1965年以来美国印度移民研究
|
摘要
美国以其海纳百川的胸怀接纳着来自世界各地的移民,铸就其丰富多彩的文化。印度移民是具有特色的少数族裔群体之一。从1946年卢斯—塞勒法案准许印度裔归化入籍,到1965年新移民法颁布,印度移民大规模涌入美国。到2000年为止,印度移民人数达到190万,成为仅次于华裔、菲律宾裔的第三大亚裔群体。
本文以1965年以后移居美国的印度人为重点研究对象,介绍印度人移民美国的背景以及经过,从经济、政治、文化等方面分析他们所取得的成功及原因,探讨他们浓厚的印度情怀。
本文共分三部分,由前言、正文和结语组成。
前言略述美国印度移民的基本情况,阐述选择研究印度移民的原因与意义,并对国内外研究状况进行梳理。
正文共分四章：
第一章分析印度人移居美国的历程以及1965年以后的新移民移居美国的背景,从印度本国经济、社会等方面和美国经济繁荣、工作机会及移民政策的演变,阐述印度人移民美国的原因,以及移居美国的三个历程,并进一步探究印度新移民移居美国的历史背景。
第二章主要探析印度新移民在美国经济方面取得的成功。印度新移民充分发挥自身的优势,并适时抓住美国社会提供的机遇,利用美国社会对自己专业技术的需求,成为美国富裕的少数族裔群体。
第三章着重论述印度新移民在政治方面所取得的成绩。印度新移民在经济上取得成功的同时,开始关注本族群的政治势力。从成功划入亚裔群体到成立政治组织提升本族群政治形象,印度新移民在政治方面逐渐显露出自己的优势。
第四章研究印度新移民对印度传统文化的认同,阐述其对本民族文化认同的原因,从宗教、创办组织机构、日常生活三个方面揭示印度新移民的民族自豪感以及对本民族文化的珍视。
结语在前言和正文的基础上,总结印度新移民移居美国的历程与族裔特点,指出宗教在维系印度新移民民族认同方面发挥的作用。
The United States welcomes immigrants from around the world, who, in turn, contribute greatly to the splendid culture. East Indian immigrant group is one of the most particular ethnic groups. After World WarⅡ, the United States passed the 1946 Luce-Cellar Act allowing naturalization for East Indians. The 1965 Immigration Act was the watershed for East Indian immigration. It touched off a wave of Indian immigration to the United States. The East Indian population was the third largest Asian American group until 2000, behind the Chinese and the Filipinnos.
The thesis introduces the East Indians who entered the United States after 1965. It introduces the East Indian immigration history to the United States, analyses their success and reasons from economy, politics and culture, understands their Indian feeling.
The thesis includes four chapters with additional preface and conclusion.
The preface narrates the conditions of East Indians, explains the reason and significance of studying the East Indians in the United States, reviews the present research sitution.
Chapter one overviews the migrant experience of the East Indians and the brief history of new immigrants. By discussing the development and changes of economy, politics in India and the opportunities of economy and jobs in the United States, the policies carried out by the United States. It explores why East Indians migrated to the United States. It provides a further analysis of the history of the new East Indian immigrants.
Chapter two shows new East Indian sucessful performance in the economic sphere. New East Indians made good use of their advantages and opportunities in American society, at last they succeeded.
Chapter three exhibits new East Indians political activities. New East Indians began to pay attention to their political forces when they succeeded in economic sphere. They were classified into Asian Americans and they formed political organizations to enhance their political image. New East Indians demonstrated their advantages in political sphere.
Chapter four deals with East Indian cultural identity. By discussing the reason for their cultural identity, and reveals that East Indians have a strong ethnic consciousness and national pride.
The concluding chapter summarizes the specific experiences and ethnic characteristics of the East Idians, points out that religion take an important role in keeping cultural identity.
本文以1965年以后移居美国的印度人为重点研究对象,介绍印度人移民美国的背景以及经过,从经济、政治、文化等方面分析他们所取得的成功及原因,探讨他们浓厚的印度情怀。
本文共分三部分,由前言、正文和结语组成。
前言略述美国印度移民的基本情况,阐述选择研究印度移民的原因与意义,并对国内外研究状况进行梳理。
正文共分四章：
第一章分析印度人移居美国的历程以及1965年以后的新移民移居美国的背景,从印度本国经济、社会等方面和美国经济繁荣、工作机会及移民政策的演变,阐述印度人移民美国的原因,以及移居美国的三个历程,并进一步探究印度新移民移居美国的历史背景。
第二章主要探析印度新移民在美国经济方面取得的成功。印度新移民充分发挥自身的优势,并适时抓住美国社会提供的机遇,利用美国社会对自己专业技术的需求,成为美国富裕的少数族裔群体。
第三章着重论述印度新移民在政治方面所取得的成绩。印度新移民在经济上取得成功的同时,开始关注本族群的政治势力。从成功划入亚裔群体到成立政治组织提升本族群政治形象,印度新移民在政治方面逐渐显露出自己的优势。
第四章研究印度新移民对印度传统文化的认同,阐述其对本民族文化认同的原因,从宗教、创办组织机构、日常生活三个方面揭示印度新移民的民族自豪感以及对本民族文化的珍视。
结语在前言和正文的基础上,总结印度新移民移居美国的历程与族裔特点,指出宗教在维系印度新移民民族认同方面发挥的作用。
The United States welcomes immigrants from around the world, who, in turn, contribute greatly to the splendid culture. East Indian immigrant group is one of the most particular ethnic groups. After World WarⅡ, the United States passed the 1946 Luce-Cellar Act allowing naturalization for East Indians. The 1965 Immigration Act was the watershed for East Indian immigration. It touched off a wave of Indian immigration to the United States. The East Indian population was the third largest Asian American group until 2000, behind the Chinese and the Filipinnos.
The thesis introduces the East Indians who entered the United States after 1965. It introduces the East Indian immigration history to the United States, analyses their success and reasons from economy, politics and culture, understands their Indian feeling.
The thesis includes four chapters with additional preface and conclusion.
The preface narrates the conditions of East Indians, explains the reason and significance of studying the East Indians in the United States, reviews the present research sitution.
Chapter one overviews the migrant experience of the East Indians and the brief history of new immigrants. By discussing the development and changes of economy, politics in India and the opportunities of economy and jobs in the United States, the policies carried out by the United States. It explores why East Indians migrated to the United States. It provides a further analysis of the history of the new East Indian immigrants.
Chapter two shows new East Indian sucessful performance in the economic sphere. New East Indians made good use of their advantages and opportunities in American society, at last they succeeded.
Chapter three exhibits new East Indians political activities. New East Indians began to pay attention to their political forces when they succeeded in economic sphere. They were classified into Asian Americans and they formed political organizations to enhance their political image. New East Indians demonstrated their advantages in political sphere.
Chapter four deals with East Indian cultural identity. By discussing the reason for their cultural identity, and reveals that East Indians have a strong ethnic consciousness and national pride.
The concluding chapter summarizes the specific experiences and ethnic characteristics of the East Idians, points out that religion take an important role in keeping cultural identity.
引文
1 http://www.cass.net.cn/zhuanti/y_party/ya/ya_b/ya_b_042.htm,在线时间2010-3-18。
2 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.41.
Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.45.
Sharmila Rudrappa, Ethnic Routes to Becoming American:Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,2004, p.138.
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India s Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.16.
1 Gary R.Hess, "The Forgotten Asian Americans:The East Indian Community in the United States", Pacific Historical Review.43:21.1974.
H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.231.
3“美国诉辛德案”中,美国最高法院裁定印度人不属于白人,没有资格申请入籍。
4 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.206.
5 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.17.
1林承节：《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京大学出版社,2004年,第135页。
2同上书,第136页。
3那纳克,锡克教创始人,1469年生于印度旁遮普塔尔万提村。早年曾任莫卧儿王朝的政府官员,后来专门从事传教活动,创立锡克教,]539年逝世。
1 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.185.
Sucheng Chan, Asian American:An Interpretive Hiatory, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1991, p.20.转引自戴超武著：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第84页。
3 Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore:a History of Asian American, New York:Penguin Books,1990, p.294.
4 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.190.
1 S. Chandrasekhar, "Indian Immigration in America", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.13, No.15,1944:Jul.
2戴超武著：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第114页。
3 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.206.
1梁茂信著：《美国移民政策研究》,长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996年,第279页。
2富布赖特项目是美国在全球范围内开展的大规模国际合作交流项目,旨在通过教育和文化交流来促进国家间的相互了解。迄今为止已有来自140多个国家的255.000人参与过此项目。参与这一项目的学者被称为富布赖特学者。
3 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.93.
1 http://bbs.huanqiu.com/tushuoshijie/thread-142138-1-1.html,在线时间2009-11-2。
2 http://www.jgqhyy.com/lm3/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4893,在线时间2009-11-2。
3林承节：《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京大学出版社,2004年,第486页。
4 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.207.
5 Arthur R. Helweg, Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004, p.57.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.95.
2 Marshall R. Singer, Weak States in a World of Powers:The Dynamics of International Relationships, New York: Free Press,1972, p.150.转引自：Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman,1983, p.249.
3 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.97.
4 Ibid, p.97.
5 Jessica S. Barnes and Claudette L. Bennett, "The Asian Population:2000," Census 2000 Brief C2KBR/O1-16, Washington D.C.:U.S. Census Bureau,2002, p.9.
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.25.
2 Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels, Asian Americans:Emerging Minorities, New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1975, p.101.
3《2003年美国移民新闻》,http://www.b-immigration.com/News-c-2003,在线时间2009-10-30。
4 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, pp.52-53.
5 Ibid, p.53.
1 Mani Shankar Aiyar, "Growth, but it's jobless", Indian Express, December 23,2003.
2 Ronald Takaki, A History of Asian Americans:Strangers from a Different Shore, New York:Penguin Books, 1990, p.446.
3 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.212.
1参见梁茂信：《美国移民政策研究》,长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996年,第295页。
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.31.
1戴永红：《印度软件企业国际化研究》,成都：巴蜀书社,2008年,第221页。
2郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
1 http://www.chinaname.cn/article/2009-7/46579_2.htm,在线时间2009-10-30。
2郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
3刘军：《印裔美国人现状及对印度的影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第3期。
4 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.146.
5郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
6 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.275.
7 Ibid, pp.275-276.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.146.
2 http://news.sina.com.cn/world/1999-8-11/4793.html,在线时间2010-4-14。
3 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.63.
4 Ibid,p.61.
1戴永红：《印度软件企业人才的国际化》,《南亚研究季刊》,2006年第3期。
2 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.262.
1 Arthur R. Helweg, Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004, p.129.
2 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.59.
3 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983, p.155.
4 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United Sates, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.71.
1 Padma Rangaswamy, Namaste America:Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.69.
2 Ibid, p.108.
3 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United Sates, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.26.
1 Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels. Asian Americans:Emerging Minorities, New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1975, p.100.
2郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.74.
2 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.153.
3 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.73.
1 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.224..
2 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.111.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.73.
1 Arthur R. Helweg, Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004, p.109.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.112.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.71.
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American,在线时间2009-10-14。
1 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.240.
2 John Y. Fenton, Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers, 1988, p.50.
1 John Y. Fenton, Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers, 1988, p.69.
2王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第194页。
1 John Y. Fenton, Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers, 1988, p.15.
2刘澎：《当代美国宗教》,社会科学文献出版社,2001年,第235页。
3同上书,第235页。
1 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983,p.230.
2 Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore:a History of Asian American. New York:Penguin Books,1990, p.295.
1黄心川：《当代亚太地区宗教》,宗教文化出版社,2003年,第300页。
2王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第82页。
1 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983, p.205.
2王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第76页。
1 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983, p.183.
1 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis. Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.241.
2特亚加拉贾,印度伟大作曲家,生于1776年5月4日印度蒂鲁瓦卢尔城,1848年1月6日卒于蒂鲁赖亚卢。
3卡纳蒂克音乐是南印度(指安得拉邦首府海德拉巴市以南各地区)的音乐,之所以称为卡纳蒂克是16世纪著名作曲家普兰达拉刹创作了很多赞美神的歌曲,用卡纳塔克语演唱,称为卡马塔克堪(Kamatakam)音乐,意为传统音乐,后来称为卡纳蒂克音乐。参见徐惟诚：《不列颠百科全书》第三卷,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第447页。
Padma Rangaswamy, Namaste America:Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Philadelphia:the Philadelphia State University Press,2000, p.242.
5 Special Address by Noble Laureate Prof. Amartya Sen. http://www.Moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/355.htm转引自李涛：《20世纪90年代以来海外印度人与印度的降级联系》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第4期。
1卡德尔：20世纪初由加利福尼亚州一个名叫“太平洋沿岸印度斯坦工人”的移民组织发起的、要求在印度故土上结束英国统治的一场运动。该党于1948年解散。参见徐惟诚：《不列颠百科全书》第七卷,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第101页。
2[印度]马宗达等合著,张澍霖等合译：《高级印度史》,商务印书馆,1986年,上卷,第24页。
3同上书,第14页。
4尚会鹏：《印度文化史》,广西师范大学,2007年,第26页。
1尚会鹏：《印度文化史》,广西师范大学,2007年,第26页。
2张秀明：《海外印度移民及印度政府的侨务政策》,华侨华人历史研究,2005年3月第1期。
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.25.
1. Brown, Emily C., Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist, Tucson:The University of Arizona Press,1975.
2. Daniels, Roger and Kitano, Harry H. L., Asian Americans:Emerging Minorities, New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1975.
3. Fenton, John Y., Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers,1988.
4. Gupt, Sangeeta R., Emerging Voices:South Asian American Women Redefine Self, Family, and Community, New Delhi:Sage Publications,1999.
5. Helweg, Arthur R., Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004.
6. Helweg, Arthur R. and Helweg, Usha M., An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1990.
7. Hess, Gary R., America Encounters India,1941-1947, Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins Press,1971.
8. Joshi, Khyati Y., New Roots in America's Sacred Ground, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,2006.
9. Kumar, Amitava, Passport Photos, California:University of California Press,2000.
10. Melenday, H. Brett, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977.
11. Puri, Harish K., Ghadar Movement:Ideology, Organization, and Strategy, Amritsar:Guru Nanak Dev University,1993.
12. Rangaswamy, Padma, Namaste America:Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Philadelphia:the Philadelphia State University Press,2000.
13. Rudrappa, Sharmila, Ethnic Routes to Becoming American:Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,2004.
14. Saran, Parmatma and Eames, Edwin, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman,1983.
15. Saran, Parmatma, The Asian Indian Experience in the United States, Massachusetts:Schenkman, Pub. Co.,1985.
16. Sircar, Arpana, Work Roles, Gender Roles, and Asian Indian Immigrant Women in the United States, Lewiston:Edwin Mellen Press,2000.
17. Takaki, Ronald, A History of Asian Americans:Strangers from a Different Shore, New York:Penguin Books,1990.
18. Varma, Roli, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006.
1. Barkan, Elliott R., "Whom Shall We Integrate?:A Comparative Analysis of the Immigration and Naturalization Trends of Asians before and after the 1965 Immigration Act (1951-1978)", Journal of American Ethnic History,3:1,1983:Fall.
2. Brack, Bruce La and Leonard, Karen, "Conflict and Compatibility in Punjabi-Mexican Immigrant Families in Rural California,1915-1965", Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol.46, No.3,1984:Aug.
3. Brown, Giles T., "The Hindu Conspiracy,1914-1917", Pacific Historical Review, 17:3,1948:Aug.
4. Chandrasekhar, S., "The Indian Community in the United States", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.14,No.11,1945:Jun.
5. Chandrasekhar, S., "Indian Immigration in America", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.13, No.15,1944:Jul.
6. Dadabhay, Yusuf, "Circuitous Assimilation among Rural Hindustanis in California" Social Forces,33:1/4,1954/1955.
7. Dignan, Don K., "The Hindu Conspiracy in Anglo-American Relations during World War I", Pacific Historical Review,40:20,1971.
8. Garner, J. W., "Denationalization of American Citizens", The American Journal of International Law, Vol.21, No.1,1927:Jan.
9. Gonzales, Juan L., "The Origins of the Sikh Community in California", International Migration Review, Vol.20, No.1,1986:Spring.
10. Hess, Gary R., "The Hindu in America:Immigration and Naturalization Policies and India,1917-1946", Pacific Historical Review,38:21,1969.
11. Hess, Gary R., "The Forgotten Asian Americans:The East Indian Community in the United States", Pacific Historical Review,43:21,1974.
12. James, Ralph C., "The Casual Labor Problem in Indian Manufacturing", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.74, No.1,1960:Feb.
13. Jayawardena, Chandra, "A Survey of Indian Communities Overseas", Geographical Review, Vol.58, No.3,1968:Jul.
14. Jensen, Joan M., "Apartheid:Pacific Coast Style", Pacific Historical Review,38:6, 1969.
15. Jensen, Joan M., "The'Hindu Conspiracy':A Reassessment", Pacific Historical Review,48:19,1979.
16. Gonzales, Juan L. Jr., "Asian Indian Immigration Patterns:The Origins of the Sikh Community in California", International Migration Review, Vol.20, No.1,1986: Spring.
17. Leonard, Karen, "Punjabi Farmers and California's Alien Land law", Agricultural History, Vol.59, No.4,1985:Oct.
18. Mehta, Raj and Belk, Russell W., "Artifacts, Identity, and Transition:Favorite Possession of Indians and Indian Immigrants to the United States", The Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.17, No.4,1991:Mar.
19. Millis, H. A., "East Indian Immigration to British Columbia and the Pacific Coast States", The American Economic Review, Vol. 1,No.1,1911:Mar.
20. Naidis, Mark, "Propaganda of the Gadar Party", Pacific Historical Review,20:3, 1951:Aug.
21. Olin, Spencer C., "European Immigrant and Oriental Alien:Acceptance and Rejection by the California Legislature of 1913", Pacific Historical Review,35:13, 1966.
22. Raucher, Alan, "American Anti-Imperialists and the Pro-India Movement, 1900-1932", Pacific Historical Review,43:28,1974.
23. Rosinger, Lawrence K. and Trivedi, H. L. and Gadgil, D. R., "Indian-American Relations", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.19, No.2,1950:Jan.
24. Scott, James Brown, "Japanese and Hindu Naturalization in the United States", The American Journal of International Law, Vol.17, No.2,1923:Apr.
25. Wenzel, Lawrence A., "The Rural Punjabis of California:A Religio-Ethnic Group", Phylon (1960-), Vol.29, No.3,1968.
1、戴超武：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年。
2、梁茂信：《美国移民政策研究》,长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996年。
3、戴永红：《印度软件企业国际化研究》,成都：巴蜀书社,2008。
4、王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007年。
5、刘澎：《当代美国宗教》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001年。
6、黄心川,《当代亚太地区宗教》,北京：宗教文化出版社,2003年。
7、[印度]马宗达等合著；张澍霖等合译：《高级印度史》,上海：商务印书馆,1986年。
8、尚会鹏：《印度文化史》,桂林：广西师范大学,2007年。
9、林承节：《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京：北京大学出版社,2004年。
10、戴超武：《美国1952年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版)》,1997年第2期。
11、丁则民：《美国亚洲移民政策的演变》,《河北师院学报(社会科学版)》,1997年第2期。
12、郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
13、刘军：《印裔美国人现状及对印度的影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第3期。
14、张秀明：《海外印度移民及印度政府的侨务政策》,《华侨华人历史研究》,2005年第1期。
15、李涛：《20世纪90年代以来海外印度人与印度的降级联系》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第4期。
16、孙培钧：《印度失业问题浅析》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第4期。
17、戴永红：《印度软件企业人才的国际化》,《南亚研究季刊》,2006年第3期。
1、《2003年美国移民新闻》,http://www.b-immigration.com/News-c-2003,在线时间2009-10-30。
2、http://www.chinaname.cn/article/2009-7/46579_2.htm,在线时间2009-10-30。
3、http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_classification_of_Indian_Americans,在线时间2009-10-14。
4、http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American,在线时间2009-10-14。
5、http://bbs.huanqiu.com/tushuoshijie/thread-142138-1-1.html,在线时间2009-11-2。
6、http://www.jgqhyy.com/lm3/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4893,在线时间2009-11-2。
7、http://www.cass.net.cn/zhuanti/y_party/ya/ya_b/ya_b_042.htm,在线时间2010-3-18。
8、http://news.sina.com.cn/world/1999-8-11/4793.html,在线时间2010-4-14。
2 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.41.
Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.45.
Sharmila Rudrappa, Ethnic Routes to Becoming American:Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,2004, p.138.
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India s Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.16.
1 Gary R.Hess, "The Forgotten Asian Americans:The East Indian Community in the United States", Pacific Historical Review.43:21.1974.
H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.231.
3“美国诉辛德案”中,美国最高法院裁定印度人不属于白人,没有资格申请入籍。
4 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.206.
5 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.17.
1林承节：《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京大学出版社,2004年,第135页。
2同上书,第136页。
3那纳克,锡克教创始人,1469年生于印度旁遮普塔尔万提村。早年曾任莫卧儿王朝的政府官员,后来专门从事传教活动,创立锡克教,]539年逝世。
1 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.185.
Sucheng Chan, Asian American:An Interpretive Hiatory, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1991, p.20.转引自戴超武著：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第84页。
3 Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore:a History of Asian American, New York:Penguin Books,1990, p.294.
4 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.190.
1 S. Chandrasekhar, "Indian Immigration in America", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.13, No.15,1944:Jul.
2戴超武著：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第114页。
3 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.206.
1梁茂信著：《美国移民政策研究》,长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996年,第279页。
2富布赖特项目是美国在全球范围内开展的大规模国际合作交流项目,旨在通过教育和文化交流来促进国家间的相互了解。迄今为止已有来自140多个国家的255.000人参与过此项目。参与这一项目的学者被称为富布赖特学者。
3 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.93.
1 http://bbs.huanqiu.com/tushuoshijie/thread-142138-1-1.html,在线时间2009-11-2。
2 http://www.jgqhyy.com/lm3/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4893,在线时间2009-11-2。
3林承节：《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京大学出版社,2004年,第486页。
4 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.207.
5 Arthur R. Helweg, Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004, p.57.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.95.
2 Marshall R. Singer, Weak States in a World of Powers:The Dynamics of International Relationships, New York: Free Press,1972, p.150.转引自：Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman,1983, p.249.
3 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.97.
4 Ibid, p.97.
5 Jessica S. Barnes and Claudette L. Bennett, "The Asian Population:2000," Census 2000 Brief C2KBR/O1-16, Washington D.C.:U.S. Census Bureau,2002, p.9.
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.25.
2 Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels, Asian Americans:Emerging Minorities, New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1975, p.101.
3《2003年美国移民新闻》,http://www.b-immigration.com/News-c-2003,在线时间2009-10-30。
4 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, pp.52-53.
5 Ibid, p.53.
1 Mani Shankar Aiyar, "Growth, but it's jobless", Indian Express, December 23,2003.
2 Ronald Takaki, A History of Asian Americans:Strangers from a Different Shore, New York:Penguin Books, 1990, p.446.
3 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.212.
1参见梁茂信：《美国移民政策研究》,长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996年,第295页。
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.31.
1戴永红：《印度软件企业国际化研究》,成都：巴蜀书社,2008年,第221页。
2郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
1 http://www.chinaname.cn/article/2009-7/46579_2.htm,在线时间2009-10-30。
2郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
3刘军：《印裔美国人现状及对印度的影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第3期。
4 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.146.
5郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
6 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.275.
7 Ibid, pp.275-276.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.146.
2 http://news.sina.com.cn/world/1999-8-11/4793.html,在线时间2010-4-14。
3 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.63.
4 Ibid,p.61.
1戴永红：《印度软件企业人才的国际化》,《南亚研究季刊》,2006年第3期。
2 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.262.
1 Arthur R. Helweg, Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004, p.129.
2 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.59.
3 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983, p.155.
4 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United Sates, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.71.
1 Padma Rangaswamy, Namaste America:Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.69.
2 Ibid, p.108.
3 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United Sates, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.26.
1 Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels. Asian Americans:Emerging Minorities, New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1975, p.100.
2郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.74.
2 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.153.
3 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.73.
1 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.224..
2 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.111.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.73.
1 Arthur R. Helweg, Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004, p.109.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.112.
1 Arthur R. Helweg and Usha M. Helweg, An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990, p.71.
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American,在线时间2009-10-14。
1 H. Brett Melenday, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977, p.240.
2 John Y. Fenton, Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers, 1988, p.50.
1 John Y. Fenton, Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers, 1988, p.69.
2王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第194页。
1 John Y. Fenton, Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers, 1988, p.15.
2刘澎：《当代美国宗教》,社会科学文献出版社,2001年,第235页。
3同上书,第235页。
1 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983,p.230.
2 Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore:a History of Asian American. New York:Penguin Books,1990, p.295.
1黄心川：《当代亚太地区宗教》,宗教文化出版社,2003年,第300页。
2王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第82页。
1 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983, p.205.
2王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第76页。
1 Parmatma Saran and Edwin Eames, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman, 1983, p.183.
1 Padma Rangaswamy, Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis. Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2000, p.241.
2特亚加拉贾,印度伟大作曲家,生于1776年5月4日印度蒂鲁瓦卢尔城,1848年1月6日卒于蒂鲁赖亚卢。
3卡纳蒂克音乐是南印度(指安得拉邦首府海德拉巴市以南各地区)的音乐,之所以称为卡纳蒂克是16世纪著名作曲家普兰达拉刹创作了很多赞美神的歌曲,用卡纳塔克语演唱,称为卡马塔克堪(Kamatakam)音乐,意为传统音乐,后来称为卡纳蒂克音乐。参见徐惟诚：《不列颠百科全书》第三卷,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第447页。
Padma Rangaswamy, Namaste America:Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Philadelphia:the Philadelphia State University Press,2000, p.242.
5 Special Address by Noble Laureate Prof. Amartya Sen. http://www.Moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/355.htm转引自李涛：《20世纪90年代以来海外印度人与印度的降级联系》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第4期。
1卡德尔：20世纪初由加利福尼亚州一个名叫“太平洋沿岸印度斯坦工人”的移民组织发起的、要求在印度故土上结束英国统治的一场运动。该党于1948年解散。参见徐惟诚：《不列颠百科全书》第七卷,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第101页。
2[印度]马宗达等合著,张澍霖等合译：《高级印度史》,商务印书馆,1986年,上卷,第24页。
3同上书,第14页。
4尚会鹏：《印度文化史》,广西师范大学,2007年,第26页。
1尚会鹏：《印度文化史》,广西师范大学,2007年,第26页。
2张秀明：《海外印度移民及印度政府的侨务政策》,华侨华人历史研究,2005年3月第1期。
1 Roli Varma, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006, p.25.
1. Brown, Emily C., Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist, Tucson:The University of Arizona Press,1975.
2. Daniels, Roger and Kitano, Harry H. L., Asian Americans:Emerging Minorities, New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1975.
3. Fenton, John Y., Transplanting Religious Traditions:Asian Indians in America, New York:Praeger Publishers,1988.
4. Gupt, Sangeeta R., Emerging Voices:South Asian American Women Redefine Self, Family, and Community, New Delhi:Sage Publications,1999.
5. Helweg, Arthur R., Strangers in a Not-So-Strange Land:Indian American Immigrants in the Global Age, California:Wadsworth,2004.
6. Helweg, Arthur R. and Helweg, Usha M., An Immigrants Success Story:East Indians in America, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1990.
7. Hess, Gary R., America Encounters India,1941-1947, Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins Press,1971.
8. Joshi, Khyati Y., New Roots in America's Sacred Ground, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,2006.
9. Kumar, Amitava, Passport Photos, California:University of California Press,2000.
10. Melenday, H. Brett, Asians in America:Filipinos, Koreans, and East Indians, Boston:Twayne Publishers,1977.
11. Puri, Harish K., Ghadar Movement:Ideology, Organization, and Strategy, Amritsar:Guru Nanak Dev University,1993.
12. Rangaswamy, Padma, Namaste America:Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis, Philadelphia:the Philadelphia State University Press,2000.
13. Rudrappa, Sharmila, Ethnic Routes to Becoming American:Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,2004.
14. Saran, Parmatma and Eames, Edwin, The New Ethnics:Asian Indians in the United States, Mass:Schenkkman,1983.
15. Saran, Parmatma, The Asian Indian Experience in the United States, Massachusetts:Schenkman, Pub. Co.,1985.
16. Sircar, Arpana, Work Roles, Gender Roles, and Asian Indian Immigrant Women in the United States, Lewiston:Edwin Mellen Press,2000.
17. Takaki, Ronald, A History of Asian Americans:Strangers from a Different Shore, New York:Penguin Books,1990.
18. Varma, Roli, Harbingers of Global Change:India's Techno-Immigrants in the United States, Lanham:Lexington Books,2006.
1. Barkan, Elliott R., "Whom Shall We Integrate?:A Comparative Analysis of the Immigration and Naturalization Trends of Asians before and after the 1965 Immigration Act (1951-1978)", Journal of American Ethnic History,3:1,1983:Fall.
2. Brack, Bruce La and Leonard, Karen, "Conflict and Compatibility in Punjabi-Mexican Immigrant Families in Rural California,1915-1965", Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol.46, No.3,1984:Aug.
3. Brown, Giles T., "The Hindu Conspiracy,1914-1917", Pacific Historical Review, 17:3,1948:Aug.
4. Chandrasekhar, S., "The Indian Community in the United States", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.14,No.11,1945:Jun.
5. Chandrasekhar, S., "Indian Immigration in America", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.13, No.15,1944:Jul.
6. Dadabhay, Yusuf, "Circuitous Assimilation among Rural Hindustanis in California" Social Forces,33:1/4,1954/1955.
7. Dignan, Don K., "The Hindu Conspiracy in Anglo-American Relations during World War I", Pacific Historical Review,40:20,1971.
8. Garner, J. W., "Denationalization of American Citizens", The American Journal of International Law, Vol.21, No.1,1927:Jan.
9. Gonzales, Juan L., "The Origins of the Sikh Community in California", International Migration Review, Vol.20, No.1,1986:Spring.
10. Hess, Gary R., "The Hindu in America:Immigration and Naturalization Policies and India,1917-1946", Pacific Historical Review,38:21,1969.
11. Hess, Gary R., "The Forgotten Asian Americans:The East Indian Community in the United States", Pacific Historical Review,43:21,1974.
12. James, Ralph C., "The Casual Labor Problem in Indian Manufacturing", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.74, No.1,1960:Feb.
13. Jayawardena, Chandra, "A Survey of Indian Communities Overseas", Geographical Review, Vol.58, No.3,1968:Jul.
14. Jensen, Joan M., "Apartheid:Pacific Coast Style", Pacific Historical Review,38:6, 1969.
15. Jensen, Joan M., "The'Hindu Conspiracy':A Reassessment", Pacific Historical Review,48:19,1979.
16. Gonzales, Juan L. Jr., "Asian Indian Immigration Patterns:The Origins of the Sikh Community in California", International Migration Review, Vol.20, No.1,1986: Spring.
17. Leonard, Karen, "Punjabi Farmers and California's Alien Land law", Agricultural History, Vol.59, No.4,1985:Oct.
18. Mehta, Raj and Belk, Russell W., "Artifacts, Identity, and Transition:Favorite Possession of Indians and Indian Immigrants to the United States", The Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.17, No.4,1991:Mar.
19. Millis, H. A., "East Indian Immigration to British Columbia and the Pacific Coast States", The American Economic Review, Vol. 1,No.1,1911:Mar.
20. Naidis, Mark, "Propaganda of the Gadar Party", Pacific Historical Review,20:3, 1951:Aug.
21. Olin, Spencer C., "European Immigrant and Oriental Alien:Acceptance and Rejection by the California Legislature of 1913", Pacific Historical Review,35:13, 1966.
22. Raucher, Alan, "American Anti-Imperialists and the Pro-India Movement, 1900-1932", Pacific Historical Review,43:28,1974.
23. Rosinger, Lawrence K. and Trivedi, H. L. and Gadgil, D. R., "Indian-American Relations", Far Eastern Survey, Vol.19, No.2,1950:Jan.
24. Scott, James Brown, "Japanese and Hindu Naturalization in the United States", The American Journal of International Law, Vol.17, No.2,1923:Apr.
25. Wenzel, Lawrence A., "The Rural Punjabis of California:A Religio-Ethnic Group", Phylon (1960-), Vol.29, No.3,1968.
1、戴超武：《美国移民政策与亚洲移民》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年。
2、梁茂信：《美国移民政策研究》,长春：东北师范大学出版社,1996年。
3、戴永红：《印度软件企业国际化研究》,成都：巴蜀书社,2008。
4、王树英：《印度文化与民俗》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007年。
5、刘澎：《当代美国宗教》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001年。
6、黄心川,《当代亚太地区宗教》,北京：宗教文化出版社,2003年。
7、[印度]马宗达等合著；张澍霖等合译：《高级印度史》,上海：商务印书馆,1986年。
8、尚会鹏：《印度文化史》,桂林：广西师范大学,2007年。
9、林承节：《殖民统治时期的印度史》,北京：北京大学出版社,2004年。
10、戴超武：《美国1952年移民法对亚洲移民和亚裔集团的影响》,《东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版)》,1997年第2期。
11、丁则民：《美国亚洲移民政策的演变》,《河北师院学报(社会科学版)》,1997年第2期。
12、郭又新：《美国的印度裔移民》,《东南亚研究》,2004年第3期。
13、刘军：《印裔美国人现状及对印度的影响》,《南亚研究季刊》,2007年第3期。
14、张秀明：《海外印度移民及印度政府的侨务政策》,《华侨华人历史研究》,2005年第1期。
15、李涛：《20世纪90年代以来海外印度人与印度的降级联系》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第4期。
16、孙培钧：《印度失业问题浅析》,《南亚研究季刊》,2004年第4期。
17、戴永红：《印度软件企业人才的国际化》,《南亚研究季刊》,2006年第3期。
1、《2003年美国移民新闻》,http://www.b-immigration.com/News-c-2003,在线时间2009-10-30。
2、http://www.chinaname.cn/article/2009-7/46579_2.htm,在线时间2009-10-30。
3、http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_classification_of_Indian_Americans,在线时间2009-10-14。
4、http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American,在线时间2009-10-14。
5、http://bbs.huanqiu.com/tushuoshijie/thread-142138-1-1.html,在线时间2009-11-2。
6、http://www.jgqhyy.com/lm3/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4893,在线时间2009-11-2。
7、http://www.cass.net.cn/zhuanti/y_party/ya/ya_b/ya_b_042.htm,在线时间2010-3-18。
8、http://news.sina.com.cn/world/1999-8-11/4793.html,在线时间2010-4-14。