2002, pp.v-1.
②George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001.
③阿富汗战争的代号最初是“无限正义行动”。根据伊斯兰教义,只有安拉才能提供“无限正义”。为了避免引起穆斯林世界的反对,美国把这次军事行动的代号改为“持久自由行动”。
④George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, September 20, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①William C. Martel, Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p.228.
②Ivo Daalder & James M. Lindsay, pp.81-82.
③George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, September 20, 2001.
④William C. Martel, p.229.
①Humanitarian Studies Unit: Reflections on Humanitarian Action: Principles, Ethics and Contradiction (London: Pluto Press, 2001), p.23.
②小约瑟夫·奈著:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》(张小明译),上海世纪出版社,2005年版,第182页。
①Andrew M. Dorman & Thomas G. Otte: Military Intervention: from Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention (Brookfield: Dartmouth, 1995), p.86.
②Hon. Alexander M. Haig, Jr., The Question of Humanitarian Intervention, Vol.9, No.2 (February 2001), http://www.fpri.org/fpriwire/0902.200102.haig.humanitarianintervention.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③小约瑟夫·奈:《理解国际冲突:理论与历史》,第152页。
④肯尼思·华尔兹:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社,2003年版,第145页。
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy, January 5, 1993.
③Operation Provide Comfort, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/provide_comfort.htm. (Last visitedOctober 18, 2007).
①参见Andrew J. Bacevich: pp.271-272,注视20中的说明。
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③Robert Kaplan,“The Coming Anarchy”, The Atlantic Monthly, Vol.273, No.2 (February 1994).
④“Waiting for America”, U.S. News and World Report, December 7, 1992;“No-Day Relief Plan for Somalia Launched”, UN Chronicle, December 1992.转引自Andrea Kathryn Talentino, p.113.
①参见Alynna J. Lyon,“American Humanitarian Intervention: Toward a Theory of Coevolution”, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 3, No.1 (January 2007), pp. 46-78.
②Congressional Quarterly, December 5, 1992,转引自Andrea Kathryn Talentino, pp.113-114.
③Andrea Kathryn Talentino, p.95.
④George H. W. Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy, January 5, 1993.
⑤The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, pii.
②Ibid., p.12.
③Andrew M. Dorman & Thomas G. Otte, p.93.
④理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第45页。
①S/RES/837, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/332/31/IMG/N9333231.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 2, 2007).
②理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第45页。
③John C. Super ed., The United States at War, Vol.Ⅰ(California Salem Press, 2005), p.707.
④Madeleine K. Albright,“Yes, There is a Reason to Be in Somalia”, The New York Times, August 10, 1993, p. A19.
⑤Anthony Lake, From Containment to Enlargement, pp.17-18.
⑥Madeleine K. Albright,“Yes, There is a Reason to Be in Somalia”.
①Karl R. DeRouen, Jr. ed., p.129.
②William C. Martel, p.200.
③欧洲国家最初反对美国涉足波黑问题,因此将这一问题定义为“欧洲的问题”。这个提法得到了老布什政府的认同。
①Jon Western,“Sources of Humanitarian Intervention: Beliefs, Information, and Advocacy in the U.S. Decisions on Somalia and Bosnia”, International Security, Vol. 27, No. 1 (July/August 1999).
②David M. Malone and Yuen Foong Khong, Unilateralism and US Foreign Policy-international Perspectives (London: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 2003), p.161.
③Laura Silber and Allan Little, Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation (New York: TV Books, Inc., 1996), p.297.
④Bill Clinton, First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1993, http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/historicspeeches/clinton/first_inaugural.html. (Last visited on November 2, 2007).
⑤William C. Martel, p.203.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p25.
②Bill Clinton, Transcript of President Clinton's Speech on Bosnia, November 27, 1995, http://www.cnn.com/US/9511/bosnia_speech/speech.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①《联合国宪章》第2条第4款,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①《联合国宪章》第1章第1条,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②《联合国宪章》第7章第39条,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter7.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③Ian Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States, (Oxford: New York, 1963), pp.271-272“.有限的例外”是指《宪章》第51条规定的自卫权。
④《联合国宪章》第7章,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter7.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
①S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②S/RES/794, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/772/10/IMG/N9277210.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①S/RES/940, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/94/s940.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②《联合国宪章》第8章,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter8.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③S/RES/781, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/491/63/IMG/N9249163.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①S/RES/816, http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/816(1993)&Lang=C. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②Christine Gray, International Law and the Use of Force (Oxford: Oxford University, 2000), p.172.
③S/RES/836, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/330/20/IMG/N9333020.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④Christine Gray, p.172.
⑤《联合国宪章》第7章第51条,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter7.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①路易斯·亨金:《武力的使用:法与美国政策》,载《真理与强权——国际法与武力的使用》(路易斯·亨金等著,胡炜、徐敏译),武汉大学出版社,2004年版,第44页。
②Stanimir A Alexandrov, Self-defense against the Use of Force in International Law (London: Kluwer Law International, 1996), p95.
③S/RES/1368, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/01/s1368.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④S/RES/1373, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/01/s1373.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,载《法学评论》,2002年第3期,第71-72页。
②威廉·D·罗杰斯:《武力的原则、原则的力量》,载《真理与强权》(路易斯·亨金等著),第90页。
③路易斯·亨金:《武力的使用:法与美国政策》,载《真理与强权》(路易斯·亨金等著),第38页。
④Mohammad Taghi Karoubi, p.114.
①S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②S/RES/837, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/332/31/IMG/N9333231.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③Nicole Deller and John Burroughs,“Jus ad Bellum: Law Regulating Resort to Force”, Human Rights Magazine. Vol.30, No.1 (2003), http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter03/lawregulatingresorttoforce.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①S/RES/688, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/595/82/IMG/NR059582.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②Ibid.
①S/RES/687, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/595/81/IMG/NR059581.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②S/RES/1154, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1154.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③S/RES/1205, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1205.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①Christine Gray, p.192.
②Ibid., p.193.
③S/RES/1160, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1160.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④S/RES/1199, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1199.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑤S/RES/1203, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1203.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑥Christine Gray, p.34.
①Christine Gray, p.195.
②在1986年尼加拉瓜案例中,国际法院对于“武装攻击”的概念做出如下界定:“武装攻击”不仅包括一国的正规部队跨越国际边界的直接攻击行为,还包括一国派遣或代表该国派遣武装团队或雇佣兵到另一国的间接攻击,如果他们在另一国内进行武力行为的严重性等同于正规部队进行的实际武力攻击的话。但武力攻击不包括向反对派提供武器或后勤、财政或其他支持的援助行为(虽然这种行为可能构成非法的使用武力或武力威胁,或对一国内部或外部事务的干涉)。参见Christine Gray, pp.54-56.
③李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,第71页。
④Christine Gray, p.106.
⑤GA, 20th Session, Six Committee, 886th mtg, December 1, 1965, para 42.转引自Stanimir A Alexandrov, p.167.
①Louis Henkin,“Notes from the President: the Missile Attack on Baghdad and its Justifications”, the American Society of International Law Newsletter, Vol.3, No.3 (June/August 1993).
①李鸣:《联合国安理会授权使用武力问题探究》,第72页。
②李道揆:《美国政府和美国政治》下册,北京·商务印书馆,2004年版,第779页。
③同上,第782页。
①Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances, 2005, pp.10-13, http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/War_Powers_Deciding_To_Use_Force_Abroad.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊著:《联邦当人文集》,北京:商务印书馆,2006年版,第376-377页。
③Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances, pp.14-15.
④Ibid., p.14.
⑤Ibid., pp.39-42.
①Ibid., p.17.
②Public Papers, The President's News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis, January 9, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2605&year=1991&month=01. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③Bill Clinton, Address to the Nation on Airstrikes against Serbian Targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -Serbia and Montenegro, March 29, 1999, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_/ai_54600068. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances, p.3.
⑤Louis Fisher,“Who’s in Charge?”, https://www.mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=21. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
⑥美国国会一共在5次战争中行使过11次宣战权。这5次战争分别是:1812年美英战争,1846年美墨战争,1898美西战争,第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战。其中11次宣战包括:1812年对英国宣战;1846年对墨西哥宣战;1898年对西班牙宣战;1917年第一次世界大战中对德国宣战,1917年一战中对奥匈帝国宣战;1941年第二次世界大战中对日本宣战,1941年二战中对德国宣战;1941年二战中对意大利宣战;1942年二战中对保加利亚宣战;1942年二战中对匈牙利宣战;1942年二战中对罗马尼亚宣战。参见Jennifer K. Elsea & Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, March 8, 2007, pp.1-6, www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/NHC/CRS/DeclWar.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances. p.10.
②Congress, Authorization of the Use of U.S. Armed Forces Against Those Responsible for the Recent Attacks Launched Against the United States, http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/terrorism/sjres23.es.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①Richard F. Grimmett, Authorization for Use of Military Force in Response to the 9/11 Attacks (P.L. 107-40): Legislative History, p4, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22357.pdf. (Last visited on October 25, 2007).
②Constitution Project, Deciding to use force abroad: War Powers in a system of Checks and Balances. p27.
③Congress, Authorization of the Use of Force against Iraq Resolution of 2002, October 16,2002, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ243.107. (Last visited on October 25, 2007).
①Public Papers, The President's News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis, January 9, 1991.
②The State Department, President Bush’s Signing Statement for H.J.Res. 114, http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/usandun/02101606.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第44-45页。
④同上,第45页。
⑤Louis Fisher, p204.
①Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992, p.18, www.ndu.edu/library/epubs/cpgw.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①理查德·哈斯:《新干涉主义》,第32页。
②George H.W. Bush, Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters on the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, August 5, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1990/90080502.html. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
③George H.W. Bush, Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia, August 8, 1990, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2147&year=1990&month=8. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid.
①John C. Super ed., p.694.
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990.
③The White House, National Security Directive 26: U.S. Policy toward the Persian Gulf (U), October 2, 1989, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/nsd26.pdf. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
①The White House, National Security Directive 45: U.S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (C), August 20, 1990, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/nsd_45.htm. (Last visited on October 15, 2007).
②George H.W. Bush, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, September 11, 1990.
③参见William C. Martel, p179.
④Amos A. Jordan et al., p.394.
⑤William C. Martel, p180.
⑥William Safire,“The Time has Come”, New York Times, July 13, 1995, International A3-14.
①George H.W. Bush, Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia, August 8, 1990.
②The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
③参见附录三“联合国安理会关于海湾问题的相关决议”。
①S/RES/660, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/73/IMG/NR057473.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
②S/RES/661, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/73/IMG/NR057473.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
③S/RES/662, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/75/IMG/NR057475.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
④S/RES/664, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/77/IMG/NR057477.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
⑤S/RES/665, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/78/IMG/NR057478.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 18, 2007).
⑥S/RES/666, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/79/IMG/NR057479.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑦S/RES/667, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/80/IMG/NR057480.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑧S/RES/669, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/82/IMG/NR057482.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑨S/RES/670, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/83/IMG/NR057483.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑩S/RES/674, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/87/IMG/NR057487.pdf?OpenElement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007). 11 S/RES/678, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/574/91/IMG/NR057491.pdf?OpenElemen. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
①Jennifer K. Elsea, Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force, p.15.
②Congress, Authorization of the Use of U.S. Armed Forces Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 678 with Respect to Iraq, in Jennifer K. Elsea & Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force, p.103.
③Louis Fisher, Exercising Congress’s Constitutional Power to End a War, Statement before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 30, 2007, http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig8/fisher1.html. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
④Jennifer K. Elsea & Richard F. Grimmett: Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force, p.15.
⑤Public Papers, The President's News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis, January 9, 1991.
⑥Louis Fisher, p.203.
①The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States, August 1991.
②周琪:《美国人权外交政策》,上海人民出版社,2001年版,第305页。
①Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992, p.341.
①George C. Herring,“America and Vietnam: The Unending War”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.70, No. 5 (Winter 1991/92).
②George H.W. Bush, A Nation Blessed: Persian Gulf War as Turning Point in U.S. Military History, in Naval War College Review, Autumn, 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_4_54/ai_83295126. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
③Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992, p59.
④Ibid., pp.59-60.
①William C. Martel, p186.
②布鲁诺·考彼尔特斯、尼克·福臣、时殷弘主编:《战争的道德制约:冷战后局部战争的哲学思考》,北京·法律出版社,2003年版,第231页。
①Steven Woehrel, Kosovo and U.S. Policy, CRS Report for Congress, June 16, 1998, http://www.fas.org/man/crs/96-790.txt. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
②Statements of United States’Policy on Kosovo, April 18, 1999, New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E1DD1E3BF93BA25757C0A96F958260&scp=1&sq=March+24+NATO+Bill+Clinton&st=nyt. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
①查尔斯·克劳塞默:《克林顿主义》,载《国外社会科学文摘》,1999年第7期,第31页。
②President Bill Clinton speaks on Kosovo, April 28, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/04/28/kosovo/transcript.html. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
⑤Javier Solana, NATO statement on Kosovo, April 23, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/23/nato.kosovo.statement. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
⑥Ibid.
①Steve Bowman, Kosovo: U.S. and Allied Military Operations, CRS Report for Congress, July 24, 2000, p3, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/IB10027_20000724.pdf. (Last visited on January 29, 2008).
②Operation Allied Force, Operation Noble Anvil, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/allied_force.htm. (Last visited on January 19, 2008).
③Statements of United States’Policy on Kosovo, April 18, 1999, New York Times.
④伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆:《丑陋的胜利——解剖科索沃战争》(沈建译),北京·新华出版社,2001年版,第157页。
⑤同上,第173页。
①Linda D. Kozaryn, Albright Says Kosovo Matters to United States, February 8, 1999, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41963. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
②The White House, National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, p.26.
①Statements of United States’Policy on Kosovo.
②Linda D. Kozaryn, Albright Says Kosovo Matters to United States, February 8, 1999.
③President Bill Clinton speaks on Kosovo, April 28, 1999.
④伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆著:《丑陋的胜利》,第83-84页。
①Steven Erlanger, Yugoslavia's Opposition Leader Claims Victory over Milosevic, September 26, 2000, New York Times, September 26, 2000, pA1.
②Ibid.
①S/RES/1160, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1160.htm. (Last visited on October 29, 2007).
②S/RES/1199, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1199.htm. (Last visited on October 29, 2007).
③S/RES/1199, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/s1203.htm. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
④Letter from Secretary-General Solana, addressed to the permanent representative to the North Atlantic Council, October 9, 1998,转引自Bruno Simma,“NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects”,European Journal of International Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1999, p.7, http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol10/No1/100001.pdf. (Last visited on October 19, 2007).
①转引自布鲁诺·考彼尔特斯等:《战争的道德制约》,第241页。
②Bruno Simma,“NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects”, p.11.
①Steven Woehrel, Kosovo and U.S. Policy, CRS Report for Congress, p.6.
②Ibid.
③Steve Bowman, Kosovo, U.S. and Allied Military Operations, p12.
④President Bill Clinton speaks on Kosovo, April 28, 1999.
⑤Steve Bowman, Kosovo: U.S. and Allied Military Operations, p.3.
①Noam Chomsky, The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo (London, Pluto Press, 1999), pp.16-17.
②卡尔·塞莱曼斯:《北约对科索沃危机的干预:1999年3月—6月》,载《战争的道德制约》,第260-261页。
③伊沃·达尔德、迈克尔·奥汉隆著:《丑陋的胜利》,第236页。
④Pycckmm Francais, New Figures on Civilian Deaths in Kosovo War, http://www.hrw.org/press/2000/02/nato207.htm. (Last visitied on November 12, 2007).
⑤Ibid.
①George W. Bush, President Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002.
②The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.13.
①Department of State, National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, February 2003, p.9, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/71936.pdf. (Last visited on December 2, 2007).
②Ibid., pp.15-18.
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.13.
④兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基:《大抉择》,第7页。
⑤George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29,2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
①Department of Defense, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review, September 30, 2001, pⅣ, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pdfs/qdr2001.pdf.
②George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. (Last visited on December 28, 2007).
③George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
④罗伯特·阿特:《美国大战略》,第59-60页。
①George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
②Ibid.
③The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, pp.13-14.
④Ibid.
⑤Ibid., pp.12.
①Dick Chiney, Remarks by the Vice President to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html; Vice President Honors Veterans of Korean War, August 29, 2002. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020829-5.html. (Last visited on January 3, 2008).
②The White House, President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly, New York, New York, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html. (Last visited on January 3, 2008).
③George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
①The White House, The National Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p.13.
②Ibid., p.15.
③相关联合国安理会决议和声明参见The White House, A Decade of Deception and Defianc:Saddam Hussein’s Defiance of the United Nations, September 12, 2002, pp.4-8, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/iraqdecade.pdf. (Last visited on January 25, 2008).
④Ibid., p.2.
⑤Dick Chiney, Remarks by the Vice President to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002; Vice President Honors Veterans of Korean War, August 29, 2002.
⑥Ibid.
①Ibid.
②参见刘宗义:《解析美国的伊拉克战争决策》,第102-103页。.
③转引自朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第312页。
④The White House, President Discuss Security and Defense Issues, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/release/2002/08/20020821-1.html. (Last visited on January 15, 2008).
①George W. Bush, Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation, March 17, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.org/news/2003/031703.asp. (Last visited on January 15, 2008).
①George W. Bush, President Bush Addresses the Nation, March 19, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-17.html. (Last visited on January 18, 2008).
②Han Blix, An Updated on Inspection, Report of the Executive Chairman of UN-MOVIC to the United Nations Security Council, 27 January 2003, http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/Bx27.htm. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
③Colin L. Powell, Remarks to the United Nations Security Council, February 5, 2003. http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/17300.htm. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
①George W. Bush, President Bush Addresses the Nation, March 19, 2003.
②Ibid.
③汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,第97页。
①Department of Defense, Secretary Rumsfield Briefs at Foreign Press Center, January 22, 2003, http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1330. (Last visited on November 12, 2007).
②汪波:《美国中东战略下的伊拉克战争与重建》,第98页。
③William C. Martel, p.249.
①Dick Chiney, Remarks by the Vice President to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002; Vice President Honors Veterans of Korean War, August 29, 2002.
②The White House, President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly, December 12, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
③朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第350页。
④John B. Bellinger III,Authority for Use of Force by the United States against Iraq under International Law, April 10, 2003, http://www.cfr.org/publication/5862/authority_for_use_of_force_by_the_united_states_against_iraq_under_international_law.html. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
⑤Raymond W. Copson, Iraq War: Background and Issues Overview, April 22, 2003, p.3, http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RL31715.pdf. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
①S/RES/1441, http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/prinorgs/sc/sres/02/s1441.htm. (Last visited January 28, 2008).
②George W. Bush, The President's State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
③John B. Bellinger III, Authority for Use of Force by the United States Against Iraq under International Law, April 10, 2003, http://www.cfr.org/publication.html?id=5862. (Last visited on November 12, 2007).
①参见联合国武器核查小组负责人Richard Butler的采访讲话:Richard Butler, Bush Administration Obliged to Seek U.N. Security Council Backing for Iraq War, January 23, 2003, http://legal.lege.net/war_legal/war_legal.txt. (Last visited on Janurary 28, 2008).
②William C. Martel, p.248
③Ibid., p249.
①The White House, President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended, May 1, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030501-15.html. (Last visited on January 28, 2008).
②Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon&Schuster Paperbacks, 2004), pp.422-424.
③George W. Bush, For a general discussion of the administration’s optimism about the effects of overthrowing Saddam on the Middle East, Speech to the American Enterprise Institute, 26 February 2003.转引自Philip Gordon, Bush’s Middle East Vision, Survival 45 (Spring 2003), pp.155–165.
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江凌飞:《恐怖主义与美国战略选择上的“两难”》,载《现代国际关系》,2001年第10期。
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吕其昌:《值得警惕的“克林顿主义”》,载《国际论坛》,1999年第5期。
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苏格:《美国“参与和扩展”国家安全战略的定位》,载《外交学院学报》,1997年第4期。
陶文钊:《从伊拉克战争看美国的单边主义》,载《国际观察》,2004年第1期。
陶文钊:《美国为什么成为恐怖主义袭击的目标》,载《国际经济评论》,1998年第6期。
陶文钊:《美国中东政策的困境》,载《和平与发展》,2007年第4期
田文林:《美国的中东战略及其历史命运》,载《现代国际关系》,2006年第8期。
托马斯·皮克林:《美国在安理会的行为》,载《外交评论》,2006年第4期。
王京烈:《整体考察美国的中东政策》(上),载《阿拉伯世界研究》,2007年第5期。
王京烈:《整体考察美国的中东政策》(下),载《阿拉伯世界研究》,2007年第6期。
王军明:《浅析美国总统的战争权》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2003年第6期。
王联合:《论美国新保守主义及其外交影响》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第4期。
王晓德:《试论美国向拉美“输出民主”的实质》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1995年第2期。
王勇辉:《美国石油地缘战略与中东地区安全》,载《阿拉伯世界》,2005年第6期。
王正泉:《简析“布什主义”特征》,载《思想理论教育导刊》,2003年第8期。
吴兴唐:《“布什主义”剖析》,载《当代世界》,2002年第4期。
夏立平:《美国新保守主义及其对布什政府对外政策的影响》,载《同济大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第2期。
谢莉娇:《新保守主义在小布什外交政策中的悖论》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2006年第5期。
熊光清:《论冷战后美国的军事干涉与国家利益之间的关系》,载《学术探索》,2003年第1期。
杨守明:《美国国家利益与霸权政策》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2002年第3期。
杨文静:《美国反击大规模杀伤性武器战略浅析》,载《现代国际关系》,2003年第1期。
杨永红:《美国霸权主义的新发展》,载《国际问题研究》,1999年第4期。
张建新:《美国霸权与国际石油政治》,载《上海交通大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2006年第2期。
张谦敏:《美国全球战略剖析——从“世界新秩序”到“克林顿主义”》,载《美国研究》,2000年第4期。
张秀三:《论人道主义干涉及其实质》,载《东南亚研究》,2001年第3期。
张耀:《“新帝国论”评析》,载《世界经济与政治》,2003年第7期。
赵国忠:《美国在中东的军事存在及其战略企图》,载《西亚非洲》,2006年第1期。
周桂银:《中国、美国与国际伦理——对冷战后人道主义干涉的一项比较研究(1991年-1999年)》,载《国际政治研究》,2003年第4期。
周琪:《“布什主义”与美国的新保守主义》,载《美国研究》,2007年第2期。
朱素梅:《反思恐怖主义——美国学者对恐怖主义研究的认识和反省》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2004年第4期。
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①Richard F. Grimmett, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2006, Washington DC: CRS Report for Congress, January 8,2007, pp.20-37, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32170.pdf. (Last visited on January 20, 2008).
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