MAS中基于本体的通信技术研究及其应用
摘要
在多Agent系统中,运用Agent的自主、交互等特性来实现某个系统目标或求解大规模问题时,Agent通信是实现Agent相互作用必不可少的手段。然而由于各个Agent所拥有的知识和所处平台的不同,通信消息中所涉及的概念、结构以及消息格式有所不同,这直接导致了Agent之间的通信不畅,本文尝试引入本体实现在各Agent之间共享知识和统一消息格式。本体论作为一种知识表示方法,使用它对Agent通信内容进行规范化表示,可以增进通信双方的Agent对彼此意图的理解,能有效提高Agent的通信效率。
本文首先对现有成果进行深入研究,详细阐述了目前Agent通信机制和Agent通信语言,研究了本体论及其在Agent通信中的应用。在分析本体建模方法和旅游信息基本功能基础上,定义了旅游系统所使用的通信本体的概念及其属性和关系；依照FIPA规范,在现有Agent开发平台JADE上,分析设计并实现了一个提供旅游信息服务的多Agent系统。其中的通信消息机制使用FIPA ACL来规范通信消息的格式和类型,使用基于OWL的内容语言来描述消息内容。系统实现结果表明,采用基于本体的通信机制加强了Agent对通信消息内容理解的一致性,实现了知识的重用,能进一步保证旅游领域知识的一致性和完备性,并有效实现信息的语义化查询和智能化服务。
When we achieve system goals or solve a large-scale problem using autonomous and interactive of Agent in MAS, Agent communication is an important means to achieve interaction of Agents. However, the difference of knowledge and platform in each Agent, and the difference of the message involved in the concept, structure and message format led directly to poor communication between Agents. So need to share knowledge and unified message format between the various Agents. For this problem, the introduction of ontology to the Agent Communication is an effective method. As a knowledge representation method, ontology theory used to standardized ACL's content is a practical way. This can enhance the understanding of each other's intentions of Agent communication and effectively improve the efficiency of Agent Communication.
To begin with, this paper depth study the existing results, detail the current Agent communication mechanism and ACL, studies the application of ontology and it's application in Agent communication. Moreover, based on analysis of ontology modeling and the basic functions of travel information, this paper definite the concepts and attributes and relationships of communication ontology used by the tourism system. According to FIPA standard, this paper design and implement a travel information service ontology-based MAS on JADE Agent platform. Communication message mechanism use FIPA ACL in regulating the message format and type, describe the contents of the message content by use of OWL. System implementation shows that the system can further ensure the consistency and completeness of knowledge of the tourism field, and effectively implement the semantic query information and intelligence service.
本文首先对现有成果进行深入研究,详细阐述了目前Agent通信机制和Agent通信语言,研究了本体论及其在Agent通信中的应用。在分析本体建模方法和旅游信息基本功能基础上,定义了旅游系统所使用的通信本体的概念及其属性和关系；依照FIPA规范,在现有Agent开发平台JADE上,分析设计并实现了一个提供旅游信息服务的多Agent系统。其中的通信消息机制使用FIPA ACL来规范通信消息的格式和类型,使用基于OWL的内容语言来描述消息内容。系统实现结果表明,采用基于本体的通信机制加强了Agent对通信消息内容理解的一致性,实现了知识的重用,能进一步保证旅游领域知识的一致性和完备性,并有效实现信息的语义化查询和智能化服务。
When we achieve system goals or solve a large-scale problem using autonomous and interactive of Agent in MAS, Agent communication is an important means to achieve interaction of Agents. However, the difference of knowledge and platform in each Agent, and the difference of the message involved in the concept, structure and message format led directly to poor communication between Agents. So need to share knowledge and unified message format between the various Agents. For this problem, the introduction of ontology to the Agent Communication is an effective method. As a knowledge representation method, ontology theory used to standardized ACL's content is a practical way. This can enhance the understanding of each other's intentions of Agent communication and effectively improve the efficiency of Agent Communication.
To begin with, this paper depth study the existing results, detail the current Agent communication mechanism and ACL, studies the application of ontology and it's application in Agent communication. Moreover, based on analysis of ontology modeling and the basic functions of travel information, this paper definite the concepts and attributes and relationships of communication ontology used by the tourism system. According to FIPA standard, this paper design and implement a travel information service ontology-based MAS on JADE Agent platform. Communication message mechanism use FIPA ACL in regulating the message format and type, describe the contents of the message content by use of OWL. System implementation shows that the system can further ensure the consistency and completeness of knowledge of the tourism field, and effectively implement the semantic query information and intelligence service.
引文
[1]Wooldridge, M. Introduction to Multiagent System. John Wiley and Sons, UK (2002).
[2]Sycara, K.P. Multi-agent Systems. AI Magazine19(2),79-92(1998).
[3]E Osawa. A Scheme for Agent Collaboration in Open Multi Agent Environment. Proceeding of IJCAI'93,August 1993,352-358.
[4]Austin, J.L. How To Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press,Oxford,1962.
[5]Uschold, M. And Gruninger, M. Ontologyies:Principles, Methods and Applications. The Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):93-136.
[6]Finin, T., Labrou Y. KQML as an Agent Communication Language. In software Agents, edited by Bradshaw J.M., AAAT Press/The MIT Press.1997,291-316.
[7]徐守祥,张基宏.基于FIPA架构的移动服务中间件的设计与实现.小型微型计算机系统.2007,Vol.28 No.6：1016-1020.
[8]F.Wiesman, N.Roos, P.Vogt. Automatic Ontology Mapping for Agent Communication. BNAIC01,2001,563-564.
[9]J.R.Rose and M.N.Huhns. Philosophical Agents. IEEE Internet Computing Vol.5.No.3.2001.pp:104-106.
[10]Valentian Tamma, Steve Phelps, Ian Dickinson, Michael Wooldridge, an Ontologies for supporting negotiation in e-commerce, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 18(2005),223-236.
[11]Agent Working Group. Agent Technology Document ec/99-12-02. Version 0.9.24 December 1999.
[12]Bates, J., The Role of Emotion in believable Agents. Communications of the ACM,1994,37(7)
[13]Bates, J., Loyall, A.B. and Reilly, W.S.An architecture for action, emotion, and social behavior. Technical Report CMU-CS-92-144,
[14]Shoham Y. Agent oriented programming. Artificial Intelligence.1993,60(1): 51-92.
[15]Rao A S. Agent Speak(L):BDI Agents speak out in a logical computation language. In:Van D V W and Perram J W eds. Agents Breaking Away, LNAI 1038. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer Verlag.1996,42-55.
[16]McCabe F and Clark K. April-Agent-based system. In:Wooldridge M and Jennings eds. Intelligent Agent, LNAI 890.Springer-Verlag,1994,324-340.
[17]Giacomo G D, Lesperance Y and Levesque H J. Con Golog, a concurrent programming language based on the situation calculus:implementation. ArtificialIntelligence.2000.
[18]Rao A S,Georgeff M P. BDI agent:from theory to praetice. In:Georgeff M P ed: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Multi-Agent system (ICMAS-95)
[19]蒲秋梅.基于Ontology和Agent的电子商务协商研究.硕士学位论文.武汉：2007.12：17-22
[20]史忠植.高级人工智能.北京：科学出版社,1998.1-340
[21]史忠植.智能主体及其应用,北京：科学出版社,2000.1-314
[22]张海俊,史忠植.动态合同网协议.计算机工程,2004.30(21)：44-57
[23]王怀民,吴泉源,高洪奎等.基于Agent的分布计算环境.计算机学报.1996.19(3)：197-201
[24]李建民,石纯一.DAI中多Agent协调方法及其分类.计算机科学.1998.25(2)：9-12
[25]Hewitt C. Viewing control structures as patterns of passing messages. Artificial Intelligence.1977,8(3):323-364.
[26]Davis R and Smith R G. Negotiation as a metaphor for distributed problem solving. Artificial Intelligence.1983,20:63-109.
[27]R. Neches, R. Fikes, T. Finin, T.R. Gruber, R. Patil, T. Senator, and W.R. Swartout, "Enabling technology for knowledge sharing", AI Magazine, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, Vol.12, No.3, pp.36-56, 1991.
[28]T.R. Gruber, "A translation approach to portable ontology specifications", Knowledge Acquisition, Academic Press Ltd.,London,Vol.5,No.2,pp.199-220, 1993.
[29]W.N. Borst, "Construction of Engineering Ontologies for Knowledge Sharing and Reuse", PhD thesis, University of Twente,Enschede,1997.
[30]R. Studer, V.R. Benjamins, and D. Fensel, "Knowledge engineering:principles and methods", Data & Knowledge Engineering, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Vol.25,No.1-2,pp.161-197,1998.
[31]DAML-ONT Initial Release. http://www.daml.org/2000/10/daml-ont.html
[32]An Informal Description of Standard OIL and Instance OIL http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/downl/oil-whitepaper.rdf
[33]Deborah L.McGuinness, Frank van Harmelen. OWL Web Ontology Language Overview, W3C Recommendation 10 February 2004, online: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/,2006-4-14.
[34]G. Klyne, and J.J. Carroll, "Resource Description Framework(RDF):Concepts and Abstract Syntax", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/ rdf-concepts/,2004.
[35]P. Hayes, "RDF Semantics", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/ rdf-mt/,2004.
[36]D. Brickley, "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0:RDF Schema", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/,2004.
[37]F. van Harmelen, P.F. Patel-Schneider, and I. Horrocks, "Reference description of the DAML+OIL ontology markup language", http://www.daml.org/2001/03/ reference.html,2001.
[38]S. Bechhofer, F.V. Harmelen, J. Hendler, I. Horrocks, D.L. McGuinness, P.F. Patel-Schneider, and L.A. Stein, "OWL Web Ontology Language Reference", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref,2004.
[39]Mike Usehold, Michael Gruninger. Ontologies:Principles, Methods and Applications, In:Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):1-69.
[40]毛新军.面向主体的软件开发[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[41]Specification of the KQML Agent Communication Language, Tech. Report. DARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative, External Interfaces Working Group,1993.
[42]Y. Labrou and T. Finin, A Proposal for a New KQML Specification, Tech. Report TR-CS-97-03, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Dept., Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Md.,1997
[43]The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents. FIPA ACL Message Structure Specification, http://www.fipa.org.
[44]Bosch J. Software Artifacts as Autonomous Agents. Proceedings of ECOOP'94 workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Object-Oriented Software Engineering, Bologna, Italy,1994.
[45]W Shen, N Douglas, J P Barthes. Multi-Agent systems for Concurrent Intelligent Manufacturing [M]. New York, NY:Taylor & Francis Inc,2001.
[46]Yannis Ubrou. Standardizing Agent Communication. Advanced Course on AI [J]. (ACAI-01),74-97, Springer Verlag,2001.
[47]M.Straer, M.Sehwehm. A Performance Model for Mobile Agent Systems. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications,1998. volume 11:1132-1140.
[48]H. Heikki, L. Heimo, R. Kimmo. Mobile Agent Communication in Wireless Networks. In:Proeeeding of European Wireless'99/ITG'99.1999.211-216.
[49]杨博,移动Agent技术研究,吉林大学博士学位论文.2003.
[50]WebOnto, http://eldora.open.ac.uk:3000/webonto/.
[51]The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents. FIPA Ontology Service Specification. http://www.fipa.org/
[52]Wang Wei, Zeng Guosun. An intelligent ontology and Bayesian network based semantic mashup for tourism[C]. IEEE Congress on Services.2008:128-135.
[2]Sycara, K.P. Multi-agent Systems. AI Magazine19(2),79-92(1998).
[3]E Osawa. A Scheme for Agent Collaboration in Open Multi Agent Environment. Proceeding of IJCAI'93,August 1993,352-358.
[4]Austin, J.L. How To Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press,Oxford,1962.
[5]Uschold, M. And Gruninger, M. Ontologyies:Principles, Methods and Applications. The Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):93-136.
[6]Finin, T., Labrou Y. KQML as an Agent Communication Language. In software Agents, edited by Bradshaw J.M., AAAT Press/The MIT Press.1997,291-316.
[7]徐守祥,张基宏.基于FIPA架构的移动服务中间件的设计与实现.小型微型计算机系统.2007,Vol.28 No.6：1016-1020.
[8]F.Wiesman, N.Roos, P.Vogt. Automatic Ontology Mapping for Agent Communication. BNAIC01,2001,563-564.
[9]J.R.Rose and M.N.Huhns. Philosophical Agents. IEEE Internet Computing Vol.5.No.3.2001.pp:104-106.
[10]Valentian Tamma, Steve Phelps, Ian Dickinson, Michael Wooldridge, an Ontologies for supporting negotiation in e-commerce, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 18(2005),223-236.
[11]Agent Working Group. Agent Technology Document ec/99-12-02. Version 0.9.24 December 1999.
[12]Bates, J., The Role of Emotion in believable Agents. Communications of the ACM,1994,37(7)
[13]Bates, J., Loyall, A.B. and Reilly, W.S.An architecture for action, emotion, and social behavior. Technical Report CMU-CS-92-144,
[14]Shoham Y. Agent oriented programming. Artificial Intelligence.1993,60(1): 51-92.
[15]Rao A S. Agent Speak(L):BDI Agents speak out in a logical computation language. In:Van D V W and Perram J W eds. Agents Breaking Away, LNAI 1038. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer Verlag.1996,42-55.
[16]McCabe F and Clark K. April-Agent-based system. In:Wooldridge M and Jennings eds. Intelligent Agent, LNAI 890.Springer-Verlag,1994,324-340.
[17]Giacomo G D, Lesperance Y and Levesque H J. Con Golog, a concurrent programming language based on the situation calculus:implementation. ArtificialIntelligence.2000.
[18]Rao A S,Georgeff M P. BDI agent:from theory to praetice. In:Georgeff M P ed: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Multi-Agent system (ICMAS-95)
[19]蒲秋梅.基于Ontology和Agent的电子商务协商研究.硕士学位论文.武汉：2007.12：17-22
[20]史忠植.高级人工智能.北京：科学出版社,1998.1-340
[21]史忠植.智能主体及其应用,北京：科学出版社,2000.1-314
[22]张海俊,史忠植.动态合同网协议.计算机工程,2004.30(21)：44-57
[23]王怀民,吴泉源,高洪奎等.基于Agent的分布计算环境.计算机学报.1996.19(3)：197-201
[24]李建民,石纯一.DAI中多Agent协调方法及其分类.计算机科学.1998.25(2)：9-12
[25]Hewitt C. Viewing control structures as patterns of passing messages. Artificial Intelligence.1977,8(3):323-364.
[26]Davis R and Smith R G. Negotiation as a metaphor for distributed problem solving. Artificial Intelligence.1983,20:63-109.
[27]R. Neches, R. Fikes, T. Finin, T.R. Gruber, R. Patil, T. Senator, and W.R. Swartout, "Enabling technology for knowledge sharing", AI Magazine, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, Vol.12, No.3, pp.36-56, 1991.
[28]T.R. Gruber, "A translation approach to portable ontology specifications", Knowledge Acquisition, Academic Press Ltd.,London,Vol.5,No.2,pp.199-220, 1993.
[29]W.N. Borst, "Construction of Engineering Ontologies for Knowledge Sharing and Reuse", PhD thesis, University of Twente,Enschede,1997.
[30]R. Studer, V.R. Benjamins, and D. Fensel, "Knowledge engineering:principles and methods", Data & Knowledge Engineering, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Vol.25,No.1-2,pp.161-197,1998.
[31]DAML-ONT Initial Release. http://www.daml.org/2000/10/daml-ont.html
[32]An Informal Description of Standard OIL and Instance OIL http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/downl/oil-whitepaper.rdf
[33]Deborah L.McGuinness, Frank van Harmelen. OWL Web Ontology Language Overview, W3C Recommendation 10 February 2004, online: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/,2006-4-14.
[34]G. Klyne, and J.J. Carroll, "Resource Description Framework(RDF):Concepts and Abstract Syntax", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/ rdf-concepts/,2004.
[35]P. Hayes, "RDF Semantics", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/ rdf-mt/,2004.
[36]D. Brickley, "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0:RDF Schema", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/,2004.
[37]F. van Harmelen, P.F. Patel-Schneider, and I. Horrocks, "Reference description of the DAML+OIL ontology markup language", http://www.daml.org/2001/03/ reference.html,2001.
[38]S. Bechhofer, F.V. Harmelen, J. Hendler, I. Horrocks, D.L. McGuinness, P.F. Patel-Schneider, and L.A. Stein, "OWL Web Ontology Language Reference", W3C Recommendation, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref,2004.
[39]Mike Usehold, Michael Gruninger. Ontologies:Principles, Methods and Applications, In:Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):1-69.
[40]毛新军.面向主体的软件开发[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[41]Specification of the KQML Agent Communication Language, Tech. Report. DARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative, External Interfaces Working Group,1993.
[42]Y. Labrou and T. Finin, A Proposal for a New KQML Specification, Tech. Report TR-CS-97-03, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Dept., Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Md.,1997
[43]The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents. FIPA ACL Message Structure Specification, http://www.fipa.org.
[44]Bosch J. Software Artifacts as Autonomous Agents. Proceedings of ECOOP'94 workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Object-Oriented Software Engineering, Bologna, Italy,1994.
[45]W Shen, N Douglas, J P Barthes. Multi-Agent systems for Concurrent Intelligent Manufacturing [M]. New York, NY:Taylor & Francis Inc,2001.
[46]Yannis Ubrou. Standardizing Agent Communication. Advanced Course on AI [J]. (ACAI-01),74-97, Springer Verlag,2001.
[47]M.Straer, M.Sehwehm. A Performance Model for Mobile Agent Systems. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications,1998. volume 11:1132-1140.
[48]H. Heikki, L. Heimo, R. Kimmo. Mobile Agent Communication in Wireless Networks. In:Proeeeding of European Wireless'99/ITG'99.1999.211-216.
[49]杨博,移动Agent技术研究,吉林大学博士学位论文.2003.
[50]WebOnto, http://eldora.open.ac.uk:3000/webonto/.
[51]The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents. FIPA Ontology Service Specification. http://www.fipa.org/
[52]Wang Wei, Zeng Guosun. An intelligent ontology and Bayesian network based semantic mashup for tourism[C]. IEEE Congress on Services.2008:128-135.