洛川剖面典型古土壤生物标志物及植被环境
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摘要
生物标志物是地质时期生物体的“遗迹”，其分布和地球化学组合特征可以反映当时的生物信息及沉积环境状况。生物残体经历漫长地质环境改造后，大部分物质的组成和结构发生变化，但以分子级存在的生物标志物却保留了生物原有的基本碳网骨架。目前，生物标志化已在古植被和古气候环境方面进行了大量的研究，研究载体己涉及到气溶胶、海相沉积物、湖相和泥炭沉积物、洞穴石笋、黄土、古植被、雪冰和海相碳酸盐等，并已取得了大量研究成果。
中国黄土分布广泛、沉积连续、携带的环境信息丰富，与深海沉积物、极地冰芯并称为全球变化研究的三大支柱，国内外学者对中国黄土进行了大量的研究并取得了丰硕的成果，洛川剖面作为黄土高原中部的标准剖面之一，一直是人们关注的焦点。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对连续取样的洛川黄土剖面弱古土壤层(L_1SS_1)和相邻黄土层(L_1LL_1,L_1LL_2)的生物标志物进行了检测，获得正构烷烃、正烷基-2-酮和酰胺等种类众多、丰度较高的生物标志物。W_(草/植)=nC_(31)／(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))、W_(木／植)=(nC_(27)+nC_(29))／(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))和W_(木／草)=(nC_(27)+nC_(29))／(nC_(31)+nC_(33))记录反映了草本与植被、木本与植被、木本与草本比例变化规律的古植被信息。通过磁化率、粒度和分子化石指标的相关性分析，认为磁化率、粒度记录了环境变化及主要气候事件；而分子化石能较好地反映古植被变化。当气候环境由干冷向暖湿变化、水热配置条件改善时，植被变化响应较迅速：当环境恶化、转向干冷时，响应较弱或滞后，这种现象可能是由于植被生态系统稳定性造成的结果。对洛川剖面S_4古土壤及相邻的L_5、L_4部分黄土样品的生物标志物进行连续检测，获得包括正构烷烃、正烷基-2-酮和类异戊二烯等丰富的类脂物分子。比较样品正构烷烃与磁化率的相关性、原地源正构烷烃与磁化率的相关性，结合CPI指标并考虑黄土的风成因素，认为源自地层生物标志物真实地反映了地质时期的植被状况。正构烷烃平均碳链长度(ACL)与磁化率和粒度变化有很好的对比性，记录了地质时期的环境变化信息，环境由冷干向暖湿变化时同步性较好，由暖湿向冷干转变时ACL值记录滞后。正构烷烃碳数分布及比值参数揭示：由黄土沉积L_5向古土壤S_4过渡时以C_(29)为主峰，显示以木本输入为优势；在古土壤S_4发育时期，以C_(31)为主峰，草本比例增大、木本比例减小，具明显的草本输入优势。正构烷烃C_(31)／(C_(29)+C_(31))比值可以作为植被类型指标，L_5黄土层C_(31)／(C_(29)+C_(31))值小于0．5，为荒漠植被类型，S_4古土壤层C_(31)／(C_(29)+C_(31))值大于0．5，为草本植被类型。对S_5古土壤及相临部分黄土的生物标志物研究，从正构烷烃分布特征看，高碳数具有显著的奇偶优势，所有样品均以C_(31)为主峰，丰度分布为：C_(27) 小狐山湖泊沉积(晚更新世中晚期湖相沉积)的生物标志物显示，正构烷烃以C_(29)为主峰，洛川剖面在该地质时期(Sm)却以C_(31)为主峰，表明洛川原地源的生物标志物虽然受源区影响，但并没有覆盖原地生物标志物的信号，洛川剖面的生物标志物揭示了相应地质时期的古植被和古环境。磁化率和粒度与原地源正构烷烃参数具有相关性揭示了正构烷烃与环境变化的一致性，证明正构烷烃来自该地质环境条件下的植被，由此重建的古植被是可靠的，正构烷烃有机分子表明洛川黄土塬发育草原植被。
Biomarker is the remnant of vegetation and animal in stratum, its distribution and geochemistry characters record bio-formation or geo-history environment. The component and configuration of bio-remnant could change with geohistory environment, but fossil molecules have original C-structure of biology. So far, there are lots of study works on paleo-vegetation and environment which have been done, the research areas have reached aerosol, marine sediments, lacustrine and peat sediments, cave stalagmite, loess, paleo-vegetation, glacier, and estuarine sediments (rocks), and lots of achievements are obtained.
The loess is widely distributed in the Northwestern China and has served as one of the best archives for paleoenvironment reconstruction. Together with deep sea sediments and ice core studies, they were considered mainstays of the global changes and great achievements have been documented in the recent decades. Using the GC-MS, biomarkers of samples taken from the weak developed paleosol (L1SS1) and loess layers (L_1LL_1 and L_1LL_2) in Luochuan loess section, which is one of the standard Quaternary typical section in NW China, were measured continuously, it was found that all the samples are rich in n-alkanes and other biomarkers. The indices, such as W_(g/v) = nC_(31)/(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31)), W_(w/v) = (nC_(27)+ nC_(29))/(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31)), and W_(w/g) = (nC_(27)+ nC_(29))/(nC_(31)+nC_(33)) recorded the ratios between grass and total vegetation, trees and total vegetation, trees and grass, which further represents the vegetation change history. The CPI of all the tested paleosol (L_1SS_1) samples change from 5.60 to 11.50, and much larger than 1, which indicate that the influences unrelated to the climate during the soil formation are neglectable. Based on the relative relationship analyses between magnetic susceptibility, grain size and biomarker indices, it proved that the magnetic susceptibility and grain size, the relativity reaches as high as -0.81, recorded the environmental change and climatic events, while the biomarkers related to the paleovegetation changes. When the climate changed from cold-dry to warm-humid, that means the improvements of the temperature and precipitation, the vegetation changes very quickly. While the environment deteriorated, that means when the climate changed from warm-humid to cold-dry, the vegetation changes lagged the climate changes and/or resistant to the changes, this phenomena might attribute to the stability of the vegetation system itself. Biomarker of all the samples analyzed characterized by a high carbon number majority of C_(31), therefore, indicate that grass predominant the vegetation during interstadial of last glacier in Luochuan area and there was no forest developed during that time. We emphasize that this statement is limited in the study area and could be applied to situation all over the whole Loess Plateau as the climatic environment condition might be very different from studied area to the southern at that time, as that of today. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, we identified a series of biomarkers, including n-alkane, n-alkane-2-ones, isoprenoid etc from the loess-paleosol samples collected from the S_4 and adjacent L5, L4 of the Luochuan loess section, Northwestern China. Based on these data, especially n-alkanes and high-resolution magnetic susceptibility and grain size data, the paleoenvironment and paleovegetation history during S_4 was reconstructed. The CPI (Carbon Predominance Index) and correlation between n-alkanes and magnetic susceptibility and grain size data demonstrated that the molecular fossils in paleosol and loess layers can reflect the vegetation condition during the loess-paleosol formation, if the allochthonous organic inputs could be excluded reasonably. The ACL (average chain length) index is correlated well with paleomagnetic susceptibility and grain size variations, displaying their good synchrony with warm and humid climate. However, it relatively lagged behind the paleomagnetic susceptibility and the grain size variations when the climate began to deteriorate. During the formation period of paleosol, the n-alkanes were dominated by C_(31) homologue, indicating that the primary organic input originated from herbs. Our study also demonstrated that the herbs were more flourish than wood plants in Loess Plateau, especially in the Luochuan area during the warm and humid phase, and there was no typical forest vegetation developed in the studied period. The n-alkanes of S_5 palaeosol have odd-carbon preference, the carbon distribution in all samples peaked at C_(31) homologue, the abundance of C_(27) The biomarkers of Xiaohushan lake sediments (MIS3) show that n-alkanes are dominated by C_(29), but n-alkanes of Luochuan section (Sm) is dominated by C31, which shows the biomarkers are influenced by those of original region, but it record Paleovegetation and environment. Our study provides the most important information of the paleovegetation during the Late Pleistocene in Luochuan area, northern of the Loess Plateau. It proved that biomarkers could provide useful information on the vegetation development in the past, and such kind of results can be useful for the reforestation in the area, which bears practical significance to improve the modern environment.
中国黄土分布广泛、沉积连续、携带的环境信息丰富，与深海沉积物、极地冰芯并称为全球变化研究的三大支柱，国内外学者对中国黄土进行了大量的研究并取得了丰硕的成果，洛川剖面作为黄土高原中部的标准剖面之一，一直是人们关注的焦点。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对连续取样的洛川黄土剖面弱古土壤层(L_1SS_1)和相邻黄土层(L_1LL_1,L_1LL_2)的生物标志物进行了检测，获得正构烷烃、正烷基-2-酮和酰胺等种类众多、丰度较高的生物标志物。W_(草/植)=nC_(31)／(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))、W_(木／植)=(nC_(27)+nC_(29))／(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))和W_(木／草)=(nC_(27)+nC_(29))／(nC_(31)+nC_(33))记录反映了草本与植被、木本与植被、木本与草本比例变化规律的古植被信息。通过磁化率、粒度和分子化石指标的相关性分析，认为磁化率、粒度记录了环境变化及主要气候事件；而分子化石能较好地反映古植被变化。当气候环境由干冷向暖湿变化、水热配置条件改善时，植被变化响应较迅速：当环境恶化、转向干冷时，响应较弱或滞后，这种现象可能是由于植被生态系统稳定性造成的结果。对洛川剖面S_4古土壤及相邻的L_5、L_4部分黄土样品的生物标志物进行连续检测，获得包括正构烷烃、正烷基-2-酮和类异戊二烯等丰富的类脂物分子。比较样品正构烷烃与磁化率的相关性、原地源正构烷烃与磁化率的相关性，结合CPI指标并考虑黄土的风成因素，认为源自地层生物标志物真实地反映了地质时期的植被状况。正构烷烃平均碳链长度(ACL)与磁化率和粒度变化有很好的对比性，记录了地质时期的环境变化信息，环境由冷干向暖湿变化时同步性较好，由暖湿向冷干转变时ACL值记录滞后。正构烷烃碳数分布及比值参数揭示：由黄土沉积L_5向古土壤S_4过渡时以C_(29)为主峰，显示以木本输入为优势；在古土壤S_4发育时期，以C_(31)为主峰，草本比例增大、木本比例减小，具明显的草本输入优势。正构烷烃C_(31)／(C_(29)+C_(31))比值可以作为植被类型指标，L_5黄土层C_(31)／(C_(29)+C_(31))值小于0．5，为荒漠植被类型，S_4古土壤层C_(31)／(C_(29)+C_(31))值大于0．5，为草本植被类型。对S_5古土壤及相临部分黄土的生物标志物研究，从正构烷烃分布特征看，高碳数具有显著的奇偶优势，所有样品均以C_(31)为主峰，丰度分布为：C_(27)
Biomarker is the remnant of vegetation and animal in stratum, its distribution and geochemistry characters record bio-formation or geo-history environment. The component and configuration of bio-remnant could change with geohistory environment, but fossil molecules have original C-structure of biology. So far, there are lots of study works on paleo-vegetation and environment which have been done, the research areas have reached aerosol, marine sediments, lacustrine and peat sediments, cave stalagmite, loess, paleo-vegetation, glacier, and estuarine sediments (rocks), and lots of achievements are obtained.
The loess is widely distributed in the Northwestern China and has served as one of the best archives for paleoenvironment reconstruction. Together with deep sea sediments and ice core studies, they were considered mainstays of the global changes and great achievements have been documented in the recent decades. Using the GC-MS, biomarkers of samples taken from the weak developed paleosol (L1SS1) and loess layers (L_1LL_1 and L_1LL_2) in Luochuan loess section, which is one of the standard Quaternary typical section in NW China, were measured continuously, it was found that all the samples are rich in n-alkanes and other biomarkers. The indices, such as W_(g/v) = nC_(31)/(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31)), W_(w/v) = (nC_(27)+ nC_(29))/(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31)), and W_(w/g) = (nC_(27)+ nC_(29))/(nC_(31)+nC_(33)) recorded the ratios between grass and total vegetation, trees and total vegetation, trees and grass, which further represents the vegetation change history. The CPI of all the tested paleosol (L_1SS_1) samples change from 5.60 to 11.50, and much larger than 1, which indicate that the influences unrelated to the climate during the soil formation are neglectable. Based on the relative relationship analyses between magnetic susceptibility, grain size and biomarker indices, it proved that the magnetic susceptibility and grain size, the relativity reaches as high as -0.81, recorded the environmental change and climatic events, while the biomarkers related to the paleovegetation changes. When the climate changed from cold-dry to warm-humid, that means the improvements of the temperature and precipitation, the vegetation changes very quickly. While the environment deteriorated, that means when the climate changed from warm-humid to cold-dry, the vegetation changes lagged the climate changes and/or resistant to the changes, this phenomena might attribute to the stability of the vegetation system itself. Biomarker of all the samples analyzed characterized by a high carbon number majority of C_(31), therefore, indicate that grass predominant the vegetation during interstadial of last glacier in Luochuan area and there was no forest developed during that time. We emphasize that this statement is limited in the study area and could be applied to situation all over the whole Loess Plateau as the climatic environment condition might be very different from studied area to the southern at that time, as that of today. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, we identified a series of biomarkers, including n-alkane, n-alkane-2-ones, isoprenoid etc from the loess-paleosol samples collected from the S_4 and adjacent L5, L4 of the Luochuan loess section, Northwestern China. Based on these data, especially n-alkanes and high-resolution magnetic susceptibility and grain size data, the paleoenvironment and paleovegetation history during S_4 was reconstructed. The CPI (Carbon Predominance Index) and correlation between n-alkanes and magnetic susceptibility and grain size data demonstrated that the molecular fossils in paleosol and loess layers can reflect the vegetation condition during the loess-paleosol formation, if the allochthonous organic inputs could be excluded reasonably. The ACL (average chain length) index is correlated well with paleomagnetic susceptibility and grain size variations, displaying their good synchrony with warm and humid climate. However, it relatively lagged behind the paleomagnetic susceptibility and the grain size variations when the climate began to deteriorate. During the formation period of paleosol, the n-alkanes were dominated by C_(31) homologue, indicating that the primary organic input originated from herbs. Our study also demonstrated that the herbs were more flourish than wood plants in Loess Plateau, especially in the Luochuan area during the warm and humid phase, and there was no typical forest vegetation developed in the studied period. The n-alkanes of S_5 palaeosol have odd-carbon preference, the carbon distribution in all samples peaked at C_(31) homologue, the abundance of C_(27)
引文
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