社会网络与经济发展
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摘要
尽管社会资本的观点在当代经济学思想中处于尴尬的地位,但是其概念和研究范式的提出是当代经济学研究内容和方法上的重要突破。基于有助于行动的社会关系和社会结构是一种可利用的资源这一基本的理论逻辑,以假设提出一规范分析—-实证研究为研究思路,研究讨论了作为社会资本的社会网络的经济效用及与经济发展的关系。
基于国内外文献的研究和实践的探索,研究发现大量的文献把社团和社会网络作为社会资本的变量进行研究,事实上,社会资本的存在是以社会网络为载体的,是社会资源在网络行动者间转移的渠道。因此,社会资本的产出与效用都是基于社会互动的社会网络上发生并产生效率的。从网络关系上看,因为不同社会偏好和社会价值而产生的社会网络关系的不同强度,会为行动者带来不同的连带效应。从网络结构上看,行动者个体的网络位置决定其不受其他行动者控制、或控制其他行动者及资源的能力,行动者群体网络不同结构的决定着网络及其行动者的资源优势。作为一种资本,社会网络的参与及其关系和结构的维持需要时间及其他资源的投入,并受到社会网络所处的社会环境影响。
基于社会交换理论,研究构建了社会网络依赖关系和社会网络信任关系二元关系模型。研究发现,由替代来源的稀缺性放大的效用,使行动者一方对另一方的依赖意味着另一方对行动者一方的支配权力,这种权力配置决定着行动者间的依赖关系,在多次重复交易中,这种依赖关系长期保持,合作成为可能。信任关系产生于行动者之间的关系不能完全为合同所约束的情形下而行动者之间的交换依然有利可图时,信任的偏好演化是所在环境中的一个缓慢过程,而行动者行动的选择是个快速的变化过程,社会网络信任关系与行动者的行动选择之间的内在关系取决于社会网络信任人口和社会网络信任关系状况。
基于社会结构理论,研究把作为社会资本的社会网络结构界定为网络行动者对其决策环境中获得的资源和融入社会的可能性及认知程度。研究发现,包容性是产生社会凝聚的一种方法,在一个包容性的经济体中,行动者有较大的积极性去投资社会资本。社会网络包容性影响着行动者与进入经济体系和对社会资本投资回报的信念,在信息约束和复杂性约束下,交换关系中产生的剩余取决于网络的包容性和交换环境的复杂性。
基于浙江省的36个县域的数据,通过主成份分析方法,研究厘定了社会网络的社会资本特性测量指标,并对浙江36县域的社会网络进行测量比较。基于对GDP指标的修正,研究构建了区域经济发展的指标。根据论文的理论分析,研究构建社会网络社会资本特性和区域经济发展之间的结构方程模型,探索了两者之间的关系,研究发现作为社会资本的社会网络不同特性与不同特性的社会网络对经济发展的不同方面影响向度与强度不同。
研究从社会资本的宏大方法中走出来,摆脱了社会资本与作为社会资本的社会网络概念缠绕不清的困境,不再只停留在社会资本对经济绩效来说好的或是坏的断论上,而是从社会资本一般的讨论转向具体机制的研究方式,是社会资本与社会网络研究方法的创新与研究内容的丰富。研究揭示了作为社会资本的社会网络关系和社会网络结构的经济效用和对经济发展方面的不同影响,为经济发展内生非均衡性作出全新的解释,具有一定的理论与现实意义。
Although the theory of social capital is embarrassed in the contemporary economic thoughts, social capital and its paradigm could be a breakthrough in area and methods of the recent economics. Based on the basic logic that social relations and social structure are a kind of accessible resource, along with the clue of hypothesis, normative analysis and empirical tests, this dissertation studies the economic benefit and development promotion of social networks as social capital.
Based on review of the literatures, the dissertation finds that the large number of literatures took association and social network as the proxy of social capital. In fact, social capital is a mechanism of exchange of social resource among actors, which occurs depending on social network. Therefore, the output and utility of social capital depend on the networks which happen with social interaction. From the point of networks relationship, resulting from the different social preference and values, the strength of social network relations will provide different effects of ties. From the point of network structure, the actor's individual position in social network will decide the capacities of controlling other actors and resource, freedom of being not controlled by other actors. The structure of group network will decide the advantage of resource of network and its actors. As a kind of capital, the investment, maintaining of social network will cost time and other resource, and be affected by environment in which social network occurs.
Based on the theory of social exchange, the dissertation constructs a binary relations model with social networks dependence relationship and social networks trust relationship. The dissertation finds that the effects of scarcity of substitute result into the dependence of among actors, which implies an actor or more predominating over others, the dependence relations among actors depends on this predominating power configuration, the dependence relations will maintain with repeated exchange, and thus cooperation will be possible. When the contracts can not regulate the relations among actors but exchange will benefit for them, trust relationship occurs. The evolution of trust preference is a tardy process, while the choice of actors is rapid. The equilibrium of tardy process and rapid choice depends on the trustful population size and the state of social trust relationship in networks.
Based on the theory of social structure, the dissertation defines the social network structure as a kind of social capital, which is the possibilities and cognition of actors to access resource and society in network environment. The study finds that inclusiveness can generate social cohesion; actors will have more initiative to invest social capital in a inclusive economy system. The network inclusiveness influences the action and belief of actors to access to economy system and to invest social capital. In the constraints of information and complexity, the surplus of exchange depends on network inclusiveness and complexity of exchange environment.
Based on the data of 36 counties in Zhejiang Province, the dissertation proposes the indicators of social network as social capital with the method of PCA, and measures and compares the social network as social capital of 36 counties in Zhejiang Province. The dissertation also modifies the GDP as an indicator of economic development, and proposes indicators of regional economic development. With SEM between social network as social capital and economic development, this study finds that social networks with different features as social capital have different directional and intensional effects on different aspects of economic development.
The research goes out of confining of the grand methods of social capital, and clearly distinguishes social network as social capital with social capital itself. The research focuses no longer on the judgement of the effects of social capital on economic development, but adopts the discussion on the concrete mechanism rather than general analysis, which could be the innovation and enrichment of study of social network and social capital. The finds of the research on relationships between social networks as social capital with economic development could be an initial explanation, and have some theoretical and practical implication.
基于国内外文献的研究和实践的探索,研究发现大量的文献把社团和社会网络作为社会资本的变量进行研究,事实上,社会资本的存在是以社会网络为载体的,是社会资源在网络行动者间转移的渠道。因此,社会资本的产出与效用都是基于社会互动的社会网络上发生并产生效率的。从网络关系上看,因为不同社会偏好和社会价值而产生的社会网络关系的不同强度,会为行动者带来不同的连带效应。从网络结构上看,行动者个体的网络位置决定其不受其他行动者控制、或控制其他行动者及资源的能力,行动者群体网络不同结构的决定着网络及其行动者的资源优势。作为一种资本,社会网络的参与及其关系和结构的维持需要时间及其他资源的投入,并受到社会网络所处的社会环境影响。
基于社会交换理论,研究构建了社会网络依赖关系和社会网络信任关系二元关系模型。研究发现,由替代来源的稀缺性放大的效用,使行动者一方对另一方的依赖意味着另一方对行动者一方的支配权力,这种权力配置决定着行动者间的依赖关系,在多次重复交易中,这种依赖关系长期保持,合作成为可能。信任关系产生于行动者之间的关系不能完全为合同所约束的情形下而行动者之间的交换依然有利可图时,信任的偏好演化是所在环境中的一个缓慢过程,而行动者行动的选择是个快速的变化过程,社会网络信任关系与行动者的行动选择之间的内在关系取决于社会网络信任人口和社会网络信任关系状况。
基于社会结构理论,研究把作为社会资本的社会网络结构界定为网络行动者对其决策环境中获得的资源和融入社会的可能性及认知程度。研究发现,包容性是产生社会凝聚的一种方法,在一个包容性的经济体中,行动者有较大的积极性去投资社会资本。社会网络包容性影响着行动者与进入经济体系和对社会资本投资回报的信念,在信息约束和复杂性约束下,交换关系中产生的剩余取决于网络的包容性和交换环境的复杂性。
基于浙江省的36个县域的数据,通过主成份分析方法,研究厘定了社会网络的社会资本特性测量指标,并对浙江36县域的社会网络进行测量比较。基于对GDP指标的修正,研究构建了区域经济发展的指标。根据论文的理论分析,研究构建社会网络社会资本特性和区域经济发展之间的结构方程模型,探索了两者之间的关系,研究发现作为社会资本的社会网络不同特性与不同特性的社会网络对经济发展的不同方面影响向度与强度不同。
研究从社会资本的宏大方法中走出来,摆脱了社会资本与作为社会资本的社会网络概念缠绕不清的困境,不再只停留在社会资本对经济绩效来说好的或是坏的断论上,而是从社会资本一般的讨论转向具体机制的研究方式,是社会资本与社会网络研究方法的创新与研究内容的丰富。研究揭示了作为社会资本的社会网络关系和社会网络结构的经济效用和对经济发展方面的不同影响,为经济发展内生非均衡性作出全新的解释,具有一定的理论与现实意义。
Although the theory of social capital is embarrassed in the contemporary economic thoughts, social capital and its paradigm could be a breakthrough in area and methods of the recent economics. Based on the basic logic that social relations and social structure are a kind of accessible resource, along with the clue of hypothesis, normative analysis and empirical tests, this dissertation studies the economic benefit and development promotion of social networks as social capital.
Based on review of the literatures, the dissertation finds that the large number of literatures took association and social network as the proxy of social capital. In fact, social capital is a mechanism of exchange of social resource among actors, which occurs depending on social network. Therefore, the output and utility of social capital depend on the networks which happen with social interaction. From the point of networks relationship, resulting from the different social preference and values, the strength of social network relations will provide different effects of ties. From the point of network structure, the actor's individual position in social network will decide the capacities of controlling other actors and resource, freedom of being not controlled by other actors. The structure of group network will decide the advantage of resource of network and its actors. As a kind of capital, the investment, maintaining of social network will cost time and other resource, and be affected by environment in which social network occurs.
Based on the theory of social exchange, the dissertation constructs a binary relations model with social networks dependence relationship and social networks trust relationship. The dissertation finds that the effects of scarcity of substitute result into the dependence of among actors, which implies an actor or more predominating over others, the dependence relations among actors depends on this predominating power configuration, the dependence relations will maintain with repeated exchange, and thus cooperation will be possible. When the contracts can not regulate the relations among actors but exchange will benefit for them, trust relationship occurs. The evolution of trust preference is a tardy process, while the choice of actors is rapid. The equilibrium of tardy process and rapid choice depends on the trustful population size and the state of social trust relationship in networks.
Based on the theory of social structure, the dissertation defines the social network structure as a kind of social capital, which is the possibilities and cognition of actors to access resource and society in network environment. The study finds that inclusiveness can generate social cohesion; actors will have more initiative to invest social capital in a inclusive economy system. The network inclusiveness influences the action and belief of actors to access to economy system and to invest social capital. In the constraints of information and complexity, the surplus of exchange depends on network inclusiveness and complexity of exchange environment.
Based on the data of 36 counties in Zhejiang Province, the dissertation proposes the indicators of social network as social capital with the method of PCA, and measures and compares the social network as social capital of 36 counties in Zhejiang Province. The dissertation also modifies the GDP as an indicator of economic development, and proposes indicators of regional economic development. With SEM between social network as social capital and economic development, this study finds that social networks with different features as social capital have different directional and intensional effects on different aspects of economic development.
The research goes out of confining of the grand methods of social capital, and clearly distinguishes social network as social capital with social capital itself. The research focuses no longer on the judgement of the effects of social capital on economic development, but adopts the discussion on the concrete mechanism rather than general analysis, which could be the innovation and enrichment of study of social network and social capital. The finds of the research on relationships between social networks as social capital with economic development could be an initial explanation, and have some theoretical and practical implication.
引文
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