大马士革非正式聚落蔓延影响因素及对策研究
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摘要
从城市最早在考古学记载中出现开始,就迅速成为人们寻求安全舒适生活的选择。城市在不断地蔓延、拓展它们的范围以控制它们周边的区域。现代城市是复杂的集合体,包括内外相互影响的各类因素,城市区域内不断积聚地球上的人口。总之正式和非正式的城市蔓延已经成为城市设计者在社会、经济、环境等方面所面临的重大问题。
大马士革的城市蔓延是伴随着非正式聚落产生与发展的,在叙利亚被称为elmokhalafat或elmanatiq elashwaiya。快速的经济和市场发展引起社会-文化和人口的改变,并由此勾画出叙利亚的主要城市轮廓。叙利亚的首都大马士革处于在正式规划理论影响下的城市建筑与规划重大转型中。在过去的30年中,大马士革的文化、经济、政治和社会都发生了巨大的变化,随之而来的是剧烈的城市蔓延,城市周边出现了大量的非正式聚落,并有大量的富饶农田被吞噬。大马士革的城市蔓延主要组成部分就是非正式(非正式聚落)。
建筑非正式地蔓延促使城市陷入过于拥挤并难于控制的危机。50个具体的城市非正式聚落在大马士革城市周边产生,正是城市在政治、工业、贸易、教育和其他服务业政策集中的结果。除此以外,还导致了大量每日、每月持续不断的移民潮。然而,城市管理部门对城市蔓延的反应过慢,这也是导致城市蔓延成为城市难题的原因之一。据调查,有大约15万人居住在城市内的非正式聚落中,超过大马士革总人口的46%。大多数的非正式聚落机能失调并缺乏相应的基础设施,严重的威胁到其中居民的健康和安全,例如2007年大马士革的Daf-Alshouk住区曾发生了严重的建筑倒塌事件。“非正式”可以看作是叙利亚最重要的住房供给方式和城市蔓延方式。
针对这些问题,本文主要探讨了城市蔓延的影响因素和动态特性,并主要以大马士革为例,按照年代顺序分析其城市蔓延的变迁模式,分析了现代城市的非正式聚落的形成与发展,并尝试找出引导其正确发展的方法,使具有悠久历史以及不同区域特征的城市发展成为健康的现代城市。研究包括,大马士革的城市蔓延变迁模式及其非正式聚落的产生、发展和相关影响因素。分析了大马士革作为首都与其内部和周边非正式聚落的关系,并进一步指出土地所有制度与聚落机理类型的关系。最后,得出非正式聚落的主要表现特征,提出通过对非正式政策进行指导,可以将非正式作为一种新的、有效的生存方式。
Once cities began to appear in the archaeological records,they rapidly become the safety place and the better life choices;they have been expanding and extending their territory to control their surrounding regions.Today's cities are complex structures,with numerous groups of elements interact internally and extemally,accumulating the earth population in urban areas.Generally,the urban sprawl -formally and informallyphenomenon became a big dilemma facing the city designers industrially,environmentally, socially etc.
The urban sprawl of Damascus concentrates and integrates together with informal settlements known as elmokhalafat & elmanatiq elashwaiya.The rapid economic and marketing development and in consequently socio-cultural and demographical changes mapped the major cities in Syria.Damascus-the capital city-is the midst of a profound transformation of architectural and planning developments under the severe theories of formal urban planning.Huge mass of cultural,economical,political and social changes have taken place in the city region during last three decades;thus associated with an explosion of urban sprawl,placing informal settlements around the city and demolishing the fertile surrounding farmlands.The major part of Damascus urban sprawl has declared as informality(informal settlements).
Buildings sprawl informally,prompted urban crisis conditions as the city became crowded and out of control.The fifty detailed informal settlements which have been existed around the city are obviously result of the concentration policy of politics, industrial,trade,education and others services in Damascus.Otherwise,they cause a massive of daily,monthly and long time living flood migration.Furthermore the administrations' reaction is too slow comparing to the rate of the informal/formal urban sprawl and this is another effective reason of the city dilemma.A very high population detected,approximately 1.5 million inhabitants live in the informal settlements in the city region,and it is over 46%of the Damascus population.The majorities of these settlements suffer of dysfunctions and lack of infrastructure;involve serious consequences affecting the public health and the safety of the populations,as some buildings fell down in Daf-Alshouk settlement in Damascus in 2007.And the informality identified as the most important way of housing supply and urban sprawl in Syria.
The study hereby is researching the informal settlements sprawl effective factors and dynamics,focusing on Damascus city through its chronological evolution phases,and to understand the nowadays city urban sprawl then direct its growth to the right way as new and modern city with long history and two urban identities through:Indicate the chronological evolution of Damascus and the rising of informal settlements and its related factors,illustrate the relationship between Damascus as capital and the informal settlements sprawl within and around it,and Expose the relationship between the land ownership system and the informal settlements fabric types.And finally designate the major physical appearances of the informal settlements,which will manipulate and direct the general informal policy to introduce the urban informality as a new way of life.
大马士革的城市蔓延是伴随着非正式聚落产生与发展的,在叙利亚被称为elmokhalafat或elmanatiq elashwaiya。快速的经济和市场发展引起社会-文化和人口的改变,并由此勾画出叙利亚的主要城市轮廓。叙利亚的首都大马士革处于在正式规划理论影响下的城市建筑与规划重大转型中。在过去的30年中,大马士革的文化、经济、政治和社会都发生了巨大的变化,随之而来的是剧烈的城市蔓延,城市周边出现了大量的非正式聚落,并有大量的富饶农田被吞噬。大马士革的城市蔓延主要组成部分就是非正式(非正式聚落)。
建筑非正式地蔓延促使城市陷入过于拥挤并难于控制的危机。50个具体的城市非正式聚落在大马士革城市周边产生,正是城市在政治、工业、贸易、教育和其他服务业政策集中的结果。除此以外,还导致了大量每日、每月持续不断的移民潮。然而,城市管理部门对城市蔓延的反应过慢,这也是导致城市蔓延成为城市难题的原因之一。据调查,有大约15万人居住在城市内的非正式聚落中,超过大马士革总人口的46%。大多数的非正式聚落机能失调并缺乏相应的基础设施,严重的威胁到其中居民的健康和安全,例如2007年大马士革的Daf-Alshouk住区曾发生了严重的建筑倒塌事件。“非正式”可以看作是叙利亚最重要的住房供给方式和城市蔓延方式。
针对这些问题,本文主要探讨了城市蔓延的影响因素和动态特性,并主要以大马士革为例,按照年代顺序分析其城市蔓延的变迁模式,分析了现代城市的非正式聚落的形成与发展,并尝试找出引导其正确发展的方法,使具有悠久历史以及不同区域特征的城市发展成为健康的现代城市。研究包括,大马士革的城市蔓延变迁模式及其非正式聚落的产生、发展和相关影响因素。分析了大马士革作为首都与其内部和周边非正式聚落的关系,并进一步指出土地所有制度与聚落机理类型的关系。最后,得出非正式聚落的主要表现特征,提出通过对非正式政策进行指导,可以将非正式作为一种新的、有效的生存方式。
Once cities began to appear in the archaeological records,they rapidly become the safety place and the better life choices;they have been expanding and extending their territory to control their surrounding regions.Today's cities are complex structures,with numerous groups of elements interact internally and extemally,accumulating the earth population in urban areas.Generally,the urban sprawl -formally and informallyphenomenon became a big dilemma facing the city designers industrially,environmentally, socially etc.
The urban sprawl of Damascus concentrates and integrates together with informal settlements known as elmokhalafat & elmanatiq elashwaiya.The rapid economic and marketing development and in consequently socio-cultural and demographical changes mapped the major cities in Syria.Damascus-the capital city-is the midst of a profound transformation of architectural and planning developments under the severe theories of formal urban planning.Huge mass of cultural,economical,political and social changes have taken place in the city region during last three decades;thus associated with an explosion of urban sprawl,placing informal settlements around the city and demolishing the fertile surrounding farmlands.The major part of Damascus urban sprawl has declared as informality(informal settlements).
Buildings sprawl informally,prompted urban crisis conditions as the city became crowded and out of control.The fifty detailed informal settlements which have been existed around the city are obviously result of the concentration policy of politics, industrial,trade,education and others services in Damascus.Otherwise,they cause a massive of daily,monthly and long time living flood migration.Furthermore the administrations' reaction is too slow comparing to the rate of the informal/formal urban sprawl and this is another effective reason of the city dilemma.A very high population detected,approximately 1.5 million inhabitants live in the informal settlements in the city region,and it is over 46%of the Damascus population.The majorities of these settlements suffer of dysfunctions and lack of infrastructure;involve serious consequences affecting the public health and the safety of the populations,as some buildings fell down in Daf-Alshouk settlement in Damascus in 2007.And the informality identified as the most important way of housing supply and urban sprawl in Syria.
The study hereby is researching the informal settlements sprawl effective factors and dynamics,focusing on Damascus city through its chronological evolution phases,and to understand the nowadays city urban sprawl then direct its growth to the right way as new and modern city with long history and two urban identities through:Indicate the chronological evolution of Damascus and the rising of informal settlements and its related factors,illustrate the relationship between Damascus as capital and the informal settlements sprawl within and around it,and Expose the relationship between the land ownership system and the informal settlements fabric types.And finally designate the major physical appearances of the informal settlements,which will manipulate and direct the general informal policy to introduce the urban informality as a new way of life.
引文
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