中国收入分配与经济增长关系研究
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摘要
收入分配与经济增长的关系一直是经济学界讨论最多的问题之一，也是经济学研究领域中颇有争议的问题之一。但是迄今为止人们对收入分配与经济增长之间究竟是一种什么样的关系，从理论上尚未给出一个令人满意和十分有效的解释相应地也就无法针对收入分配与经济增长之间的现实冲突和矛盾提供有效的政策思路。因此有必要根据现实的经济条件和环境变化并运用科学的思维方式和研究方法对此问题再做深入系统的分析和探讨。
本文在国内外相关研究的基础上，从理论与实证两个角度分析转型期中国收入分配与经济增长的相互关系，试图建立一个“分配—增长”的一体化分析框架，通过对两者相互作用机制的理论和实证分析，寻求对经济增长有贡献，同时对改善收入分配有正面影响的因素，以进一步提高资源配置效率，加快经济增长，从而在经济发展过程中形成“分配—增长”相互促进型的良性循环机制。公平与效率的矛盾并不是绝对的，至少在一定发展阶段有必要重点协调两者的关系。
本文共分为五个部分：
第一部分为引言，概括介绍了研究转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系的重要意义，国内外关于收入分配与经济增长关系的相关研究，以及本文的研究思路与框架；
第二部分为收入分配与经济增长关系的理论考察，对收入分配与经济增长关系的一般理论和国内外学者的实证研究作了详细论述；
第三部分为转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系研究，深入分析了转型期中国收入分配与经济增长的相互作用机制；
第四部分为转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系的实证分析，运用计量经济方法对转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系进行定量分析。
第五部分为结束语，综合全文的研究和结论，提供能够缓解转型期中国收入分配与经济增长之间矛盾的相关政策建议，并提出需要进一步研究的问题。
It is one of the questions most frequently discussed by the economic circles all the time that income distribution and economic growth have been concerned, and it is also one of the quite disputable questions in the research fields of economics. But what a kind of relation is it on earth to assign to income distribution and economic growth, up till now people have not given out a satisfactory and very effective explanation yet theoretically; correspondingly, people are unable to offer the effective policies directed against realistic conflicts and contradictions between income distribution and economic growth. Consequently, it is necessary to use the scientific mode of thinking and research approach to deepen the analysis and discussion systematically again as to this question according to realistic economic conditions and environments.
On the basis of domestic and international relevant researches, this paper analyzes the interrelation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period from theoretical and experiential perspectives, and attempts to set up an integrative analysis frame of "distribution-growth"; and through the theoretical and experiential analysis on the interaction mechanism of the two to seek factors that contribute to the economic growth and have positive influence on improving income distribution, so as to raise resource distribution efficiency further and accelerate economic growth, thus to form a benign cycle mechanism of "distribution-growth" of mutually promoting nature in the course of economic development. The contradictions between fair and efficiency are not absolute; at least it is necessary to coordinate the relation of the two especially in certain developing stage.
This paper divides into five parts altogether:
The first part is foreword. It summarizes and recommends the significance to study the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period, domestic and international relevant researches on the relation
between income distribution and economic growth, and the research train of thought and frame of this paper.
The second part is the theory retrospect with the relation between income distribution and economic growth. It expounds in detail the general theories of the relation between income distribution and economic growth and the relative researches of domestic and international scholars.
The third part is the study of the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period. It analyzes in depth the interaction mechanism between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period.
The fourth part is the experiential analysis of the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period. It carries on quantitative analysis of the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period.
The fifth part is the concluding remarks. It synthesizes the researches and conclusions of this paper, and offers relative policies and suggestions that will be able to alleviate the contradictions between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period, and proposes the questions need to study further.
本文在国内外相关研究的基础上，从理论与实证两个角度分析转型期中国收入分配与经济增长的相互关系，试图建立一个“分配—增长”的一体化分析框架，通过对两者相互作用机制的理论和实证分析，寻求对经济增长有贡献，同时对改善收入分配有正面影响的因素，以进一步提高资源配置效率，加快经济增长，从而在经济发展过程中形成“分配—增长”相互促进型的良性循环机制。公平与效率的矛盾并不是绝对的，至少在一定发展阶段有必要重点协调两者的关系。
本文共分为五个部分：
第一部分为引言，概括介绍了研究转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系的重要意义，国内外关于收入分配与经济增长关系的相关研究，以及本文的研究思路与框架；
第二部分为收入分配与经济增长关系的理论考察，对收入分配与经济增长关系的一般理论和国内外学者的实证研究作了详细论述；
第三部分为转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系研究，深入分析了转型期中国收入分配与经济增长的相互作用机制；
第四部分为转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系的实证分析，运用计量经济方法对转型期中国收入分配与经济增长关系进行定量分析。
第五部分为结束语，综合全文的研究和结论，提供能够缓解转型期中国收入分配与经济增长之间矛盾的相关政策建议，并提出需要进一步研究的问题。
It is one of the questions most frequently discussed by the economic circles all the time that income distribution and economic growth have been concerned, and it is also one of the quite disputable questions in the research fields of economics. But what a kind of relation is it on earth to assign to income distribution and economic growth, up till now people have not given out a satisfactory and very effective explanation yet theoretically; correspondingly, people are unable to offer the effective policies directed against realistic conflicts and contradictions between income distribution and economic growth. Consequently, it is necessary to use the scientific mode of thinking and research approach to deepen the analysis and discussion systematically again as to this question according to realistic economic conditions and environments.
On the basis of domestic and international relevant researches, this paper analyzes the interrelation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period from theoretical and experiential perspectives, and attempts to set up an integrative analysis frame of "distribution-growth"; and through the theoretical and experiential analysis on the interaction mechanism of the two to seek factors that contribute to the economic growth and have positive influence on improving income distribution, so as to raise resource distribution efficiency further and accelerate economic growth, thus to form a benign cycle mechanism of "distribution-growth" of mutually promoting nature in the course of economic development. The contradictions between fair and efficiency are not absolute; at least it is necessary to coordinate the relation of the two especially in certain developing stage.
This paper divides into five parts altogether:
The first part is foreword. It summarizes and recommends the significance to study the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period, domestic and international relevant researches on the relation
between income distribution and economic growth, and the research train of thought and frame of this paper.
The second part is the theory retrospect with the relation between income distribution and economic growth. It expounds in detail the general theories of the relation between income distribution and economic growth and the relative researches of domestic and international scholars.
The third part is the study of the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period. It analyzes in depth the interaction mechanism between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period.
The fourth part is the experiential analysis of the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period. It carries on quantitative analysis of the relation between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period.
The fifth part is the concluding remarks. It synthesizes the researches and conclusions of this paper, and offers relative policies and suggestions that will be able to alleviate the contradictions between China's income distribution and economic growth in the transformation period, and proposes the questions need to study further.
引文
[1] 陈宗胜：《经济发展中的收入分配》[M]，上海三联书店出版社，1991年版。
[2] 陈宗胜，《改革发展与收入分配》[M]，复旦大学出版社，2000年3月版。
[3] 陈宗胜、周云波：非法非正常收入对居民收入差别的影响及其经济学解释[J]，《经济研究》，2001年第4期。
[4] 陈宗胜、周云波：《再论改革与发展中的收入分配》[M]，经济科学出版社，2002年8月版。
[5] 成思危：《中国经济改革与发展研究》[M]，中国人民大学出版社，2001年9月版。
[6] 郭熙保：《经济发展—理论与政策》[M]，中国社会科学出版社，2000年版。
[7] 胡鞍钢：中国收入分配变化与共同富裕目标[N]，美国《侨报》，1992年10月6日。
[8] 李强：中国的贫富差距与市场转型[J]，《中国特色社会主义研究》，1999年第6期。
[9] 李实：中国经济发展中的收入分配[J]，载中国留美经济学会，中国经济论坛编委会《效率、公平与改革开放》，北京大学出版社，1993年版。
[10] 李实：中国农村劳动力流动与收入增长和分配[J]，《中国社会科学》，1999年第2期。
[11] 李实、赵人伟：中国居民收入分配再研究[J]，《经济研究》，1999年第4期。
[12] 李振明：《经济转型与居民消费结构演进》[M]，经济科学出版社，2001年版。
[13] 鲁友章、李宗正主编：《经济学说史》(上册)[M]，人民出版社，1979年版。
[14] 权衡：收入分配与经济增长：一体化互动关系权衡[J]，《上海科学院学术季刊》，2002年第1期。
[15] 周振华主编：《收入分配》[M]，上海人民出版社，2003年1月版。
[16] 曾国安、郑美琴：中国与其他经济转轨国家收入差距变化的比较[J]，《当代经济研究》，2002年第二期。
[17] 张道根：《经济发展与收入分配》[M]，上海社科院出版社，1993年8月版。
[18] 张道根：《中国收入分配制度变迁》[M]，江苏人民出版社，1999年9月版。
[19] 赵人伟：劳动者个人收入分配的苦干变化趋势[J]，《经济研究》，1985年第3期。
[20] 赵人伟、李实：中国居民收入差距的扩大及其原因[J]，《经济研究》，1997年第9期。
[21] 中国农村发展问题研究组：国民经济新成长阶段和农村发展[J]，《经济研究》，1985年第7期。
[22] 周文兴：中国城镇居民收入分配与经济增长关系实证分析[J]，《经济科学》，2002年第1期。
[23] 《马克思恩格斯全集》[M]，人民出版社，1979年版。
[24] [美]马尔科姆·吉利斯：《发展经济学》[H]，经济科学出版社，1989年版。
[25] 亚当·斯密：《国富论》(上卷)[M]，商务印书馆，1972年版。
[26] Adelman, I. and Morris, C. T.: Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries. Stanford University Press, 1973.
[27] Ahluwalia, M. S.: Inequality, Poverty and development. Journal of Development Economics, 1975, 3: 307-342.
[28] Alesina, A., and Rodrik, D.: Distributive politics and economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1994, 109: 465-490.
[29] Anand, S., Kanbur, S. M. R.: Inequality and development: a critique. Journal of Development Economics, 1993, 41(1): 19-43.
[30] Barro, R.: Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 2000, 65: 5-32.
[31] Bourguignon, F: Pareto superiority of unegalitarian equilibriums in Stiglitz's model of wealth distribution with convex saving function. Econometrica 49, 1981:1469-1475.
[32] Bourguignon, F: Growth, distribution, and human resources. In En Route to Modern Growth, G. Ranis (ed.). John Hopkins University Press, 1994.
[33] Bruno. M., M. Ravallion and L. Squire.: Equity and growth in developing countries: old and new perspectives on the policy issues. Policy Research Working Paper No. 1518, World Bank, 1995.
[34] Campano, Fred and Salvatore, Dominic: Economic Development, Income Distribution, and the Kuznets Hypothesis. Journal of Policy Modeling, June 1988, 10(2).
[35] Chenery H. B., Ahluwalia, M. S., Bell, C. L. G, Duloy, J. H. And Jolly, R.: Redistribution with Growth. Oxford University Press, 1974.
[36] Clarke, G..: More evidence on income distribution and growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1995, 47(2): 403-427.
[37] Cline, W. R.: Distribution and development: a survey of literature. Journal of Development Economics, 1975, Vol. 1.
[38] Deininger, K., and L. Squire: Measuring income inequality: a new data-base. World Bank Economic Review, 1996, 10(3): 565-591.
[39] Deininger, K., and L. Squire: Inequality and growth: Results from a new data set. Journal of Development Economics, 1998, 57: 259-287.
[40] Deininger K.: New ways of looking at old issues: inequality and growth. Journal of Development Economics, Vol.57, 1998, P262.
[41] Fields, G. S.: Poverty, Inequality and Development. Cambridge University Press, 1980.
[42] Fields, G. S.: Employment, Income distribution and economic growth in seven mall open economics. Economic Journal, 1984, Vol. 94, No. 373, March.
[43] Fishlow, A.: Brazilian size distribution of Income. American Economic Review, 1972, 62, No.2.
[44] Forbes, K.: A Reassessment of the Relationship between Inequality and Growth. American Economic Review, 2000, Vol. 90, No.4, 869-887.
[45] Jha, S.K.: The Kuznets curve: A reassessment. World Development, 1996, 24.
[46] Khan, Azizur, Keith Griffin, Carl Riskin, Zhao Renwei: Household income and its distribution in China. China Quarterly; 1992, 132.
[47] Kravis, G.: International Differences in the Distribution of Income. Review of Economic and Statistics. 1960, 42, No.4.
[48] Kuznets: Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, Vol.45, No. 1, 1995.
[49] Lal, P.: The Poverty of "Development Economics". Hobart Paperback 16, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1983.
[50] Li, H., and H. Zou: Income inequality is harmful for growth: theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 1998, 2:318-334.
[51] Murphy, K., Schleifer, A., and Vishny, R.: Income Distribution, Market Size, and Industrialization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1989, 104: 537-64.
[52] Papanek, Gustav F, and Oldrich Kyn.: Flattening the Kuznets Curve: The Effect on Income Distribution of Development, the Rate of Growth and Economic Strategy. Economics Department. Boston University. 1981. (Discussion Paper No. 76)
[53] Paukert, F: Income distribution at different levels of development: a survey of evidence.
International Labour Review, September, 1973.
[54] Perotti, R.: Fiscal policy, income distribution, and growth. Columbia University, Working Paper, November, 1992, 636.
[55] Perotti, R.: Income distribution and investment. European Economic Review, 1994, 38: 827-835.
[56] Perotti, R.: Growth, income distribution and democracy: What the data say. Journal of Economic Growth, 1996, 1(2): 149-187.
[57] Persson, T., and G. Tabellini: Is inequality harmful for growth? Theory and evidence. American Economic Review, 1994, 48:600-621.
[58] Saith, A.: Development and distribution: a critique of the cross-country U-hypothesis. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 13, No.3, 1983.
[59] Stiglitz, J. E.: The distribution of income and wealth among individuals. Econometrica, 1969, 37: 382-397.
[60] Weiskoff. R.: Income distribution and economic growth in Puerto Rico, Argentina and Mexico. Review of Income and Wealth, December, 1970.
[2] 陈宗胜，《改革发展与收入分配》[M]，复旦大学出版社，2000年3月版。
[3] 陈宗胜、周云波：非法非正常收入对居民收入差别的影响及其经济学解释[J]，《经济研究》，2001年第4期。
[4] 陈宗胜、周云波：《再论改革与发展中的收入分配》[M]，经济科学出版社，2002年8月版。
[5] 成思危：《中国经济改革与发展研究》[M]，中国人民大学出版社，2001年9月版。
[6] 郭熙保：《经济发展—理论与政策》[M]，中国社会科学出版社，2000年版。
[7] 胡鞍钢：中国收入分配变化与共同富裕目标[N]，美国《侨报》，1992年10月6日。
[8] 李强：中国的贫富差距与市场转型[J]，《中国特色社会主义研究》，1999年第6期。
[9] 李实：中国经济发展中的收入分配[J]，载中国留美经济学会，中国经济论坛编委会《效率、公平与改革开放》，北京大学出版社，1993年版。
[10] 李实：中国农村劳动力流动与收入增长和分配[J]，《中国社会科学》，1999年第2期。
[11] 李实、赵人伟：中国居民收入分配再研究[J]，《经济研究》，1999年第4期。
[12] 李振明：《经济转型与居民消费结构演进》[M]，经济科学出版社，2001年版。
[13] 鲁友章、李宗正主编：《经济学说史》(上册)[M]，人民出版社，1979年版。
[14] 权衡：收入分配与经济增长：一体化互动关系权衡[J]，《上海科学院学术季刊》，2002年第1期。
[15] 周振华主编：《收入分配》[M]，上海人民出版社，2003年1月版。
[16] 曾国安、郑美琴：中国与其他经济转轨国家收入差距变化的比较[J]，《当代经济研究》，2002年第二期。
[17] 张道根：《经济发展与收入分配》[M]，上海社科院出版社，1993年8月版。
[18] 张道根：《中国收入分配制度变迁》[M]，江苏人民出版社，1999年9月版。
[19] 赵人伟：劳动者个人收入分配的苦干变化趋势[J]，《经济研究》，1985年第3期。
[20] 赵人伟、李实：中国居民收入差距的扩大及其原因[J]，《经济研究》，1997年第9期。
[21] 中国农村发展问题研究组：国民经济新成长阶段和农村发展[J]，《经济研究》，1985年第7期。
[22] 周文兴：中国城镇居民收入分配与经济增长关系实证分析[J]，《经济科学》，2002年第1期。
[23] 《马克思恩格斯全集》[M]，人民出版社，1979年版。
[24] [美]马尔科姆·吉利斯：《发展经济学》[H]，经济科学出版社，1989年版。
[25] 亚当·斯密：《国富论》(上卷)[M]，商务印书馆，1972年版。
[26] Adelman, I. and Morris, C. T.: Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries. Stanford University Press, 1973.
[27] Ahluwalia, M. S.: Inequality, Poverty and development. Journal of Development Economics, 1975, 3: 307-342.
[28] Alesina, A., and Rodrik, D.: Distributive politics and economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1994, 109: 465-490.
[29] Anand, S., Kanbur, S. M. R.: Inequality and development: a critique. Journal of Development Economics, 1993, 41(1): 19-43.
[30] Barro, R.: Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 2000, 65: 5-32.
[31] Bourguignon, F: Pareto superiority of unegalitarian equilibriums in Stiglitz's model of wealth distribution with convex saving function. Econometrica 49, 1981:1469-1475.
[32] Bourguignon, F: Growth, distribution, and human resources. In En Route to Modern Growth, G. Ranis (ed.). John Hopkins University Press, 1994.
[33] Bruno. M., M. Ravallion and L. Squire.: Equity and growth in developing countries: old and new perspectives on the policy issues. Policy Research Working Paper No. 1518, World Bank, 1995.
[34] Campano, Fred and Salvatore, Dominic: Economic Development, Income Distribution, and the Kuznets Hypothesis. Journal of Policy Modeling, June 1988, 10(2).
[35] Chenery H. B., Ahluwalia, M. S., Bell, C. L. G, Duloy, J. H. And Jolly, R.: Redistribution with Growth. Oxford University Press, 1974.
[36] Clarke, G..: More evidence on income distribution and growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1995, 47(2): 403-427.
[37] Cline, W. R.: Distribution and development: a survey of literature. Journal of Development Economics, 1975, Vol. 1.
[38] Deininger, K., and L. Squire: Measuring income inequality: a new data-base. World Bank Economic Review, 1996, 10(3): 565-591.
[39] Deininger, K., and L. Squire: Inequality and growth: Results from a new data set. Journal of Development Economics, 1998, 57: 259-287.
[40] Deininger K.: New ways of looking at old issues: inequality and growth. Journal of Development Economics, Vol.57, 1998, P262.
[41] Fields, G. S.: Poverty, Inequality and Development. Cambridge University Press, 1980.
[42] Fields, G. S.: Employment, Income distribution and economic growth in seven mall open economics. Economic Journal, 1984, Vol. 94, No. 373, March.
[43] Fishlow, A.: Brazilian size distribution of Income. American Economic Review, 1972, 62, No.2.
[44] Forbes, K.: A Reassessment of the Relationship between Inequality and Growth. American Economic Review, 2000, Vol. 90, No.4, 869-887.
[45] Jha, S.K.: The Kuznets curve: A reassessment. World Development, 1996, 24.
[46] Khan, Azizur, Keith Griffin, Carl Riskin, Zhao Renwei: Household income and its distribution in China. China Quarterly; 1992, 132.
[47] Kravis, G.: International Differences in the Distribution of Income. Review of Economic and Statistics. 1960, 42, No.4.
[48] Kuznets: Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, Vol.45, No. 1, 1995.
[49] Lal, P.: The Poverty of "Development Economics". Hobart Paperback 16, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1983.
[50] Li, H., and H. Zou: Income inequality is harmful for growth: theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 1998, 2:318-334.
[51] Murphy, K., Schleifer, A., and Vishny, R.: Income Distribution, Market Size, and Industrialization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1989, 104: 537-64.
[52] Papanek, Gustav F, and Oldrich Kyn.: Flattening the Kuznets Curve: The Effect on Income Distribution of Development, the Rate of Growth and Economic Strategy. Economics Department. Boston University. 1981. (Discussion Paper No. 76)
[53] Paukert, F: Income distribution at different levels of development: a survey of evidence.
International Labour Review, September, 1973.
[54] Perotti, R.: Fiscal policy, income distribution, and growth. Columbia University, Working Paper, November, 1992, 636.
[55] Perotti, R.: Income distribution and investment. European Economic Review, 1994, 38: 827-835.
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