青藏高原沙蜥的进化研究
|
摘要
青藏高原面积约240 Km~2,大部分地区海拔在4000-5000 m。上新世以来,青藏高原隆升塑造了高原内部和周遍地区独特的异质性自然环境,这对高原地区生物多样性的形成产生了重要影响,使高原成为地球中低纬度生物多样性高分布地区与生物多样性研究的模式地之一。
沙蜥是青藏高原最为醒目的爬行动物,几乎遍布整个高原,种群数量丰富,是研究青臧高原动物进化生物学的好材料。以青臧高原隆升,环境演变为背景,研究高原特有的沙蜥的进化生物学具有无可替代的科学理论价值。本论文选择青藏高原上沙蜥属的物种为研究对象,从形态学、生态学、分子生物学、生态遗传学、生物地理学、系统地理学、系统发生和分类学等多个学科交叉研究其进化。
在种内,青海沙蜥个体随海拔升高变小,四肢相对长度增长,与Bergmann规律和Allen规律不相符。青海沙蜥个体大小的变异受与海拔梯度相关的环境因素的作用,如高海拔低温、低氧、短的活动季节以及低的食物可利用性等。在高海拔动物有氧代谢活动受限的情况下,相对增加四肢的生长可能与沙蜥增强活动能力有关。
在种间,青海沙蜥个体比低海拔荒漠种组大,符合Bergmann规律。青海沙蜥尾椎骨数目显著少于低海拔荒漠种组的尾椎骨数。此外,与低海拔相比,高海拔青海沙蜥种群相对尾长缩短、平均尾椎骨数目减少。这说明尾长变异符合Allen规律,尾椎骨数变异不符合Jordan规律。其种间或种内形态的变异主要受到了遗传和系统发生的影响。
此外,分布于寒冷干燥环境下的西藏沙蜥腹部有黑斑,且多具棕红色斑,而分布于较温暖和湿润地区的西藏沙蜥不具这一特点,腹部体色特征的变异不符合Gloger规律。
青海沙蜥高海拔种群雌性产小窝大仔,具有较小的窝仔数变异系数、低的窝仔投入,但给每个小仔的投入高。青海沙蜥种群生殖对策从低海拔的r-对策逐渐过渡到高海拔的K-对策。
青海沙蜥的遗传多样性随海拔升高下降,随温度升高而升高,与降雨成负相关,在温度和降雨稳定地区遗传多样性较高。说明在高海拔低温、缺氧、繁殖季节短、太阳辐射强烈以及多变的环境作用下,只有少数遗传型才能适应。这种遗传多样性的变异可能是高海拔个体大小和K-对策选择的遗传基础。
青藏高原沙蜥mtDNA的进化并未趋于饱和,分子进化受中性选择作用,并且受到自然选择压力。与其它几种沙蜥相比,分布海拔最高的红尾沙蜥碱基异义替换与同义替换比值最大,其mtDNA仍处于强烈适应进化中。
青藏高原沙蜥,包括红尾沙蜥、贵德沙蜥和青海沙蜥,在系统树上共同组成一个单系,分歧时间发生在5.06±0.68百万年前(Million years ago,Mya)。大部分遗传变异发生在分支或地区之间,表明高原沙蜥各大分支之间基因交流长期中断。青海沙蜥系统地理格局的形成主要受到上新世和更新世高原三个主要隆升时期,即青藏运动A幕(3.4 Mya)、B幕(2.5 Mya)和C幕(1.7 Mya)的影响。在这个时期发生的高原整体隆升和山脉抬升、昆黄运动、共和运动以及湖泊演变,形成了高原内部迥异的地质地貌,限制了沙蜥的基因交流,塑造了高原沙蜥的系统地理结构和历史种群动态。
青藏高原沙蜥系统树上有三个古老分支,在地理上相当于西藏沙蜥和泽当沙蜥分布区。两个分支分歧早于贵德沙蜥,其中最早从祖先分歧出来的一支分布于藏南谷地,另外一支分布于藏南谷地以西喜马拉雅山和冈底斯山之间的雅鲁藏布江、马泉河流域。还有一支组成贵德沙蜥的姐妹支,分布于西藏阿里地区,并且与分布于藏南谷地的分支分布区重叠。重叠分布的两大分支样本形态非常相似,并且与重叠区中的一个分支在阿里地区分布的样本形态差异明显,表明重叠区两分支祖先二次相遇后很可能发生了基因的相互渗透,或是受到相同环境下趋同进化的影响而使形态相似。
贵德沙蜥进化分支和青海沙蜥柴达木分支在共和沙珠玉地区重叠分布,重叠区相当于共和古湖。受共和运动的作用,共和古湖在0.15 Mya迅速消失,演变为共和盆地,青海沙蜥和贵德沙蜥祖先得以进入共和盆地二次相遇,并发生杂交。
以分子系统地理、系统分类原理和方法,以及遗传学证据厘定了青藏高原沙蜥属的种和种下分类。南疆沙蜥(P.forsythii)、贵德沙蜥(P.putjatia)、西藏沙蜥(P.theobaldi)、泽当沙蜥(P.zetangensis)和东方沙蜥(P.orientalis)为单型种,红尾沙蜥(P.erythrurus)和青海沙蜥(P.vlangalii)为多型种。红尾沙蜥分化为指名亚种(P.erythrurus erythrurus)和莫云亚种(P.erythrurus parva),两亚种由唐古拉山隔离。青海沙蜥分化为指名亚种(P.vlanglaii vlangalii)、普氏亚种(P.vlangalii pylzowi)与南山亚种(P.vlangalii nanschanica),它们之间的地理分布不连续,基因交流间断,独立进化。
总之,晚中新世以来青藏高原及所属山脉的抬升、更新世的冰川作用、昆黄运动、共和运动以及湖泊的演替决定了青臧高原沙蜥属的分子进化、物种形成、亚种分化与种群系统地理结构。高原的抬升所造就的高海拔低温、缺氧、短的活动季节和低的食物可利用性的环境,决定了青海沙蜥形态和生活史对策。
The Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau is an immense upland(approximately 2.4 million km~2),averaging more than 4000 m above sea level in altitude.Environmental heterogeneity in internal and adjacent areas of Tibetan Plateau had been greatly shaped by the uplifting of plateau since Pliocene,which had great impact on the formation of biological diversity in the plateau and drove the plateau overlapping with the southwestern China mountains' biodiversity hotspot.Moreover,the plateau is becoming a model region for the researches of biodiversity.
Distributing almost the whole Tibetan Plateau,Phrynocephalus lizards have been paid attention and their tremendous populations provide good model organisms for analyzing evolutionary biology.Because of continuing uplifting and environmental changing,Tibetan Plateau had unique environmental diversity and biological diversity. Studies on those endemic species have great and irreplaceable theoretical value.As model organisms,a number of researches concerning evolutionary biology on Phrynocephalus in Tibetan Plateau have been done,including morphology,ecology, molecular biology,ecological genetics,phylogeography,phylogeny and taxonomy.
We investigated the evolution on morphology and reproductive characteristics in P.vlangalii along elevational and climatic gradients.The morphological variation pattern follows the converse to Bergmann's rule and it suggests that this body size pattern is driven by temperature,air pressure,length of the activity season and available food resources.However,P.vlangalii has shorter relative limb length which mismatches the Alien's rule and it is suggested to strengthen the ability of activity in high altitude with hypoxia environment.
Besides these morphological variations mentioned above,P.vlangalii has fewer tail vertebrae and larger body size than oviparous Phrynocephalus lizard in low elevations,which indicates that these variations among species of Phrynocephalus are affected mainly by the genetic and phylogenetic factors.As a result,these variations match the Bergmann's rule and mismatch the Jordan's rule.However,P.theobaldi in colder and more arid environments was often found with brown-red patch and/or black plaque in abdomen,but could not be found in warmer and wetter environments, e.g.,valleys in southern Tibet.
It could be concluded that the reproductive strategies of P.vlangalii fit into the common pattern of animals in higher elevation,which have smaller clutches of larger offspring and lower reproductive output.At higher altitudinal environments,the lizards have lower coefficient of litter size variation.The decreased litter size cline along elevational gradients might also be correlated with more anatomical constraints at higher elevations.This strategy of females showed the shifting from r-strategy to K-strategy along with increasing altitude.
The genetic diversity of P.vlangalii decreased with increasing elevation, increasing rainfall and decreasing environmental temperature.There was a higher genetic diversity in temperature and rainfall stable regions.These were similar with the results of P.vlangalii' evolution on morphology and reproduction,which suggests that fewer genotypes of P.vlangalii are selected in higher elevation and extreme environments,e.g.lower temperature,hypoxia,stronger solar radiation.
The test on nucleotide substitution indicates that the evolution of mtDNA has not reached saturation.Moreover,P.erythrurus has the highest nucleotide nonsynonymous substitution/synonymous substitution value in Phrynocephalus lizards in Tibet.The results indicate that P.erythrurus is still in the process of adaptive evolution under higher altitudinal environments.
Phylogenetic analyses revealed that P.vlangalii and two other proposed species (P.erythrurus and P.putjatia)together form a monophyletic mtDNA clade,which in contrast with previous studies does not include P.theobaldi and P.zetangensis.The main P.vlangalli clade comprises seven well-supported lineages that correspond to distinct geographical areas with little or no overlap,and share a most recent common ancestor at 5.06±0.68 million years ago(mya).Analyses of molecular variance indicated that most of the observed genetic variations occurred among populations/regions,which implys the long-term interruption of maternal gene flow. A combined approach based on tests of population expansion,estimation of node dates,and significance tests on clade areas indicated that phylogeographical structuring has been primarily shaped by three main periods of plateau uplift during the Pliocene and Pleistocene,specifically 3.4 mya,2.5 mya and 1.7 mya.These periods corresponded to the appearance of several mountain ranges that formed physical barriers between lineages.Populations from the Qaidam Basin are shown to have undergone major demographic and range expansions in the early Pleistocene. This is consistent with colonization of areas previously covered by the huge Qaidam paleo-lake,which desiccated at this time.It was the role of uplifting of Tibetan Plateau(e.g.,Qingzang Movement),Kunlun-Yellow Movement,Gonghe Movement, the desiccating of paleo-lakes(e.g.,Qaidam and Gonghe paleolakes)that remolded the quite different geomorphology in Tibetan Plateau.These events shaped current patterns of diversity.
Analyses on phylogeography of Phrynocephalus in Tibetan Plateau discovered two older evolutionary lineages than the clade corresponding to P.putjatia.One earlier diverged clade corresponding to valleys in southern Tibet,and another corresponding to the west of southern Tibet valleys between Himalayas and Gangdise mountains.The third but latest diverged clade of P.theobaldi nested as a sister clade with P.putjatia,its distributions not only covered the Ali area in Tibet,but reached into Galleys in southern Tibet.Interestingly,our results showed that the earliest diverged clade was completely overlapped with the latest diverged clade in the valleys of southern Tibet.There were obviously morphological differences between specimens from valleys in southern Tibet and from Ali region in western Tibet. Moreover,we propose that lizards with similar morphology of these two geographically overlapped clades might have been undergoing introgression since second contact occurred.However,besides hybridization on driving morphological convergence,it is still not safe to exclude the role of morphological convergent evolution under similar condition.
MtDNA hybridization between P.vlangalii and P.putjatia was firstly reported in Phrynocephalus,which occurred in the sympatric region(Shazhuyu village,Gonghe county,Qinghai Plateau)and was considered as reciprocal introgression of mtDNA. The hybridization between the two lizard species was estimated at about 0.19-0.16 mya,which was coincided with the time of disappearance of the Gonghe paleo-lake at 0.15 mya,suggesting that the two species experienced second contact.Genetic introgression might occur after these two lizard species dispersed into the contact region when the Gonghe paleolake disappeared.
We provided good evidence to resolve the molecular taxonomic chaos for Phrynocephalus complex in Tibetan Plateau with complete lineage sorting.There are five monotypic species including P.forsythii,P.putjatia,P.theobaldi,P.zetangensis, P.orientalis and two polytypic species including P.vlangalii and P.erythrurus in the whole plateau.P.erythrurus diverged into P.erythrurus erythrurus and P.erythrurus pylzowi because of intervening of Tanggula mountains.P.vlanglaii diverged into P. vlangalii vlangalii,P.vlangalii pylzowi and P.vlangalii nanschanica.These three subspecies have discontinuous distribution and have been undergone long-term interruption of gene flow.
In summary,uplift of the Tibetan Plateau since Miocene is considered to be one of the most important geological events on shaping the diversity of Phrynocephalus. In more detail,many tectonic and geomorphical changing events e.g.,Qingzang Movement,Kun-Huang movement,Gonghe movement,evolution of paleo-lakes,had driven the formation of species and subspecies and shaped the geographical phylogenetic patterns of Phrynocephalus.Environmental heterogeneity,especially the low temperature,hypoxia,lower food availability and shorter seasonal activity, determined the evolutionary strategies on morphology and reproduction of P. vlangalii.
沙蜥是青藏高原最为醒目的爬行动物,几乎遍布整个高原,种群数量丰富,是研究青臧高原动物进化生物学的好材料。以青臧高原隆升,环境演变为背景,研究高原特有的沙蜥的进化生物学具有无可替代的科学理论价值。本论文选择青藏高原上沙蜥属的物种为研究对象,从形态学、生态学、分子生物学、生态遗传学、生物地理学、系统地理学、系统发生和分类学等多个学科交叉研究其进化。
在种内,青海沙蜥个体随海拔升高变小,四肢相对长度增长,与Bergmann规律和Allen规律不相符。青海沙蜥个体大小的变异受与海拔梯度相关的环境因素的作用,如高海拔低温、低氧、短的活动季节以及低的食物可利用性等。在高海拔动物有氧代谢活动受限的情况下,相对增加四肢的生长可能与沙蜥增强活动能力有关。
在种间,青海沙蜥个体比低海拔荒漠种组大,符合Bergmann规律。青海沙蜥尾椎骨数目显著少于低海拔荒漠种组的尾椎骨数。此外,与低海拔相比,高海拔青海沙蜥种群相对尾长缩短、平均尾椎骨数目减少。这说明尾长变异符合Allen规律,尾椎骨数变异不符合Jordan规律。其种间或种内形态的变异主要受到了遗传和系统发生的影响。
此外,分布于寒冷干燥环境下的西藏沙蜥腹部有黑斑,且多具棕红色斑,而分布于较温暖和湿润地区的西藏沙蜥不具这一特点,腹部体色特征的变异不符合Gloger规律。
青海沙蜥高海拔种群雌性产小窝大仔,具有较小的窝仔数变异系数、低的窝仔投入,但给每个小仔的投入高。青海沙蜥种群生殖对策从低海拔的r-对策逐渐过渡到高海拔的K-对策。
青海沙蜥的遗传多样性随海拔升高下降,随温度升高而升高,与降雨成负相关,在温度和降雨稳定地区遗传多样性较高。说明在高海拔低温、缺氧、繁殖季节短、太阳辐射强烈以及多变的环境作用下,只有少数遗传型才能适应。这种遗传多样性的变异可能是高海拔个体大小和K-对策选择的遗传基础。
青藏高原沙蜥mtDNA的进化并未趋于饱和,分子进化受中性选择作用,并且受到自然选择压力。与其它几种沙蜥相比,分布海拔最高的红尾沙蜥碱基异义替换与同义替换比值最大,其mtDNA仍处于强烈适应进化中。
青藏高原沙蜥,包括红尾沙蜥、贵德沙蜥和青海沙蜥,在系统树上共同组成一个单系,分歧时间发生在5.06±0.68百万年前(Million years ago,Mya)。大部分遗传变异发生在分支或地区之间,表明高原沙蜥各大分支之间基因交流长期中断。青海沙蜥系统地理格局的形成主要受到上新世和更新世高原三个主要隆升时期,即青藏运动A幕(3.4 Mya)、B幕(2.5 Mya)和C幕(1.7 Mya)的影响。在这个时期发生的高原整体隆升和山脉抬升、昆黄运动、共和运动以及湖泊演变,形成了高原内部迥异的地质地貌,限制了沙蜥的基因交流,塑造了高原沙蜥的系统地理结构和历史种群动态。
青藏高原沙蜥系统树上有三个古老分支,在地理上相当于西藏沙蜥和泽当沙蜥分布区。两个分支分歧早于贵德沙蜥,其中最早从祖先分歧出来的一支分布于藏南谷地,另外一支分布于藏南谷地以西喜马拉雅山和冈底斯山之间的雅鲁藏布江、马泉河流域。还有一支组成贵德沙蜥的姐妹支,分布于西藏阿里地区,并且与分布于藏南谷地的分支分布区重叠。重叠分布的两大分支样本形态非常相似,并且与重叠区中的一个分支在阿里地区分布的样本形态差异明显,表明重叠区两分支祖先二次相遇后很可能发生了基因的相互渗透,或是受到相同环境下趋同进化的影响而使形态相似。
贵德沙蜥进化分支和青海沙蜥柴达木分支在共和沙珠玉地区重叠分布,重叠区相当于共和古湖。受共和运动的作用,共和古湖在0.15 Mya迅速消失,演变为共和盆地,青海沙蜥和贵德沙蜥祖先得以进入共和盆地二次相遇,并发生杂交。
以分子系统地理、系统分类原理和方法,以及遗传学证据厘定了青藏高原沙蜥属的种和种下分类。南疆沙蜥(P.forsythii)、贵德沙蜥(P.putjatia)、西藏沙蜥(P.theobaldi)、泽当沙蜥(P.zetangensis)和东方沙蜥(P.orientalis)为单型种,红尾沙蜥(P.erythrurus)和青海沙蜥(P.vlangalii)为多型种。红尾沙蜥分化为指名亚种(P.erythrurus erythrurus)和莫云亚种(P.erythrurus parva),两亚种由唐古拉山隔离。青海沙蜥分化为指名亚种(P.vlanglaii vlangalii)、普氏亚种(P.vlangalii pylzowi)与南山亚种(P.vlangalii nanschanica),它们之间的地理分布不连续,基因交流间断,独立进化。
总之,晚中新世以来青藏高原及所属山脉的抬升、更新世的冰川作用、昆黄运动、共和运动以及湖泊的演替决定了青臧高原沙蜥属的分子进化、物种形成、亚种分化与种群系统地理结构。高原的抬升所造就的高海拔低温、缺氧、短的活动季节和低的食物可利用性的环境,决定了青海沙蜥形态和生活史对策。
The Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau is an immense upland(approximately 2.4 million km~2),averaging more than 4000 m above sea level in altitude.Environmental heterogeneity in internal and adjacent areas of Tibetan Plateau had been greatly shaped by the uplifting of plateau since Pliocene,which had great impact on the formation of biological diversity in the plateau and drove the plateau overlapping with the southwestern China mountains' biodiversity hotspot.Moreover,the plateau is becoming a model region for the researches of biodiversity.
Distributing almost the whole Tibetan Plateau,Phrynocephalus lizards have been paid attention and their tremendous populations provide good model organisms for analyzing evolutionary biology.Because of continuing uplifting and environmental changing,Tibetan Plateau had unique environmental diversity and biological diversity. Studies on those endemic species have great and irreplaceable theoretical value.As model organisms,a number of researches concerning evolutionary biology on Phrynocephalus in Tibetan Plateau have been done,including morphology,ecology, molecular biology,ecological genetics,phylogeography,phylogeny and taxonomy.
We investigated the evolution on morphology and reproductive characteristics in P.vlangalii along elevational and climatic gradients.The morphological variation pattern follows the converse to Bergmann's rule and it suggests that this body size pattern is driven by temperature,air pressure,length of the activity season and available food resources.However,P.vlangalii has shorter relative limb length which mismatches the Alien's rule and it is suggested to strengthen the ability of activity in high altitude with hypoxia environment.
Besides these morphological variations mentioned above,P.vlangalii has fewer tail vertebrae and larger body size than oviparous Phrynocephalus lizard in low elevations,which indicates that these variations among species of Phrynocephalus are affected mainly by the genetic and phylogenetic factors.As a result,these variations match the Bergmann's rule and mismatch the Jordan's rule.However,P.theobaldi in colder and more arid environments was often found with brown-red patch and/or black plaque in abdomen,but could not be found in warmer and wetter environments, e.g.,valleys in southern Tibet.
It could be concluded that the reproductive strategies of P.vlangalii fit into the common pattern of animals in higher elevation,which have smaller clutches of larger offspring and lower reproductive output.At higher altitudinal environments,the lizards have lower coefficient of litter size variation.The decreased litter size cline along elevational gradients might also be correlated with more anatomical constraints at higher elevations.This strategy of females showed the shifting from r-strategy to K-strategy along with increasing altitude.
The genetic diversity of P.vlangalii decreased with increasing elevation, increasing rainfall and decreasing environmental temperature.There was a higher genetic diversity in temperature and rainfall stable regions.These were similar with the results of P.vlangalii' evolution on morphology and reproduction,which suggests that fewer genotypes of P.vlangalii are selected in higher elevation and extreme environments,e.g.lower temperature,hypoxia,stronger solar radiation.
The test on nucleotide substitution indicates that the evolution of mtDNA has not reached saturation.Moreover,P.erythrurus has the highest nucleotide nonsynonymous substitution/synonymous substitution value in Phrynocephalus lizards in Tibet.The results indicate that P.erythrurus is still in the process of adaptive evolution under higher altitudinal environments.
Phylogenetic analyses revealed that P.vlangalii and two other proposed species (P.erythrurus and P.putjatia)together form a monophyletic mtDNA clade,which in contrast with previous studies does not include P.theobaldi and P.zetangensis.The main P.vlangalli clade comprises seven well-supported lineages that correspond to distinct geographical areas with little or no overlap,and share a most recent common ancestor at 5.06±0.68 million years ago(mya).Analyses of molecular variance indicated that most of the observed genetic variations occurred among populations/regions,which implys the long-term interruption of maternal gene flow. A combined approach based on tests of population expansion,estimation of node dates,and significance tests on clade areas indicated that phylogeographical structuring has been primarily shaped by three main periods of plateau uplift during the Pliocene and Pleistocene,specifically 3.4 mya,2.5 mya and 1.7 mya.These periods corresponded to the appearance of several mountain ranges that formed physical barriers between lineages.Populations from the Qaidam Basin are shown to have undergone major demographic and range expansions in the early Pleistocene. This is consistent with colonization of areas previously covered by the huge Qaidam paleo-lake,which desiccated at this time.It was the role of uplifting of Tibetan Plateau(e.g.,Qingzang Movement),Kunlun-Yellow Movement,Gonghe Movement, the desiccating of paleo-lakes(e.g.,Qaidam and Gonghe paleolakes)that remolded the quite different geomorphology in Tibetan Plateau.These events shaped current patterns of diversity.
Analyses on phylogeography of Phrynocephalus in Tibetan Plateau discovered two older evolutionary lineages than the clade corresponding to P.putjatia.One earlier diverged clade corresponding to valleys in southern Tibet,and another corresponding to the west of southern Tibet valleys between Himalayas and Gangdise mountains.The third but latest diverged clade of P.theobaldi nested as a sister clade with P.putjatia,its distributions not only covered the Ali area in Tibet,but reached into Galleys in southern Tibet.Interestingly,our results showed that the earliest diverged clade was completely overlapped with the latest diverged clade in the valleys of southern Tibet.There were obviously morphological differences between specimens from valleys in southern Tibet and from Ali region in western Tibet. Moreover,we propose that lizards with similar morphology of these two geographically overlapped clades might have been undergoing introgression since second contact occurred.However,besides hybridization on driving morphological convergence,it is still not safe to exclude the role of morphological convergent evolution under similar condition.
MtDNA hybridization between P.vlangalii and P.putjatia was firstly reported in Phrynocephalus,which occurred in the sympatric region(Shazhuyu village,Gonghe county,Qinghai Plateau)and was considered as reciprocal introgression of mtDNA. The hybridization between the two lizard species was estimated at about 0.19-0.16 mya,which was coincided with the time of disappearance of the Gonghe paleo-lake at 0.15 mya,suggesting that the two species experienced second contact.Genetic introgression might occur after these two lizard species dispersed into the contact region when the Gonghe paleolake disappeared.
We provided good evidence to resolve the molecular taxonomic chaos for Phrynocephalus complex in Tibetan Plateau with complete lineage sorting.There are five monotypic species including P.forsythii,P.putjatia,P.theobaldi,P.zetangensis, P.orientalis and two polytypic species including P.vlangalii and P.erythrurus in the whole plateau.P.erythrurus diverged into P.erythrurus erythrurus and P.erythrurus pylzowi because of intervening of Tanggula mountains.P.vlanglaii diverged into P. vlangalii vlangalii,P.vlangalii pylzowi and P.vlangalii nanschanica.These three subspecies have discontinuous distribution and have been undergone long-term interruption of gene flow.
In summary,uplift of the Tibetan Plateau since Miocene is considered to be one of the most important geological events on shaping the diversity of Phrynocephalus. In more detail,many tectonic and geomorphical changing events e.g.,Qingzang Movement,Kun-Huang movement,Gonghe movement,evolution of paleo-lakes,had driven the formation of species and subspecies and shaped the geographical phylogenetic patterns of Phrynocephalus.Environmental heterogeneity,especially the low temperature,hypoxia,lower food availability and shorter seasonal activity, determined the evolutionary strategies on morphology and reproduction of P. vlangalii.
引文
陈发虎,张维信.1993.甘青地区的黄土地层学与第四纪冰川问题.北京:科学出版社.
陈克造,Bowler JM.1985.柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖沉积特征及其古气候演化的初步研究.中国科学(B辑)5:463-473.
焦克勤,沈永平.2003.唐古拉山地区第四纪冰川作用与冰川特征.冰川冻土25:34-42.
李丙元,王富葆,张青松等.1983.西藏第四纪地质.北京:科学出版社.
李吉均,方小敏,潘保田,赵志军,宋有桂.2001.新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响.第四纪研究21:381-391.
林振耀,吴祥定.1981.青藏高原隆起前后的气候状况.青减高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京:科学出版社.
刘训,傅德荣,姚培毅.1992.青臧高原不同地体间的地层、生物区系及沉积构造演化史.北京:地质出版社.
蒲健辰,姚檀栋,王宁练,丁良福,张其花.2002.普若岗日冰原及其小冰期以来的冰川变化.冰川冻土24:87-92.
施雅风,崔之久,苏珍.2006.中国第四纪冰川与坏境变化.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社.
施雅风,李吉均,李炳元.1998.青臧高原晚新生代隆升和环境变化.广州:广东科学技术出版社.
施雅风.2004.青臧高原大冰盖假说的提出与扬弃.第四季研究24:10-18.
赵希涛.1981.青藏高原隆起幅度估算方法评述.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京:科学出版社.
朱震达,吴正,刘恕.1980.中国沙漠概论.北京:科学出版社.
Cui Z,Gao Q,Liu G,Pan B,Chen H.1996.Planation surfaces,palaeokarst and uplift of Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.Science in China Series D 39:391-400.
Harrison TM,Copeland P,Kidd WSF,Yin A.1992.Raising Tibet.Science 255:1663-1670.
Holder K,Montgomerie R,Friesen VL.1999.A test of glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in rock ptarmigan(Lagopus mutus).Evolution 53:1936-1950.
Li J,Fang X,Ma H,Zhu JJ,Pan BT,Chen HL.1996.Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic.Science in China Series D 39:380-390.
Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mittermeier CG,Fonseca GAB,Kent J.2000.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature 403:853-858.
Roy K,Valentine JW,Jablonski D,Kidwell SM.1996.Scales of climatic variability and time averaging in Pleistocene biotas:implications for ecology and evolution.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:458-463.
Wang J,Wang YJ,Liu ZC,Li JQ,Xi P.1999.Cenozoic environmental evolution of Qaidam Basin and its implications for the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the drying of central Asia.Paleogeography,Paleoclimatology,Paleoecology 152:37-47.
Zheng D,Li BY.1994.Evolution and differentiation of the physico-geographical environment of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau.The Journal of Chinese Geography 4:34-47.
鲍敏,曾阳,马建滨,袁平珍.1998.青海沙蜥和密点麻蜥的分布状况、生活规律及食性.青海师范大学学报(自然版)4:42-45.
常城,刘迺发,王磊.1993.变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)皮肤感受器形态观察.甘肃科学学报5:47-51.
常城,王子仁.1996.荒漠沙蜥皮肤感受器的形态学研究.兰州大学学报(自然版)32:92-97.
常城.1995.蜕皮周期中荒漠沙蜥表皮的组织学变化.兰州大学学报(自然版)31:55-60.
陈强,韩昭雪,宋志明.1993.变色沙蜥繁殖的研究.兰州大学学报29:199-203.
陈强.1994.丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥静止代谢率的研究.动物学研究15:12-18.
陈伟腾.1991.宁夏永宁杨显地区荒漠沙蜥春季种群结构.宁夏农学院学报12:47-50.
陈卓,安蓓,李仁德.2004.温度对荒漠沙蜥肝脏组织中SOD活性的影响.兰州大学学报(自然版)40:83-85.
戴昆,马明.1991.新疆南部三种沙蜥对山地及荒漠的适应性初报.干旱区研究1:47-49.
郭砺,包孟彩,刘立特.1998a.三种沙蜥肾脏组织学的初步观察.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)29:682-683.
郭砺,包孟彩,栾雅文.1998b.三种沙蜥消化道的组织学研究.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)29:291-293.
郭砺,赵辰光.2001.草原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus frontalis)生殖策略的研究.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)32:214-216.
郭砺.2004.内蒙古土默特平原生境变化对草原沙蜥种群的影响.内蒙古大学学报(自然皈)35:658-662.
郭砺.2005.人工灌丛生境草原沙蜥和丽斑麻蜥生态位分化的研究.内蒙古大学学报(自然皈)36:76-80.
韩昭雪,岳荣.1993.蜥蜴胃肠嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察.兰州大学学报(自然版)29:122-126.
胡淑琴,赵尔宓,江耀明,费梁,叶昌媛,胡其雄,黄庆云,黄永昭,田婉淑.1987.西藏两栖爬行动物.北京:科学出版社.
黄族豪,刘迺发.2002.青海沙蜥雌性生殖对策及进化.兰州大学学报(自然版)38:99-103.
江耀明,黄庆云,赵尔宓.1980.青海沙蜥—新亚种及其生态初步观察.动物学报26:178-183.
解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥精巢组织结构的季节性变化.青海师范大学学报(自然版)1:12-14.
金园庭,刘迺发,骆爽,马新年.2007.青海高原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus)分类、系统发生——基于mtDNA的研究.国内会议论文辑:中国动物学会两栖爬行动物第十一辑11:9-14.
金园庭,田仁荣,刘迺发.2006.四种沙蜥的形态地理变异:Bergmann规律和Allen规律的检验.动物学报52:838-845.
康旭,刘重斌,王子仁,李仁德,佘秋生.2005.荒漠沙蜥冬眠前与冬眠中期肝脏、胰腺、脂肪体超微结构的比较.动物学杂志40:103-107.
李仁德,陈强,刘迺发.1996.温度对蜥蜴血红蛋白及血浆总蛋白浓度的影响.动物学报42:248-252.
李仁德,李云鸿,陈强,马建苹.1999.荒漠沙蜥松果体褪黑激素含量的昼夜节律研究.中国动物学会:中国动物科学研究——中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.
李仁德,刘迺发,王金恒.1992.温度对荒漠沙蜥心脏活动影响的实验研究.动物学报38:42-47.
李仁德,刘迺发.1992.环境温度对荒漠沙蜥和密点麻蜥体温的影响以其对环境温度的选择.动物学研究13:47-52.
李仁德,沈剑敏,周桂花,吴鹏程,陈强.2001.荒漠沙蜥血清蛋白含量的年周期变动.兰州大学学报(自然版)37:87-90.
李仁德,沈剑敏.1999.荒漠沙蜥血糖浓度的昼夜变动及季节性变化.动物学研究1999:477-478.
李仁德,宋志明.1990.温度对荒漠沙蜥能量代谢、呼吸和水分蒸发的影响.兰州大学学报(自然版)26:107-112.
李仁德,杨明俊.2002.温度对荒漠沙蜥在体心脏单相动作电位的影响.兰州大学学报(自然版)38:94-98.
李瑶,李颂,郝杰.2003.草原沙蜥(Phyrnocephalus frontalis)不同体长个体间的温度选择比较.内豢古大学学报(自然版)34:668-670.
刘迺发,陈强,解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究.生态学报16:276-282.
刘迺发,李仁德,梁效成.1992.甘肃荒漠蜥蜴群落结构研究.动物学报38:377-384.
刘迺发,李仁德,孙红英.1993.甘肃河西荒漠蜥蜴多样性研究.甘肃科学学报3:48-52.
刘迺发,李仁德.1995.三种荒漠蜥蜴空间和营养生态位研究.生态学报15:48-53.
马继雄,鲍敏,曾阳,陈振宁.1999.青海沙蜥和密点麻蜥生存环境的比较研究.青海师范大学学报(自然版)3:46-48.
马明,王万雄,马晓敏.2000.用多元化分析方法研究温度对蜥蜴血红蛋白及血浆总量的影响.西北民族学院学报(自然版)21:38-42.
钱亚群,牛翠娟.2006.荒漠蜥蜴的温度适应策略.生物学通报41:7-9.
邱清波,杜宇,林炽贤.2007.沙蜥属13种蜥蜴基于16SrRNA序列的系统发生关系.海南师范大学学报(自然皈)20:350-354.
全仁哲,陈道富,张继锋.2006.变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)的耐饥能力与食性研究.石河子大学学报(自然版)24:436-438.
全仁哲,张继峰.2006.变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)的日活动频律研究.兵团教育学院学报16:16-19.
时磊.2006.变色沙蜥鳞片显微皮纹结构和功能.新疆农业大学学报29:10-12.
司克媛,刘忠虎,刘重斌,孙兰弟,王芳春,梁桂霞,俞诗源,王子仁.2006.强光照和全黑暗条件下荒漠沙蜥视网膜内GAP-43表达的免疫组织化学.动物学杂志41:108-112.
司克媛,刘忠虎,俞诗源,王子仁.2005.GAP-43在锦鲤荒漠沙蜥和雉鸡视网膜内分布的免疫组化研究.兰州大学学报(自然版)41:36-40.
宋鸣涛.1985a.陕西榆林地区两栖爬行动物调查.动物学杂志20:26-28.
宋鸣涛.1985b.榆林沙蜥的生态观测.动物学杂志20:5-7.
王典群,张钧.1997.荒漠沙蜥(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)松果复合体的显微和超微结构研究.甘肃科学学报9:44-49.
王典群.1992a.荒漠沙蜥松果眼和侧眼的比较.解剖学报23:347-349.
王典群.1992b.四种荒漠蜥蜴脑和脑神经的比较解剖.兰州大学学报(自然版)28:145-149.
王典群.1993.荒漠沙蜥第三眼的光镜和扫描电镜观察.兰州大学学报(自然版)29:117-121.
王国英,陈永国,翟荣仙.1985.变色沙蜥泄殖系统的解剖及组织学观察.新疆八一农学院学报4:25-30.
王顺庆,马小鹰.2000.甘肃民勤荒漠蜥蜴群落结构多元分析.西北民族学院学 报(自然版)21:43-48.
王硕果,曾宗永,吴鹏飞,蓝振江,王跃招.2004.青海沙蜥的巢域研究.四川大学学报(自然版)41:403-408.
王小立.1993.五种蜥蜴血液成分的测定与比较.南都学坛(自然版)13:36-38.
王跃招,J.Robert Macey.1993.中国沙蜥属的生态-地理分化.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学术会议论文集.
王跃招,江耀明.1992.青海沙蜥红原亚种分类地位的探讨.见江耀明主编:两栖爬行动物学论文集.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,刘志君,吴贯夫,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.1996a.西藏沙蜥属—新种——泽当沙蜥.动物学研究17:27-29.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,刘志君,吴贯夫,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.1996b.中国沙蜥属—新记录.动物分类学报21:9.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,Papenfuss TJ,Macey JR.1999.西藏几种沙蜥的分类、演化、分布及其与古地史的关系.动物学研究20:178-185.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,刘志君,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.2002.沙蜥属—有效种贵德沙蜥及红原沙蜥的分类研究(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科).动物分类学报27:372-383.
文陇英.2007.丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥的种群调查.甘肃科技学报19:88-90.
吴翠蘅.1993.草原沙蜥和避役骨骼解剖分析——游舌部蜥蜴(Ascalabotans)骨骼比较.北京师范大学学报(自然版)29:129-135.
吴敏,李萍,赵亚江,季肖东.1988.新疆三种沙蜥的核型分析.动物学研院10:153-154.
吴敏,马英梅.1994.旱地沙蜥的核型和Ag-NORs研究.新疆师范大学学报13:45-48.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,郭海燕,王硕果,曾宗永,曾涛,蔡红霞.2005a.青海沙蜥的生长及两性生长差异.四川大学学报(自然版)42:1252-1257.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,王硕果,曾涛,郭海燕,蔡红霞,曾宗永.2002.青海沙蜥(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科)种群的年龄结构与性别比.四川大学学报(自然科学版)39:1134-1139.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,朱波,曾宗永.2004.若尔盖青海沙蜥——洞穴密度与深度的生态内涵.动物学研究25:311-315.
吴鹏飞,曾宗永,王跃招,朱波.2005b.青海沙蜥种群密度调查的一种新方法.动物学杂志24:1241-1244.
吾玛尔·阿布力孜,古丽波斯坦·艾则孜.1999.东疆沙蜥和密点麻蜥的食性研究.干旱区研究16:10-13.
熊晔,张晋东,戴建洪,王跃招.2005.沙蜥属系统学研究综述.四川动物24:421-427.
徐海根,杨风翔,宋志明.1993a.荒漠沙蜥的年龄划分.生态学杂志12:30-32.
徐海根,杨凤翔,憎宗永,宋志明.1993b.腾格里荒漠沙蜥(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)年龄划分的研究.动物学报39:146-153.
杨军,温晓敏,原洪.2005.西藏两栖爬爬行动物考察报告3.从乌鲁木齐到拉萨.四川动物24:245-259.
俞诗源,严峰,王建林,王子仁.2006.游蛇和沙蜥肺微血管铸型的比较观察.四川大学学报(自然版)43:465-467.
俞诗源.1997.榆林沙蜥肺微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察.动物学杂志32:24-26.
原洪.1986.西藏羌塘高原考察报告.四川动物5:27.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,余平.1994.三种沙蜥核型的比较研究.动物学研究15:80-84.
张德禄,胡春香,俞诗源.2002.荒漠沙蜥肺动脉分布及毛细血管超微构筑.兰州大学学报48:90-94.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
赵肯堂.1964.沙蜥的泄殖系统及其繁殖习性.动物学杂志6:158-186.
赵肯堂.1979.中国沙蜥属的分类和分布研究.内蒙古大学学报2:111-121.
赵肯堂.1981.甘肃河西走廊的蜥蜴调查.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)12:71-75.
赵肯堂.1995.内蒙古沙蜥属一新种,四川动物(增刊),载赵尔宓主编:中国两栖动物地理区划—蛇蛙研究丛书(8):47-50.
赵肯堂.1997a.中国沙蜥属概述及种类检索.两栖爬行动物学研究.贵阳:贵州科技出版社.
赵肯堂.1997b.中国的沙蜥研究.动物学杂志32:15-19.
赵肯堂.1997c.中国的沙蜥及其鉴别特征记述.铁道师院学报14:27-32.
赵肯堂.1999.沙蜥属的分类术语及中国沙蜥图鉴.铁道师院学报16:46-53.
Anderson J.1872.On some Persian,Himalayan,and other reptiles.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1872:371-404.
Bedriaga JV.1889-1912.Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N.M.Przewalski nach Central-Asien untemommenen Reisen,Zoologischer Theil,Amphibien und Reptilien.Annual Reports of the Zoological Museum of the Emperor Academy of Sciences(St.Petersburg)3:79-278.
Blanford WT.1875.List of Mammalia collected by the late Dr.Stoliczka when attached to the embassy under Sir D.Forsyth in Kashmir,ladak,Eastern Turkestan,and Wakhan,with descriptions of new species.Journal of Assiatic Society for Bengal 44:191-196.
Blyth E.1863.Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Calcutta:Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Boulenger GA.1885.Catalogue of the lizards in the British museum.Natural History 1:369-380.
Golubev ML,Dunayev EA.1995.A new species of toad agama from western China.Russian Journal of Herpetology 2:5-9.
Guo XG,Wang YZ.2007.Partitioned Bayesian analyses,dispersal-vicariance analysis,and the biogeography of Chinese toad-headed lizards(Agamidae:Phrynocephalus)A re-evaluation.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45:643-662.
Jin YT,Brown RP,Liu NF.2008.Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii(Agamidae)on the Tibetan plateau.Molecular Ecology 17:1971-1982.
Jin YT,Liu NF,Li JL.2007.Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau.Belgium Journal of Zoology 137:197-202.
Jin YT,Liu NF.2007.Altitudinal variation in reproductive strategy of the toad-headed,Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai Plateau.Amphibia-Reptilia 28:509-515.
Liu C,Li R,Liu Z,Yin S,Wang Z.2006.The role of prostaglandins and the hypothalamus in thermoregulation in the lizard,Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Agamidae).Journal of Comparative Physiology B 176:321-328.
Merrell DJ.1981.Ecological Genetics.London:Longman.
Nikolskii AM.1913-1915.Chelonia and sauria.Vol.1 of reptiles,in Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries.Petrograd.1-352.
Omar A,Gofur M,Yang LZ.2000.Cytological study on the process of fertilization in Phrynocephalus forsythii(Anderson).Journal of Xinjiang University 17:69-73.
Omar A,Yang L.1999.Microstructural observation on the testis of Phrynocephalus forsythii(Anderson).Journal of Xinjiang University 16:53-57.
Pang JF,Wang YZ,Zhong Y,Hoelzel AR,Papenfuss TJ,Zeng XM,Ananjeva NB,Zhang YP.2003.A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae)inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27:398-409.
Pope CH.1935.Natural history of Central Asia,Vol.Ⅹ,The Reptiles of China.New York:American Museum of Nature History.
Shen JM,Li RD,Gao FY.2005.Effects of ambient temperature on lipid and fatty acid compositon in the oviparous lizards,Phrynocephalus przewalskii.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 142:293-301.
Strauch A.1876.Monggolia and the Tangut Country(Przhevalsky).Reptilia and Amphibia.The Imperial Russian Geographic Society 2:3-20.
Urquhart J,Bi K,Gozdzik A,Fu J.2005.Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci in the toad-headed lizards,Phrynocephalus przewalskii complex.Molecular Ecology Notes 5:928-930.
Wang YZ,Fu JZ.2004.Cladogenesis and vicariance patterns in the toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus versicolor species complex.Copeia 2:119-206.
Wermuth HL.1967.Das tirreich,liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilen:Agamidae.Liferung 86:75-91.
Xu H,Yang F.1995.Simulation model of activity of Phrynocephalus przewalskii.Ecological Modelling 77:197-204.
Xu HG,Yang FX.1993.Age classification and growth model of Phrynocephalus przewalskii.Ecological Modelling 70:127-135.
Zhang J,Lan G,Shen J,Li R.2007.Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems in tissues of a lizard(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)during hibernation.(in press).
Zhang XD,Ji X,Luo LG,Gao JF,Zhang L.2005.Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii.ACTA Zoologica Sinica 51:1006-1012.
Zhao EM,Adler K.1993.Herpetology of China.Oxford,Ohio,USA:Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles.
杜卫国,计翔.2001.蓝尾石龙子的生长、两性异形及雌性繁殖.动物学研究22:279-286.
计翔,杜卫国.2000.蝘蜒头、体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖.动物学研究21:349-354.
计翔,黄红英,胡晓忠,杜卫国.2002.中国石龙子雌体繁殖特征和卵孵化的地理变异.应用生态学报13:680-684.
计翔,王培潮,洪卫星.1991.多疣壁虎的繁殖生态研究.动物学报37:185-192.
林植华,计翔.2000.浙江丽水中国石龙子的食性、两性异形和雌性繁殖.生态学报20:304-310.
刘迺发,黄族豪.2007.中国石鸡生物学.北京:中国科学技术出版社.
穆红燕,杨萌,刘迺发.2008.青藏高原赭红尾鸲的繁殖.动物学报54:201-208.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第3版).北京:北京师范大学出版社.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,郭海燕,王硕果,曾宗永,曾涛,蔡红霞.2005.青海沙蜥的生长及两性生长差异.四川大学学报(自然版)42:1252-1257.
许雪峰,计翔.2003.山地麻蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形和食性的变化.应用生态学报14:557-561.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
张永普,计翔.2000.北草蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形及食性的变化.动物学研究21:181-186.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Adolph SC,Porter WP.1996.Growth,seasonality,and lizard life histories:age and size at maturity.Oikos 77:267-278.
Anderson RA,Vitt LJ.1990.Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards.Oecologia 84:145-157.
Andrews RM.1998.Geographic variation in field body temperature of Sceloporus lizards.Journal of Thermal Biology 23:329-334.
Angilletta M,Niewiarowski P,Dunham A,Leache A,Porter W.2004.Bergmann's clines in ectotherms:illustrating a life-history perspective with Sceloporine lizards.American Naturalist 164:169-183.
Angilletta MJ,Dunham AE.2003.The temperature-size rule in ectotherms:simple evolutionary explanations may not be general.American Naturalist 162:332-342.
Arnett AE,Gotelli NJ.1999.Geographic variation in life-history traits of the ant lion Myrmeleon immmaculatus:evolutionary implications of Bergmann's rule.Evolution 53:180-188.
Ashton K,Feldman C.2003.Bergman's rule in nonavian reptiles:turtles follow it,lizards and snakes reverse it.Evolution 57:1151-1163.
Ashton K,Tracy M,Queiroz A.2000.Is Bergmann's rule valid for mammals?American Naturalist 156:390-415.
Ashton KG.2002.Do amphibians follow Bergmann's rule? Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:708-706.
Atkinson D,Sibly RM.1997.Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle.Trends in Ecology &Evolution 12:235-239.
Atkinson D.1994.Temperature and organism size-a biological law for ectotherms?Advances in Ecological Research 25:1-58.
Badyaev AV,Ghalambor CK.2001.Evolution of life histories along elevational gradients:trade-off between parental care and fecundity.Ecology 82:2948-2960.
Badyaev AV.1997.Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism:a new pattem and altemative hypotheses.Behavioral Ecology 8:675-690.
Baur B,Raboud C.1988.Life history of the land snail Arianta arbustorum along an altitudinal gradient.Journal of Animal Ecology 57:71-87.
Beall CM.2000.Tibetan and Andean patterns of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia.Human Biology 72:201-228.
Beaupre SJ.1995.Effects of geographically variable thermal environment on bioenergetics of mottled rock rattlesnakes. Ecology 76: 1655-1665.
Belk MC, Houston DD. 2002. Bergmann's rule in ectotherms: a test using freshwater fishes. American Naturalist 160: 803-808.
Bergmann C. 1847. On the relations of size and thermo-economy in animals. Gottinger Studien 3: 595-708.
Blackburn TM, Gaston KJ, Loder N. 1999. Geographic gradients in body size: a clarification of Bergmann's rule. Drivers Distribution 5: 165-174.
Bogert CM. 1949. Thermoregulation in reptiles, a factor in evolution. Evolution 3: 195-211.
Brown RP, Griffin S. 2005. Lower selected body temperatures after food deprivation in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Journal of Thermal Biology 30: 79-83.
Burt WH. 1954. The subspecies category in mammals. Systematic Zoology 3: 99-104.
Burtt EH, Ichida JM. 2004. Gloger's rule, feather-degrading bacteria, and color variation among Song Sparrows. Condor 106: 681-686.
Chappell MA, Hayes JP, Snyder LRG. 1988. Hemoglobin polymorphisms in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): physiology of beta-globin variants and alpha-globin recombinants. Evolution 42: 681-688.
Croizat WJ. 1964. On the age of the races of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus domesticus) Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile 49: 93-107.
Darwin C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: JohnMurray.
De Witt CB. 1967. Precision of thermoregulation and its relation to environmental factors in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Physiological Zoology 40: 49-66.
Dobson FS, Wigginton JD. 1996. Environmental influences on the sexual dimorphism in body size of western bobcats. Oecologia 108: 610-616.
Du WG, Ji X, Zhang YP, Xu XF, Shine R. 2005. Identifying sources of variation in reproductive and life history traits among five populations of a Chinese lizard ( Takydromus septent rionalis, Lacertidae) Biological Journal of Linnean Society 85:443-453.
Dunham AE, Grant BW, Overall KL. 1989. Interfaces between biophysical and physiological ecology and the population ecology of terrestrial vertebrate ectotherms. Physiological Zoology 62: 335-355.
Endler JA. 1977. Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM, Spicer JI. 1998. Rapoport's rule time for an epitaph? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 70-74.
Gibbons JW, Lovich JE. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in turtles with emphasis on the slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Herpetological Monographs 4: 1-29. Gloger CL. 1833. Das Abandern der Vogel durch Einfluss des Klimas. August Schulz: Breslau.
Grant B, Dunham A. 1990. Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami. Ecology 71: 1765-1776.
Hadley ME. 1972. Functional significance of vertebrate integumental pigmentation American Zoologist 12: 63-76.
Hammond KA, Szewczak J, Krol E. 2001. Effects of altitude and temperature on organ phenotypic plasticity along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 1991 -2000.
Hendry MA, Wenburg JK, Myers KW, Hendry AP. 2002. Genetic and phenotypic variation through the migratory season provides evidence for multiple populations of wild steelhead in the Dean River, British Columbia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:418-434.
Humason GL. 1967. Animal tissue techniques. San Fransciso: Freeman Publishers. Hutchinson VH, Larimer HL. 1960. Reflectivity of the integuments of some lizards from different habitats. Ecology 41:199-209.
James FC. 1970. Geographic size variation in birds and it's relationship to climate. Ecology 51: 365-390:
Li H, Ji X, Qu YF, Gao JF, Zhang L. 2006. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the multi-ocellated racerunner Eremias multiocellata (Lacertidae). Acta Zoologica Sinica 52: 250-255.
Liao J, Zhang Z, Liu N. 2007. Effects of altitudinal change on the auditory bulla in Ochotona daurica (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45: 151-154.
Liao JC, Liu NF. 2008. Altitudinal variations of acoustic organs in anurans: A case study from China. Italian Journal of Zoology 75: 125-134.
Liao JC, Zhang ZB, Liu NF. 2006. Altitudinal variation of skull size in Daurian pika (Ochotona daurica Pallas, 1868). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 52: 319-329.
Lindsey CC. 1966. Body size of poikilotherm vertebrates at different latitudes. Evolution 20: 456-465.
Madsen T, Shine R. 2000. Silver spoons and snake body sizes: preyavailability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free ranging pythons. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 952-958.
Masaki S. 1967. Geographic variation and climatic adaptation in a field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Evolution 21: 725-741.
Mayer E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Meiri S, Dayan T. 2003. On the validity of Bergmann's rule. Journal of Biogeography 30:331-351.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Montgomery CE, Mackessy SP, Moore JC. 2003. Body size variation in the Texas Horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum, from Central Mexico to Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 37: 550-553.
Moran E. 1982. Human Adaptability. Colorado: Westview Press.
Mousseau T, Roff D. 1989. Adaptation to seasonally in a cricket: patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variation in body size and diapause expression along a cline in season length. Evolution 43: 1483-1496.
Mousseau TA. 1997. Ectotherms follow the converse to Bergmann's rule. Evolution 51:630-632.
Nagy KA. 2005. Field metabolic rate and body size. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 1621-1625.
Navas CA. 2003. Herpetological diversity along Andean elevational gradients: links with physiological ecology and evolutionary physiology. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 133: 469-485.
Nevo E. 1981. Genetic variation and climatic selection in the lizard Agama stellio in Israel and Sinai. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 60: 369-380.
Niewiarowski PH. 1994. Understanding geographic life history variation in lizards. In: Vitt LJ, Pianka ER ed. Lizard Ecology: Historical and Experimental Perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 31-50.
Parker GA. 1992. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in fish. Journal of Fish Biology 41:1-20.
Peters RH. 1983. The Ecological Implication of Body Size. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Porter EE, Hawkins BA. 2001. Latitudinal gradients in colony size for social insects: termites and ants show different patterns. American Naturalist 157: 97-106.
Potapov RL. 2004. Adaptation of birds to life in high mountains in Eurasia. Acta Zoological Sinica 50: 970-977.
Ray C. 1960. The application of Bergmann's and Allen's Rules to the poikilotherms. The Journal of Morphology 4: 85-108.
Rensch B. 1936. Studien uber klimatische parallelitat der merkmalsauspragung bei vogeln und saugern. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 5: 317-363.
Roff DA. 2001. Life History Evolution. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Rohr DH. 1997. Demographic and life history variation in two peoximate populations of a viviparous skink separated by a steep altitudinal gradient. Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 567-578.
Saino N, De-Bernardi F. 1994. Geographic variation in size and sexual dimorphism across a hybrid zone between carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) and hooded crows (C c. comix). Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1543-1550.
Sears MW, Angilletta MJ. 2004. Body size clines in Sceloporus lizards: proximate mechanisms and demographic constraints. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44: 433-442.
Shine R. 1979. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the Amphibia. Copiea 1979: 297-306.
Snyder LRG. 1981. Deer mouse hemoglobins: Is there genetic adaptation to high altitude? Bioscience 31: 299-304.
Stearns SC. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Voorhies WA. 1996. Bergmann size clines: a simple explanation for their occurrence in ectotherms. Evolution 50: 1259-1264.
Vieira GHC, Wiederhecker HC, Colli GR, Bao SN. 2001. Spermiogenesis and testicular cycle of the lizard Tropidurus troquatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) in central Brazil. Ampibia-Reptilia 22: 217-233.
Zhang XD, Ji X, Luo LG, Gao JF, Zhang L. 2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. ACTA Zoologica Sinica 51:1006-1012.
Zink RM, Remsen JV. 1986. Evolutionary processes and patterns of geographic variation in birds. In: Johnston RF ed. Current Ornithology. New York: Plenum Press, 1-69.
陈强,韩昭雪,宋志明.1993.变色沙蜥繁殖的研究.兰州大学学报(自然版)29:199-203.
郭砺.1994.草原沙蜥种群结构及繁殖特征.两迺爬行动物学研究3:55-58.
黄族豪,刘迺发.2002.青海沙蜥雌性生殖对策及进化.兰州大学学报(自然版) 38:99-103.
刘迺发,陈强,解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究.生态学报16:276-282.
王跃招,刘志君.1995.西藏沙蜥(Phrynocepalus theobald)生殖决策行为的初步研究 两迺爬行动物学研究4-5:157-162.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Adolph SC,Porter WP.1993.Temperature activity and lizard life histories.American Naturalist 142:273-295.
Agrawal AF,Brodie ED,Brown J.2001.Parent-offspring coadaptation and the dual genetic control of maternal care.Science 292:1710-1712.
Andrews RM,Mathies T,Warner DA.2000.Effect of incubation temperature on morphology,growth and survival of juvenile Sceloporus undulates.Herpetological Monograph 14:420-431.
Angilletta MJ,Winters RS,Dunham AC.2000.Thermal effects on the energetics of lizard embryos:implications for hatchling phenotypes.Ecology 88:2957-2968.
Angilletta MJ.2001.Variation in metabolic rate between populations of a geographically widespread lizard.Physiology Biochemistry of Zoology 74:11-21.
Badyaev AV,Whittingham LA,Hill GE.2001.The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch:Ⅲ.Developmental basis.Evolution 55:176-189.
Badyaev AV.1997.Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism:a new pattern and alternative hypotheses.Behavioral Ecology 8:675-690.
Ballinger RE.1983.Life history variation.In:Rluey RB,Pianka ER & Shoener TW eds,Lizard Ecology.Massachusetts,USA:Hardvard University Press Lambridge,301-303.
Bashey F,Dunham AE.1997.Elevation variation in the thermal constains on and microhabitat preference of the greater earless lizard Cophocaurus texanus.Copeia 1997:725-737.
Blackenhorn WU.1997.Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea.Oecologia 109:342-352.
Brana F,Ji X.2000.Influence of incubation temperature on morphology,locomotor performance and early growth of hatchling wall lizards(Podarcis muralis).Journal of Experimental Zoology 286:422-433.
Brehm A,Harris DJ,Alves C,Jesus J,Thomarat F,Vicente L.2003.Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA complete control region in the lizard Lacerta dugesii(Lacertidae,Sauria).Journal of Molecular Evolution 56:46-53.
Buffrenil VD,Rimblot-baly F.1999.Female reproductive output in exploited nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus L.) populations in Sahelan Africa. Canada Journal of Zoology 77: 1530-1539.
Downhower JF, Charnov EL. 1998. A resource range invariant rule for optimal offspring size predicts patterns of variability in parental phenotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 6028-6211.
Dunham AE, Miles DB, Reznick DN. 1988. Life history patterns in squamate reptiles. In: Gans C, Huey RB, eds. Biology of the Reptilia. New York: A.R.Liss, 441-522.
Einum S, Fleming IA. 2000. Highly fecundity mothers sacrifice offspring survival to maximize fitness. Nature 405: 565-567.
Ford NB, Seigel RA. 1989. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits: evidence from a viviparous snake. Ecology 70: 1768-1774.
Forsman A, Shine R. 1995. Parallel geographic variation in body shape and reproductive life history within the Australian scincid lizard Lampropholis delicata. Functional Ecology 9: 818-828.
Fox CW, Roff DA, Fairbairn DJ. 2001. Evolutionary ecology: Concepts and Case Studies. New York: Oxford University Press.
Glazier DS. 2000. Smaller amphipod mothers show stronger trade-offs between offspring size and number. Ecology Letters 3: 142-149.
Grant B, Dunham A. 1990. Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami. Ecology 71: 1765-1776.
Hammond KA, Szewczak J, Krol E. 2001. Effects of altitude and temperature on organ phenotypic plasticity along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 1991-2000.
Hancock MA, Hughes JM, Bunn SE. 1998. Influence of genetic and environmental factors on egg and clutch sizes among populations of Paratya australiensis Kemp (Decapoda: Atyidae) in upland rainforest streams, southeast Queensland. Oecologia 115: 483-491.
Jin YT, Liu NF, Li JL. 2007. Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Belgium Journal of Zoology 137: 197-202.
Jordan MA, Snell HL. 2002. Life history trade-offs and phenotypic plasticity in the reproduction of Galapagos lava lizards (Microlophus delanonis). Oecologia 130: 44-52.
Kovshar AF. 1981. Peculiarities of the bird reproduction in subalpine: on the material of Passeriformes in the Tien Shan. Alma-Ata: Academy of the Kazakh SSR.
Luiselli L, Capula M, Shine R. 1996. Reproductive output, costs of reproduction and ecology of the smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, in the eastern Italian Alps. Oecologia 106: 100-110.
Madsen T, Shine R. 2000. Silver spoons and snake body sizes: prey availability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free ranging pythons. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 952-958.
Mathies T, Andrews RM. 1995. Thermal and reproductive biology of high and low elevation populations of the lizard Sceloporus scalaris: implications for the evolution of viviparity. Oecologia 104: 101-111.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Moran E. 1982. Human Adaptability. Colorado: Westview Press.
Niewiarowski PH. 1994. Understanding geographic life history variation in lizards. In: Vitt LJ, Pianka ER eds. Lizard Ecology: Historical and Experimental Perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 31-50.
Niewiarowski PH. 2001. Energy budgets, growth rates, and thermal constraints: toward an integrative approach to the study of life-history variation. American Naturalist 157: 421-433.
Orlova VF. 1992. Intrapopulational and geographic variation of Eremias przewalskii Strauch in Mongolia. Asiatic Herpetological Research 4: 113-122.
Packard GC. 1991. Physiological and ecological importance of water to embryos of oviparous reptiles. In: Egg incubation: its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles. Deeming DC, Ferguson MWJ, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 298-422.
Partridge L, Harvey PH. 1988. The ecological context of life history evolution. Science 241: 1445-1449.
Plummer MV, Snell HL. 1988. Nest site selection and water relations of eggs in the snake, Ophendrys aestivus. Copeia 1988: 58-64.
Price T. 1997. Correlated evolution and independent contrasts, philosophical transactions of royal. Society of London Series B 352: 519-529.
Quails CP, Shine R. 1995. Maternal body-volume as a constraint on reproductive output in lizards: evidence from the evolution of viviparity. Oecologia 103: 73-78.
Roff D. 1992. Evolution of Life Histories. New York, USA: Chapman and Hall.
Roff DA. 2002. Life History Evolution. Sunderland Mass, USA: Sinauer Associates.
Rohr DH. 1997. Demographic and life history variation in two proximate populations of a viviparous skink separated by a steep altitudinal gradient. Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 567-578.
Shine R. 1980. "Costs" of reproduction in reptiles. Oecologia 46: 92-100.
Shine R. 1995. A new hypothesis for the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. American Naturalist 145: 809-823.
Stearns SC. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tinkle DW, Wilbur HM, Tilley SG. 1970. Evolutionary strategies in lizard reproduction. Evolution 24: 55-74.
Wilbur HM. 1977. Propagule size, number, and dispersion pattern in Ambystoma and Asclepias. American Naturalist 111: 43-68.
Young BE. 1996. An experimental analysis of small clutch size in tropical house wrens. Ecology 11: 472-488.
Zhang XD, Ji X, Luo LG, Gao JF, Zhang L. 2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. ACTA Zoologica Sinica 51: 1006-1012.
Zhao EM, Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio, USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
李庆伟,马飞.2007.鸟类分子进化与分子系统学.北京:科学出版社.
吕雪梅,王应祥,张亚平.2001.蜂猴线粒体细胞色素b基因变异特点及系统发育分析.动物学研究22:93-98.
王继文.2004.动物线粒体假基因的识别及其在进化生物学中的应用.动物学杂志39:103-108.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,Papenfuss TJ,Macey JR.1999.西藏几种沙蜥的分类、演化、分布及其与古地史的关系.动物学研究20:178-185.
张亚平,施立明.1992.动物线粒体DNA多态性的研究概况.动物学研究13:289-298.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Avise JC,Arnold J,Ball RM,Bermingham E,Lamb T,Niegel JE,Reeb CA,Saunders NC.1987.Intraspecific phylogeography:the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics.Annual Review of Ecology and System 18:489-522.
Bensasson D,Zhang DX,Hartl DL,Hewitt GM.2001.Mitochondrial pseudogenes:evolution's misplaced witneses.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:314-321.
Boore JL.1999.Survey and summary,animal mitochondrial genomes.Nucleic Acids Research 27:1767-1780.
Brown WM,George M,Wilson AC.1979.Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76:1967-1971.
Brown WM.1983.Evolution of mitochondrial DNA.In:Nei M and Keohn RK,eds.Evolution of Genes and Proteins.Sinaver:Sunderland Mass.
Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.1987.Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution.Nature 325:31-36.
Cantatore P,Roberti M,Pesole G,Ludovico A,Milella F,Gadaleta MN,Saccone C.1994.Evolutionary analysis of cytochrome b sequences in some perciformes:evidence for a slower rate of evolution than in mammals.Journal of Molecular Evolution 39:589-597.
Collura RV, Stewart CB. 1995. Insertions and duplications of mtDNA in the nuclear genomes of Old World monkeys and hominoids. Nature 373: 485-489.
Dawkins R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
Faith DP, Cranston PS. 1991. Could a cladogram this short have arisen by chance alone? On permutation tests for cladistic structure. Cladistics 7: 1-28.
Faivovich J. 2002. On rasa. Cladistics 18: 324-333.
Gyllensten U, Wharton D, Wilson AC. 1985. Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice. The Journal of Heretidy 76: 321-324.
Hillis DM, Heulsenbeck JP. 1992. Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2: 76-78.
Jin YT, Brown RP, Liu NF. 2008. Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii (Agamidae) on the Tibetan plateau. Molecular Ecology 17: 1971-1982.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 2004. Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics 5: 150-163.
Lyons-Weiler J, Hoelzer GA, Tausch RJ. 1996. Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA) I: The statistical measurement of phylogenetic signal. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 749-757.
Macey JR, Schulte II JA, Larson A, Fang ZL, Wang YZ, Tuniyev BS, Papenfuss TJ. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of toads in the Bufu bufo species group from the eastern escarpment of the Tibetan Plateau: A case of vicariance and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 80-87.
Naylor GJP, Gollins TM, Brown WM. 1995. Hydrophobicity and phylogeny. Nature 373: 565-566.
Nei M, Kumar S. 2000. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. London: Oxford University Press.
Ohta T. 1995. Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in mammalian genes and the nearly neutral theory. Journal of Molecular Evolution 40: 56-63.
Pang JF, Wang YZ, Zhong Y, Hoelzel AR, Papenfuss TJ, Zeng XM, Ananjeva NB, Zhang YP. 2003. A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27: 398-409.
Sambrook J, Fritscher EF, Maniatis T. 1989. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Schmidt HA, Strimmer K, Vingron M, Von Haeseler A. 2002. TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing. Bioinformatics 18: 502-504.
Simmons MP, Randle CP, Freudenstein JV, Wenzel JW. 2002. Limitations of relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA) for measuring phylogenetic signal. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 14-23.
Slowinski JB, Crother B. 1998. Is the PTP test useful? Cladistics 14: 297-302.
Strimmer K, Von Haeseler A. 1997. Likelihood-mapping: A simple method to visualize phylogenetic content of a sequence alignment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 6815-6819.
Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Version 4b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The Clustal X windows interface: exible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 4876-4882.
Watson J, Crick F. 1953. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 737-738.
Xia X. 2000. Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution. London: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Zhang DX, Hewitt GM. 1996. Nuclear integrations: challenges for mitochondrial DNA markers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 247-251.
Zhao EM, Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio, USA: Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles.
陈永久.1997.冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)的随机扩增多态DNA及其遗传分化.遗传学报24:410-416.
葛颂.1997.遗传多样性.见:蒋志刚,马克平和韩兴国编.保护生物学.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社.
贾振宇,朱定良,庚镇城.1995.中国大陆若干群体的黑果蝇的线粒体DNA多态性研究.动物学研究16:65-73.
焦保卫,王德寿.2002.爬行动物温度依赖性性别决定研究进展.动物学杂志37:74-78.
金园庭,刘迺发.2008.青海高原两种沙蜥mtDNA的渐渗杂交.动物糊54:111-121.
金园庭,田仁荣,刘迺发.2006.四种沙蜥的形态地理变异:Bergmann规律和Allen规律的检验.动物学报52:838-845.
李力,王中仁.1996.青岛耐冬山茶的多样性(Ⅱ)——居群的遗传多样性分析.生物多样性4:1-6.
蒙世杰,李笑松.1998.我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态研究.动物学研究19:306-307.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第3版).北京:北京师范大学出版社.
卫明,侯鹏,黄族豪,刘迺发.2002.环境因子对大石鸡种群遗传结构的影响.生态学报22:528-534.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
周纪伦,杨持,郑师章.1992.种群生态学.北京:高等教育出版社.
周林燕,张修月,王德寿.2004.脊椎动物性别决定和分化的分子机制研究进展.动物学研究25:81-88.
Bermingham E,Avise JC.1986.Molecular zoogeography of freshwater fishes in the southeastern United States.Genetics 113:939-965.
Bernatchez L,Wilson CC.1998.Comparative phylogeography of Nearctic Palearctic fishes.Molecular Ecology 7:431-452.
Ehrlich PR,Roughgarden J.1987.The Science of Ecology.New York:Macmillian.
Huang ZH,Liu NF,Luo SX,Long J,Xiao YA.2007.Ecological genetics of Rusty-Necklaced Partridge(Alectoris magna):Environmental factors and population genetic variability correlations.Korean Journal of Genetics 29:115-120.
Huang ZH,Liu NF,Zhou TL.2005.Effects of environmental factors on the population genetic structure in chukar partridge(Alectoris chukar).Journal of Arid Environments 62:427-434.
Jin YT,Liu NF,Li JL.2007.Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau.Belgium Journal of Zoology 137:197-202.
Jin YT,Liu NF.2007.Altitudinal variation in reproductive strategy of the toad-headed,Phrynocephalus vlanglaii in the North Qinghai Plateau.Amphibia-Reptilia 28:509-515.
Kettlewell HBD. 1955. Selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera. Heredity 9: 323-342.
Kimura M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 111 -120.
Kumar SK, Nei M. 1993. MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Version 1.01. Pennsylvania State University: University Park.
Lucchini V, Randi E. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation a phylogeographcial structure of rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) populations. Heredity 31: 528-536.
Mamuris Z, Sfougaris AI, Stamatis C. 2001. Genetic structure of Greek brown hare (Lepus europaeus) populations as revealed by mtDNA RFLP-PCR analysis: implications for conserving genetic diversity. Biological Conservation 101: 187-196.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Nardon C, Deceliere G, Loevenbruck C, Weiss M, Vieir AC, Biemont C. 2005. Is genome size influenced by colonization of new environments in dipteran species? Molecular Ecology 14: 869-878.
Nei M, Li WH. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76: 5269-5273.
Nei M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nevo E. 1981. Genetic variation and climatic selection in the lizard Agama stellio in Israel and Sinai. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 60: 369-380.
Randi E, Alkon PU. 1994. Genetic structure of chukar (Alectoris chukar) population in Israel. Auk 111:216-226.
Riginos C, Nachman MW. 2001. Population subdivision in marine environment: the contributions of biogeography, geographical distance and discontinuous habitat to genetic differetiation in a blennioid fish, Axoclinus nigricaudus. Molecular Ecology 10: 1439-1453.
Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X, Rozas R. 2005. DNA Sequence Polymorphism version 4.10.2. Departament de Genetica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain, website:http://www.ub.es/dnasp/.
Saunders NC, Kessler LG, Avise JC. 1986. Genetic variation and geographic differentiation in mitochondrial DNA of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Genetics 112:613-627.
Scheiner SM. 1993. Genetic and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Annual Review of Ecology 24:35-68.
Sheppard PM.1951.Fluctuations in the selective value of certain phenotypes in the polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis.Heredity 5:125-134.
Wright JW.1983.The origin of the parthenogenetic lizard(Cnemidophorus laredoensis)inferred from mtDNA analysis.Herpetologia 39:410-416.
邓中林,侯元才,古凤宝,于庆文.2000.青海东北部第三纪西宁-贵德-化隆盆地充填特征、孢粉组合方式与古气候演变.青海国土经略9:43-53.
金园庭,刘迺发,骆爽,马新年.2007.青海高原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus)分类、系统发生——基于mtDNA的研究.国内会议论文辑:中国动物学会两栖爬行动物第十一辑,11:9-14.
金园庭,刘迺发.2008.青海高原两种沙蜥mtDNA的渐渗杂交.动物学报54:111-121.
李炳元,李吉均.1991.青藏高原第四纪冰川遗迹分布图.北京:科学技术出版社.
刘东生,张新时,袁宝印.1998.青藏高原隆起对周边地区的影响.见:孙鸿烈,郑度(主编),青藏高原形成演化与发展.广州:广东科技出版社.
潘保田,方小敏,李吉均,施雅风,崔之久.1998.晚新生代青藏高原隆升与环境变化.见:施雅风,李吉均,李炳元(主编),青藏高原晚新生代隆升与环境变化.广州:广东科技出版社.
施雅风,李吉均,李炳元.1998.青藏高原晚新生代隆升和环境变化.广州:广东科学技术出版社.
孙鸿烈,郑度.1998.青藏高原形成演化与发展.广州:广东科学技术出版社.
王静,李明,魏辅文.2001.分子系统地理学及其应用.动物分类学报26:431-439.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,王硕果,曾涛,郭海燕,蔡红霞,曾宗永.2002.青海沙蜥(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科)种群的年龄结构与性别比.四川大学学报(自然科学版)39:1134-1139.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
张彭熹.1987.柴达木盆地盐湖.北京:科学出版社.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
朱震达,吴正,刘恕.1980.中国沙漠概论.北京:科学出版社.
Ananjeva NB.1986.On the validity of Megalochilus mystaceus(Pallas,1776).Systematics and Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles.Proceedings of the Zoological Institute,Leningrad,USSR Academy of Sciences 157:4-14.
Avice JC,Hamrick JL.1996.Conservation Genetics:Case Histories from Nature.New York:Chapman & Hall.
Avice JC.1998.The history and preview of phylogeography:a personal reflection.Molecular Ecology 7:371-379.
Avise JC,Arnold J,Ball RM,Bermingham E,Lamb T,Niegel JE,Reeb CA,Saunders NC. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and System 18: 489-522.
Avise JC. 2000. Phylogeography: the History and Formation of Species. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bai DY, Meng DB, Liu YR, Ma TQ. 2003. Apatite fission-track records of the tectonic uplift of the central segment of the Kunlun Mountains on the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geology in China 30: 240-245.
Bazin E, Glemin S, Galtier N. 2006. Population size does not influence mitochondrial genetic diversity in animals. Science 28: 570-572.
Beerli P, Felsenstein J. 2001. Maximum likelihood estimation of a migration matrix and effective population sizes in n subpopulations by using a coalescent approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 4563-4568.
Bernatchez L, Willson CC. 1998. Comparative phylogeography of Nearctic Palearctic fishe. Molecular Ecology 7: 431-452.
Bian QT, Liu JQ, Luo XQ, Xiao JL. 2000. Geotectonic setting, formation and evolution of the Qinghai Lake. Seismology and Geology 22: 20-26.
Brown RP, Pestano J, Suarez NM. 2002. The Atlas mountains as a biogeographical divide in North-West Africa: evidence from mtDNA evolution in the Agamid lizard Agama impalearis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 324-332.
Chen KZ, Browler JM. 1985. Preliminary study on sedimentation characteristics and evolution of palaeoclimate of Qarhan Salt Lake in Qaidam Basin. Science in China, Series B 5: 463-472.
Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology 9: 1657-1660.
Crandall KA, Templeton AR. 1993. Empirical tests of some predictions from coalescent theory with applications to intraspecific phylogeny reconstruction. Genetics 134: 959-969.
Crandall KA. 1996. Multiple interspecies transmissions of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 115-131.
Cui Z, Gao Q, Liu G, Pan B, Chen H. 1996. Planation surfaces, palaeokarst and uplift of Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Science in China Series D 39: 391-400.
Excoffier L, Smouse P, Quattro J. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131: 479-491.
Fu YX. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147:915-925.
Guo X, He S, Zhang Y. 2005. Phylogeny and biogeography of Chinese sisorid catfishes re-examined using mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 344-362.
Guo XG, Wang YZ. 2007. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, dispersal-vicariance analysis, and the biogeography of Chinese toad-headed lizards (Agamidae: Phrynocephalus) A Re-evaluation 45: 643-662.
Guo Z, Peng S, Hao Q, Biscaye P, An Z, Liu T. 2004. Late Miocene-Pliocene development of Asian aridification as recorded in the Red-Earth Formation in northern China. Global and Planetary Change 4,1: 135-145.
Harpending HC. 1994. Signature of ancient population growth in a low resolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution. Human Biology 66:591-600.
Harrison TM, Copeland P, Kidd WSF, Yin A. 1992. Raising Tibet. Science 255: 1663-1670.
Hewitt GM. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405: 907-913.
Hey J, Nielsen R. 2004. Multilocus methods for estimating population sizes, migration rates and divergence time, with applications to the divergence of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. Genetics 167: 747-760.
Holder K, Montgomerie R, Friesen VL. 1999. A test of glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus). Evolution 53: 1936-1950.
Huang ZH, Liu NF, Luo SX, Long J, Xiao YA. 2007. Ecological genetics of Rusty-Necklaced Partridge (Alectoris magna): Environmental factors and population genetic variability correlations. Korean Journal of Genetics 29: 115-120.
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
Jermiin LS, Ho SYW, Ababneh F, Robinson J, Larkum AWD. 2004. The biasing effect of compositional heterogeneity on phylogenetic estimates may be underestimated. Systematic Biology 53: 638-643.
Jin YT, Brown RP, Liu NF. 2008. Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii (Agamidae) on the Tibetan plateau. Molecular Ecology 17: 1971-1982.
Kennett JP, Watkins ND. 1974. Late Miocene-Early Pliocene paleomagnetic stratigraphy, paleoclimatology, and biostratigraphy in New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85: 1385-1398.
Klootwijk CT, Conaghan PJ, Powell CM. 1985. The Himalayan Arc: large-scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and back-arc spreding. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75: 167-183.
Li J, Fang X, Ma H, Zhu JJ, Pan BT, Chen HL. 1996. Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic. Science in China Series D 39: 380-390.
Li JJ, Fang XM, Pan BT, Zhao ZJ, Song YG. 2001. Late Cenozoic intensive uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its impacts on environments in surrounding area. Quaternary Sciences 21: 381-391.
Li JJ, Fang XM, Zhu JJ, Zhou SZ, Pan BT, Ma YZ. 1995. Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and Global Change. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press.
Li JJ, Fang XM. 1999. Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and environmental changes. Chinese Science Bulletin 44: 2217-2224.
Liu JQ, Wang YJ, Wang AL, Hideaki O, Abbott RJ. 2006. Radiation and diversification within the Ligularia-Cremanthodium-Parasenecio complex (Asteraceae) triggered by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 31-49.
Luo J, Yang DM, Suzuki H, Wang Y, Chen WJ, Campbell KL, Zhang YP. 2004.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Oriental voles: genus Eothenomys (Muridae, Mammalia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 349-362.
Macey JR, Schulte II JA, Larson A, Fang ZL, Wang YZ, Tuniyev BS, Papenfuss TJ. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of toads in the Bufu bufo species group from the eastern escarpment of the Tibetan Plateau: A case of vicariance and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 80-87.
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
Nei M, Li WH. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76: 5269-5273.
Nei M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nylander JAA. 2004. MrModeltest, version 2.0. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, website: http://www.ebc.uu.se/staff/nylander.html.
Owen LA, Finkel RC, Haizhou M, Barnard PL. 2006. Late quaternary landscape evolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibet: a framework for examining the links between glaciation, lake level changes and alluvial fan formation. Quaternary International 154-155: 73-86.
Panchal M, Beaumont MA. 2007. The automation and evaluation of nested clade phylogeographic analysis.Evolution 61:1466-1480.
Pang JF,Wang YZ,Zhong Y,Hoelzel AR,Papenfuss TJ,Zeng XM,Ananjeva NB,Zhang YP.2003.A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae)inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27:398-409.
Patriat P,Achache J.1984.India-Eurasia collision chronology had implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates.Nature 311:615-621.
Peng Z,Ho SYW,Zhang Y,He S.2006.Uplift of the Tibetan plateau:Evidence from divergence times of glyptosternoid catfishes.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:568-572.
Posada D,Crandall KA.1998.Modeltest:testing the model of DNA substitution.Bioinformatics 14:817-818.
Posada D,Crandall KA.2001.Intraspecific gene genealogies:trees grafting into networks.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:37-45.
Qu Y,Ericson PGP,Lei F,Gebauer A,Kaiser M,Helbig A.2006.Molecular phylogenetic relationship of snow finch complex(genera Montifringilla,Pyrgilaud.a,and Onychostruthus)from the Tibetan plateau.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40:218-226.
Qu YH,Ericson PGP,Lei FM,Li SH.2005.Post-glacial colonization of the Tibetan plateau inferred from the matrilineal genetic structure of the endemic red-necked snow finch,Pyrgilauda ruficollis.Molecular Ecology 6:1767-1781.
Rieser AB,Neubauer F,Liu YJ,Ge XH.2005.Sandstone provenance of north-western sectors of the intracontinental Cenozoic Qaidam Basin,western China:Tectonic vs.climatic control.Sedimentary Geology 177:1-18.
Rogers AR,Harpending H.1992.Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise differences.Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:552-559.
Rogers AR.1995.Genetic evidence for a Pleistocene population explosion.Evolution 49:608-615.
Rozas J,Sanchez-DelBarrio JC,Messeguer X,Rozas R.2005.DNA Sequence Polymorphism version 4.10.2.Departament de Genetica,Universitat de Barcelona,Spain,website:http://www.ub.es/dnasp/.
Ruan LZ,Zhang LX,Wen LY,Sun QW,Liu NF.2005.Phylogeny and molecular evolution of Tetraogallus in China.Biochemical Genetics 43:507-518.
Rutschmann F.2005.Bayesian molecular dating using paml/multidivtime.A step-by-step manual.Version 1.5(July 2005).Institute of Systematic Botany,University of Zurich,Zurich,Switzerland.Available from http://www.plant.ch.
Schneider S,Roessli D,Excoffier L.2000.Arlequin,A Software for Population Genetic Data Analysis,Version 2.0.Geneva:University of Geneva.
Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Version 4b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Tajima F. 1989. The effect of change in population size on DNA polymorphisms. Genetics 123: 597-601.
Templeton AR, Boerwinkle E, Sing CF. 1987. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. I. Basic theory and an analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila. Genetics 117: 343-351.
Templeton AR, Routman E, Phillips CA. 1995. Separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Genetics 140: 767-782.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The Clustal X windows interface: exible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 4876-4882.
Thorne JL, Kishino H, Painter IS. 1998. Estimating the rate of evolution of the rate of molecular evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15: 1647-1657.
Wang J, Wang YJ, Liu ZC, Li JQ, Xi P. 1999. Cenozoic environmental evolution of Qaidam Basin and its implications for the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the drying of central Asia. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 152: 37-47.
Yu FH, Yu FR, McGuire PM, Kilpatrick CW, Pang JF, Wang YX, Lu SQ, Woods CA. 2004. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of woolly flying squirrel (Rodentia: Sciuridae), inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 735-744.
Zhang DX, Hewitt G. 2003. Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations: practice, problems and prospects. Molecular Ecology 12: 563-584.
Zhang FF, Jiang ZZ. 2006. Mitochondrial phylogeography and genetic diversity of Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata): implications for conservation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41:313-321.
Zhang Q, Chiang TY, George M, Liu JQ, Abbott RJ. 2005. Phylogeography of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic Juniperus przewalskii (Cupressaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Molecular Ecology 14: 3513-3524.
Zhao EM, Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio, USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Zheng D, Li BY. 1994. Evolution and differentiation of the physico-geographical environment of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. The Journal of Chinese Geography 4: 34-47.
黄永昭.1989.沙蜥属.青海经济动物志(李德浩主编).西宁:青海人民出版社,209-210.
江耀明,黄庆云,赵尔宓.1980.青海沙蜥—新亚种及其生态初步观察.动物学报26:178-183.
金园庭,刘迺发,骆爽,马新年.2007.青海高原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus)分类、系统发生——基于mtDNA的研究.中国动物学会两栖爬行动物第十一辑11:9-14.
金园庭,刘迺发.2008.青海高原两种沙蜥mtDNA的渐渗杂交.动物学报54:111-121.
王跃招,J.Robert Macey.1993.中国沙蜥属的生态-地理分化.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学术会议论文集.
王跃招,江耀明.1992.青海沙蜥红原亚种分类地位的探讨.见江耀明主编:两栖爬行动物学论文集.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,刘志君,吴贯夫,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.1996.西藏沙蜥属一新种——泽当沙蜥.动物学研究17:27-29.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,Papenfuss TJ,Macey JR.1999.西藏几种沙蜥的分类、演化、分布及其与古地史的关系.动物学研究20:178-185.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,刘志君,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.2002.沙蜥属一有效种贵德沙蜥及红原沙蜥的分类研究(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科).动物分类学报27:372-383.
杨军,温晓敏,原洪.2005.西减两栖爬爬行动物考察报告3.从乌鲁木齐到拉萨.四川动物24:245-259.
姚崇勇.1991.甘肃的蜥蜴目.甘肃脊椎动物志(王香亭主编).兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社.
原洪.1986.西藏羌塘高原考察报告.四川动物5:27.
原洪.1988.西藏北部两栖爬行动物调查讨论.两栖爬行动物学报7:148.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
赵尔宓,陈壁辉,Papenfuss T.1993.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学学术会议论文集.北京:中国林业出版社.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
赵肯堂,毕俊怀.1995.内蒙古自治区两栖爬行动物区系及地理区划.四川动物(增刊):63-69.
赵肯堂.1979.中国沙蜥属的分类和分布研究.内蒙古大学学报2:111-121.
赵肯堂.1992.青藏高原三种沙蜥的分布及其生态共性.两栖爬行动物学研究1、2辑:96-99.
赵肯堂.1997.中国的沙蜥及其鉴别特征记述.铁道师院学报14:27-32.
赵肯堂.1999.沙蜥属的分类术语及中国沙蜥图鉴.铁道师院学报16:46-53.
Bedriaga JV.1905-1909.Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N.M.Przewalski nach Central-Asien unternommenen Reisen,Zoologischer Theil,Amphibien und Reptilien.Annual Reports of the Zoological Museum of the Emperor Academy of Sciences(St.Petersburg)3:79-278.
Blyth E.1863.Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Calcutta:Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Boulenger GA.1885.Catalogue of the lizards in the British museum.Natural History 1:369-380.
Golubev ML,Dunayev EA.1995.A new species of toad agama from western China.Russian Journal of Herpetology 2:5-9.
Guo XG,Wang YZ.2007.Partitioned Bayesian analyses,dispersal-vicariance analysis,and the biogeography of Chinese toad-headed lizards(Agamidae:Phrynocephalus)A Re-evaluation.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45:643-662.
Jin YT,Brown RP,Liu NF.2008.Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii(Agamidae)on the Tibetan plateau.Molecular Ecology 17:1971-1982.
Macey JR,Schulte Ⅱ JA,Fong JJ,Das Ⅰ,Papenfuss TJ.2006.The complete mitochondrial genome of an agamid lizard from the Afro-Asian subfamily Agaminae and the phylogenetic position of Bufoniceps and Xenagama.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:291-297.
Pang JF,Wang YZ,Zhong Y,Hoelzel AR,Papenfuss TJ,Zeng XM,Ananjeva NB,Zhang YP.2003.A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae)inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27:398-409.
Peters G.1984.Die KrOtenkopfagamen Zentralasiens(Agamidae:Phrynocephalus).Mitteilungen Aus Dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 60:1-45.
Pope CH.1935.Natural history of Central Asia,Vol.Ⅹ,The Reptiles of China.New York:American Museum of Nature History.
Posada D,Crandall KA.1998.Modeltest:testing the model of DNA substitution.Bioinformatics 14:817-818.
Sites JW,Marshall JC.2003.Delimiting species:a renaissance issue in systematic biology.Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18:462-470.
Strauch A.1876.Monggolia and the Tangut Country(Przhevalsky).Reptilia and Amphibia.The Imperial Russian Geographic Society 2:3-20.
Swofford DL.1998.PAUP*.Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony(~* and Other Methods),Version 4b10.Sunderland,MA:Sinauer Associates.
Tzarevsky.1927.The lizards of the genus Phrynocephalus,collected by the expeditions of P.Kozlov in Tibet in 1899-1901 and in Mongolia and Sze-chuan 1907-1909.Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Sciences de I'URSS,Leningrad,ser.A:303-306.
Wang YZ,Fu JZ.2004.Cladogenesis and vicariance patterns in the toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus versicolor species complex.Copeia 2:119-206.
Wermuth HL.1967.Das tirreich,liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilen:Agamidae.Liferung 86:75-91.
Wiens JJ,Penkrot TA.2002.Delimiting species unsing DNA and morphological variation and discordant species limits in spiny lizards(Sceloporus).Systematic Biology 51:69-91.
Zhao EM,Adler K.1993.Herpetology of China.Oxford,Ohio,USA:Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Zugmayer E.1909.Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Zentral-Asien.Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik Jena 27:504-506.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,刘志君,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.2002.沙蜥属一有效种贵德沙蜥及红原沙蜥的分类研究(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科).动物分类学报27:372-383.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Allendorf FW,Leary RF.1988.Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species,the cutthroat trout.Conservation Biology 2:170-184.
Anderson E,Hubricht L.1938.Hybridization in Tradescantia.The evidence for introgressive hybridization.American Journal of Botany 25:396-402.
Anderson E.1949.Introgressive Hybridization.New York:John Wiley
Andersson M.1999.Hybridization and phylogeny.Proceeding of the Royal Society of London B,Biological Sciences 266:1579-1585.
Avice JC,Hamrick JL.1996.Conservation Genetics:Case Histories from Nature.New York:Chapman & Hall.
Avise JC.1986.Mitochondrial DNA and the evolutionary.Genetics of higher animals.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 312:325-342.
Avise JC.1994.Molecular Markers,Natural History and Evolution.New York:Chapman & Hall.
Aviss M.1995.The Department of Conservation's Management of Hybridisation-a Discussion Paper.Wellington:New Zealand department of conservation.
Bartley DM,Gall GAE.1991.Genetic identification of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)and introgressive hybridization with introduced rainbow trout(O.mykiss)in streams associated with the Alvord Basin,Oregon and Nevada.Copeia 8:854-859.
Bensch S,Helbig AJ,Salomen M,Seibold I.2002.Amplified fragment length ploymorphism analysis identifies bybrids between two subspecies of warblers.Molecular Ecology 11:473-481.
Bernatchez L,Glemet H,Wilson CC,Danzmann RG.1995.Introgression and fixation of Arctic char(Salvelinus alpinus)mitochondrial genome in an allopatric population of brook trout(Salvelinus fontinalis).Canada Journal of Fsheries and Aquatic Science 52:175-185.
Chen Q,Chang C,Liu NE 1999.Mitochondrial DNA introgression between two parapatric species of Alectoris.Acta Zoologcia Sinica 45:456-463.
Dabrowski A,Fraser R,Confer JL,Lovette IJ.2005.Geographic variability in mitochondrial introgression among hybridizing populations of Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera)and Blue-winged(V.pinus)Warblers.Conservation Genetics: 843-853.
DeMarais BD, Dowling TE, Douglas ME, Minckley WL, Marsh PC. 1992. Origin of Gila seminude (Teleoster Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implication for evolution and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89: 2747-2751.
Dowling TE, Childs MR. 1992. Impact of hybridization on a threatened trout of the southwestern United States. Conservation Biology 6: 355-364.
Echelle AA, Echelle AF. 1997. Genetic introgression of endemic taxa by non-natives: A case study with Leon Springs pupfish and sheepshead minnow. Conservation Biology 11: 153-161.
Ellstrand NC, Prentice HC, Hancock JF. 1999. Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 539-563.
Esa YB, Waters JM, Wallis GP. 2000. Introgressive hybridization between Galaxias depressiceps and Galaxias spD (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in Otago, New Zealand: Secondary contact mediated by water races. Conservation Genetics 1: 329-339.
Gill FB. 1994. Rapid, asymmetrical introgression of mitochondrial DNA in hybridizing populations of Blue-wringed and Golden-wringed warblers. Journal fur Ornithologie 135: 359.
Gill FB. 1997. Local cytonuclear extinction of the Golden-wringed warblers. Evolution 51: 519-525.
Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C, Applebaum GD. 1994. Molecular genetics of the endangered Canid: the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular Ecology 3: 301-312.
Grant PR, Grant BR. 1992. Hybridization of bird species. Science 256: 193-197.
Hayes JP, Guffey SZ, Kriegler FJ, McCracken GF, Parker CR. 1996. The genetic diversity of native, stocked, and hybrid populations of brook trout in the southern Appalachians. Conservation Biology 10: 1403-1412.
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
Jepsen BI, Siegismund HR, Fredholm M. 2002. Population genetics of the native caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) and the semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Southwestern Greenland: Evidence of introgression. Conservation Genetics 3: 401-409.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 2004. Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics 5: 150-163.
Kyle CJ, Davison A, Strobeck C. 2003. Genetic structure of European pinemartens (Martes martes), and evidence for introgression with M. americana in England. Conservation Genetics 4: 179-188.
Levin DA, Francisco Ortega J, Jansen RK. 1996. Hybridization and the extinction of rare plant species. Conservation Biology 10: 10-16.
Levin DA. 2002. Hybridization and extinction. American Scientist 90: 254-261.
Li JJ, Fang XM, Zhu JJ, Zhou SZ, Pan BT, Ma YZ. 1995. Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and Global Change. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press.
Liu NF, Wen LY, Huang ZH. 2006. Introgressive hybridization between Alectoris magna and A. chukar in the Liupan Mountain Region. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52: 153-159.
Macey JR, Schulte II JA, Ananjeva NB, Larson A, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Shammakov SM, Papenfuss TJ. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among Agamid lizards of the Laudakia caucasia Species Group: testing hypotheses of biogeographic fragmentation and an area cladogram for the Iranian Plateau. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10: 118-131.
Mayr E. 1942. Systematics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia University Press.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Nielsen JL. 1995. Evolution and the Aquatic Ecosystem: Defining Unique Units in Population Conservation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17. Bethesda: American Fisheries Society.
Ounap E, Viidalepp J, Saarma U. 2005. Phylogenetic evaluation of the taxonomic status of Timandra griseata and T. comae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae). European Journal of Entomology 102: 607-615.
Pacheco NM, Congdon BC, Friesen VL. 2002. The utility of nuclear introns for investigating hybridization and genetic introgression: a case study involving Brachyramphus murrelets. Conservation Genetics 3: 175-182.
Radchenko OA. 2004. Introgressive hybridization of chars of the genus salvelinus as inferred from mitochondrial DNA variation. Russian Journal of Genetics 40: 1392-1398.
Rieseberg LH, Swensen SM. 1996. Conservation Genetics of Endangered Island Plants. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Rieseberg LH, Wendel JF. 1993. Introgression and its consequences in plants. In: Harrison RG, ed. Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process. New York: Oxford University Press.
Roques S, Sevigny JM, Bernatchez L. 2001. Evidence for broad scale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (Genus sebastes) in the North-West Atlantic: a rare marine example. Molecular Ecology 10: 149-165.
Roy SM, Getten E, Smith D, Ostrander EA, Wayne RK. 1994. Pattern of differentiation and hybridization in North American Wolflike canids, reverled by analysis of Microsatellite loce. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 553-570.
Saetre GP, Borge T, Lindell J, Moum T, Primmer CR, Sheldon BC, Haavie J, Johnsen A, Ellegren H. 2001. Speciation, introgressive hybridization and nonlinear rate of molecular evolution in flycatchers. Molecular Ecology 10: 737-749.
Salzburger W, Baric S, Sturmbauer C. 2002. Speciation Via introgressive hybridization in East African Cichlids? Molecular Ecology 11: 619-625.
Salzburger W, Meyer A, Baric S, Verheyen E, Sturmbauer C. 2002b. Phylogency of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid species flock and its relationship to the central and East Africa Haplochromine cichlid fish faunas. Systermatic Biology 51: 1-23.
Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L. 2000. Arlequin, a Software for Population Genetic Data Analysis, Version 2.0. Geneva: University of Geneva.
Seehausen O, Van Alphen JJM, Witte F. 1997. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science 277: 1801-1811.
Shaw DD, Marchant AD, Contreras N. 1993. Genomic and environmetal determinant of a narrow hybrid zone: cause or coincidence? In: Hybrid Zone and the Evolutionary Process (ed. Harrison RG). New York: Oxford University Press.
Stebbins GL. 1959. The role of hybridization in evolution. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103: 231-251.
Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and other methods), Version 4b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Takahashi H, Takata K. 2000. Multiple lineages of the witochondrial DNA introgression from Pungitus pungitus (L.) to Pungitus tymensis (Nikolsuy). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquate Science 57: 1814-1833.
Templeton AR. 1986. Coadaption and outbreeding depression. Pages 105-116 in Soule ME, ed. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity Sinauer, Sunderland: Massachusetts.
Wayne RK, Jneks SM. 1991. Mitpchondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature 351: 565-568.
Wilde GR, Echelle AA. 1992. Genetic status of pecos pupfish populations after establishment of a hybrid swarm involving an introduced congener. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121: 227-286.
Wilson AC, Cann RL, Carr SM. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biology Journal of the Linnaen Society 26: 375-400.
Zhang AB, Kubota K, Takami Y, Kim JL, Kim JK, Sota T. 2005. Species status and phylogeography of two closely related Coptolabrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in South Korea inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences.Molecular Ecology 14:3823-3841.
Zhao EM,Adler K.1993.Herpetology of China.Oxford,Ohio,USA:Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Zlatska AV.2005.Grain protein content in wheat:genetics of the character and some predictions for its improvement in common wheat Russian.Journal of Genetics 41:823-834.
陈克造,Bowler JM.1985.柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖沉积特征及其古气候演化的初步研究.中国科学(B辑)5:463-473.
焦克勤,沈永平.2003.唐古拉山地区第四纪冰川作用与冰川特征.冰川冻土25:34-42.
李丙元,王富葆,张青松等.1983.西藏第四纪地质.北京:科学出版社.
李吉均,方小敏,潘保田,赵志军,宋有桂.2001.新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响.第四纪研究21:381-391.
林振耀,吴祥定.1981.青藏高原隆起前后的气候状况.青减高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京:科学出版社.
刘训,傅德荣,姚培毅.1992.青臧高原不同地体间的地层、生物区系及沉积构造演化史.北京:地质出版社.
蒲健辰,姚檀栋,王宁练,丁良福,张其花.2002.普若岗日冰原及其小冰期以来的冰川变化.冰川冻土24:87-92.
施雅风,崔之久,苏珍.2006.中国第四纪冰川与坏境变化.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社.
施雅风,李吉均,李炳元.1998.青臧高原晚新生代隆升和环境变化.广州:广东科学技术出版社.
施雅风.2004.青臧高原大冰盖假说的提出与扬弃.第四季研究24:10-18.
赵希涛.1981.青藏高原隆起幅度估算方法评述.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京:科学出版社.
朱震达,吴正,刘恕.1980.中国沙漠概论.北京:科学出版社.
Cui Z,Gao Q,Liu G,Pan B,Chen H.1996.Planation surfaces,palaeokarst and uplift of Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.Science in China Series D 39:391-400.
Harrison TM,Copeland P,Kidd WSF,Yin A.1992.Raising Tibet.Science 255:1663-1670.
Holder K,Montgomerie R,Friesen VL.1999.A test of glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in rock ptarmigan(Lagopus mutus).Evolution 53:1936-1950.
Li J,Fang X,Ma H,Zhu JJ,Pan BT,Chen HL.1996.Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic.Science in China Series D 39:380-390.
Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mittermeier CG,Fonseca GAB,Kent J.2000.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature 403:853-858.
Roy K,Valentine JW,Jablonski D,Kidwell SM.1996.Scales of climatic variability and time averaging in Pleistocene biotas:implications for ecology and evolution.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:458-463.
Wang J,Wang YJ,Liu ZC,Li JQ,Xi P.1999.Cenozoic environmental evolution of Qaidam Basin and its implications for the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the drying of central Asia.Paleogeography,Paleoclimatology,Paleoecology 152:37-47.
Zheng D,Li BY.1994.Evolution and differentiation of the physico-geographical environment of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau.The Journal of Chinese Geography 4:34-47.
鲍敏,曾阳,马建滨,袁平珍.1998.青海沙蜥和密点麻蜥的分布状况、生活规律及食性.青海师范大学学报(自然版)4:42-45.
常城,刘迺发,王磊.1993.变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)皮肤感受器形态观察.甘肃科学学报5:47-51.
常城,王子仁.1996.荒漠沙蜥皮肤感受器的形态学研究.兰州大学学报(自然版)32:92-97.
常城.1995.蜕皮周期中荒漠沙蜥表皮的组织学变化.兰州大学学报(自然版)31:55-60.
陈强,韩昭雪,宋志明.1993.变色沙蜥繁殖的研究.兰州大学学报29:199-203.
陈强.1994.丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥静止代谢率的研究.动物学研究15:12-18.
陈伟腾.1991.宁夏永宁杨显地区荒漠沙蜥春季种群结构.宁夏农学院学报12:47-50.
陈卓,安蓓,李仁德.2004.温度对荒漠沙蜥肝脏组织中SOD活性的影响.兰州大学学报(自然版)40:83-85.
戴昆,马明.1991.新疆南部三种沙蜥对山地及荒漠的适应性初报.干旱区研究1:47-49.
郭砺,包孟彩,刘立特.1998a.三种沙蜥肾脏组织学的初步观察.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)29:682-683.
郭砺,包孟彩,栾雅文.1998b.三种沙蜥消化道的组织学研究.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)29:291-293.
郭砺,赵辰光.2001.草原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus frontalis)生殖策略的研究.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)32:214-216.
郭砺.2004.内蒙古土默特平原生境变化对草原沙蜥种群的影响.内蒙古大学学报(自然皈)35:658-662.
郭砺.2005.人工灌丛生境草原沙蜥和丽斑麻蜥生态位分化的研究.内蒙古大学学报(自然皈)36:76-80.
韩昭雪,岳荣.1993.蜥蜴胃肠嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察.兰州大学学报(自然版)29:122-126.
胡淑琴,赵尔宓,江耀明,费梁,叶昌媛,胡其雄,黄庆云,黄永昭,田婉淑.1987.西藏两栖爬行动物.北京:科学出版社.
黄族豪,刘迺发.2002.青海沙蜥雌性生殖对策及进化.兰州大学学报(自然版)38:99-103.
江耀明,黄庆云,赵尔宓.1980.青海沙蜥—新亚种及其生态初步观察.动物学报26:178-183.
解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥精巢组织结构的季节性变化.青海师范大学学报(自然版)1:12-14.
金园庭,刘迺发,骆爽,马新年.2007.青海高原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus)分类、系统发生——基于mtDNA的研究.国内会议论文辑:中国动物学会两栖爬行动物第十一辑11:9-14.
金园庭,田仁荣,刘迺发.2006.四种沙蜥的形态地理变异:Bergmann规律和Allen规律的检验.动物学报52:838-845.
康旭,刘重斌,王子仁,李仁德,佘秋生.2005.荒漠沙蜥冬眠前与冬眠中期肝脏、胰腺、脂肪体超微结构的比较.动物学杂志40:103-107.
李仁德,陈强,刘迺发.1996.温度对蜥蜴血红蛋白及血浆总蛋白浓度的影响.动物学报42:248-252.
李仁德,李云鸿,陈强,马建苹.1999.荒漠沙蜥松果体褪黑激素含量的昼夜节律研究.中国动物学会:中国动物科学研究——中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.
李仁德,刘迺发,王金恒.1992.温度对荒漠沙蜥心脏活动影响的实验研究.动物学报38:42-47.
李仁德,刘迺发.1992.环境温度对荒漠沙蜥和密点麻蜥体温的影响以其对环境温度的选择.动物学研究13:47-52.
李仁德,沈剑敏,周桂花,吴鹏程,陈强.2001.荒漠沙蜥血清蛋白含量的年周期变动.兰州大学学报(自然版)37:87-90.
李仁德,沈剑敏.1999.荒漠沙蜥血糖浓度的昼夜变动及季节性变化.动物学研究1999:477-478.
李仁德,宋志明.1990.温度对荒漠沙蜥能量代谢、呼吸和水分蒸发的影响.兰州大学学报(自然版)26:107-112.
李仁德,杨明俊.2002.温度对荒漠沙蜥在体心脏单相动作电位的影响.兰州大学学报(自然版)38:94-98.
李瑶,李颂,郝杰.2003.草原沙蜥(Phyrnocephalus frontalis)不同体长个体间的温度选择比较.内豢古大学学报(自然版)34:668-670.
刘迺发,陈强,解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究.生态学报16:276-282.
刘迺发,李仁德,梁效成.1992.甘肃荒漠蜥蜴群落结构研究.动物学报38:377-384.
刘迺发,李仁德,孙红英.1993.甘肃河西荒漠蜥蜴多样性研究.甘肃科学学报3:48-52.
刘迺发,李仁德.1995.三种荒漠蜥蜴空间和营养生态位研究.生态学报15:48-53.
马继雄,鲍敏,曾阳,陈振宁.1999.青海沙蜥和密点麻蜥生存环境的比较研究.青海师范大学学报(自然版)3:46-48.
马明,王万雄,马晓敏.2000.用多元化分析方法研究温度对蜥蜴血红蛋白及血浆总量的影响.西北民族学院学报(自然版)21:38-42.
钱亚群,牛翠娟.2006.荒漠蜥蜴的温度适应策略.生物学通报41:7-9.
邱清波,杜宇,林炽贤.2007.沙蜥属13种蜥蜴基于16SrRNA序列的系统发生关系.海南师范大学学报(自然皈)20:350-354.
全仁哲,陈道富,张继锋.2006.变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)的耐饥能力与食性研究.石河子大学学报(自然版)24:436-438.
全仁哲,张继峰.2006.变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)的日活动频律研究.兵团教育学院学报16:16-19.
时磊.2006.变色沙蜥鳞片显微皮纹结构和功能.新疆农业大学学报29:10-12.
司克媛,刘忠虎,刘重斌,孙兰弟,王芳春,梁桂霞,俞诗源,王子仁.2006.强光照和全黑暗条件下荒漠沙蜥视网膜内GAP-43表达的免疫组织化学.动物学杂志41:108-112.
司克媛,刘忠虎,俞诗源,王子仁.2005.GAP-43在锦鲤荒漠沙蜥和雉鸡视网膜内分布的免疫组化研究.兰州大学学报(自然版)41:36-40.
宋鸣涛.1985a.陕西榆林地区两栖爬行动物调查.动物学杂志20:26-28.
宋鸣涛.1985b.榆林沙蜥的生态观测.动物学杂志20:5-7.
王典群,张钧.1997.荒漠沙蜥(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)松果复合体的显微和超微结构研究.甘肃科学学报9:44-49.
王典群.1992a.荒漠沙蜥松果眼和侧眼的比较.解剖学报23:347-349.
王典群.1992b.四种荒漠蜥蜴脑和脑神经的比较解剖.兰州大学学报(自然版)28:145-149.
王典群.1993.荒漠沙蜥第三眼的光镜和扫描电镜观察.兰州大学学报(自然版)29:117-121.
王国英,陈永国,翟荣仙.1985.变色沙蜥泄殖系统的解剖及组织学观察.新疆八一农学院学报4:25-30.
王顺庆,马小鹰.2000.甘肃民勤荒漠蜥蜴群落结构多元分析.西北民族学院学 报(自然版)21:43-48.
王硕果,曾宗永,吴鹏飞,蓝振江,王跃招.2004.青海沙蜥的巢域研究.四川大学学报(自然版)41:403-408.
王小立.1993.五种蜥蜴血液成分的测定与比较.南都学坛(自然版)13:36-38.
王跃招,J.Robert Macey.1993.中国沙蜥属的生态-地理分化.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学术会议论文集.
王跃招,江耀明.1992.青海沙蜥红原亚种分类地位的探讨.见江耀明主编:两栖爬行动物学论文集.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,刘志君,吴贯夫,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.1996a.西藏沙蜥属—新种——泽当沙蜥.动物学研究17:27-29.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,刘志君,吴贯夫,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.1996b.中国沙蜥属—新记录.动物分类学报21:9.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,Papenfuss TJ,Macey JR.1999.西藏几种沙蜥的分类、演化、分布及其与古地史的关系.动物学研究20:178-185.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,刘志君,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.2002.沙蜥属—有效种贵德沙蜥及红原沙蜥的分类研究(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科).动物分类学报27:372-383.
文陇英.2007.丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥的种群调查.甘肃科技学报19:88-90.
吴翠蘅.1993.草原沙蜥和避役骨骼解剖分析——游舌部蜥蜴(Ascalabotans)骨骼比较.北京师范大学学报(自然版)29:129-135.
吴敏,李萍,赵亚江,季肖东.1988.新疆三种沙蜥的核型分析.动物学研院10:153-154.
吴敏,马英梅.1994.旱地沙蜥的核型和Ag-NORs研究.新疆师范大学学报13:45-48.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,郭海燕,王硕果,曾宗永,曾涛,蔡红霞.2005a.青海沙蜥的生长及两性生长差异.四川大学学报(自然版)42:1252-1257.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,王硕果,曾涛,郭海燕,蔡红霞,曾宗永.2002.青海沙蜥(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科)种群的年龄结构与性别比.四川大学学报(自然科学版)39:1134-1139.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,朱波,曾宗永.2004.若尔盖青海沙蜥——洞穴密度与深度的生态内涵.动物学研究25:311-315.
吴鹏飞,曾宗永,王跃招,朱波.2005b.青海沙蜥种群密度调查的一种新方法.动物学杂志24:1241-1244.
吾玛尔·阿布力孜,古丽波斯坦·艾则孜.1999.东疆沙蜥和密点麻蜥的食性研究.干旱区研究16:10-13.
熊晔,张晋东,戴建洪,王跃招.2005.沙蜥属系统学研究综述.四川动物24:421-427.
徐海根,杨风翔,宋志明.1993a.荒漠沙蜥的年龄划分.生态学杂志12:30-32.
徐海根,杨凤翔,憎宗永,宋志明.1993b.腾格里荒漠沙蜥(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)年龄划分的研究.动物学报39:146-153.
杨军,温晓敏,原洪.2005.西藏两栖爬爬行动物考察报告3.从乌鲁木齐到拉萨.四川动物24:245-259.
俞诗源,严峰,王建林,王子仁.2006.游蛇和沙蜥肺微血管铸型的比较观察.四川大学学报(自然版)43:465-467.
俞诗源.1997.榆林沙蜥肺微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察.动物学杂志32:24-26.
原洪.1986.西藏羌塘高原考察报告.四川动物5:27.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,余平.1994.三种沙蜥核型的比较研究.动物学研究15:80-84.
张德禄,胡春香,俞诗源.2002.荒漠沙蜥肺动脉分布及毛细血管超微构筑.兰州大学学报48:90-94.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
赵肯堂.1964.沙蜥的泄殖系统及其繁殖习性.动物学杂志6:158-186.
赵肯堂.1979.中国沙蜥属的分类和分布研究.内蒙古大学学报2:111-121.
赵肯堂.1981.甘肃河西走廊的蜥蜴调查.内蒙古大学学报(自然版)12:71-75.
赵肯堂.1995.内蒙古沙蜥属一新种,四川动物(增刊),载赵尔宓主编:中国两栖动物地理区划—蛇蛙研究丛书(8):47-50.
赵肯堂.1997a.中国沙蜥属概述及种类检索.两栖爬行动物学研究.贵阳:贵州科技出版社.
赵肯堂.1997b.中国的沙蜥研究.动物学杂志32:15-19.
赵肯堂.1997c.中国的沙蜥及其鉴别特征记述.铁道师院学报14:27-32.
赵肯堂.1999.沙蜥属的分类术语及中国沙蜥图鉴.铁道师院学报16:46-53.
Anderson J.1872.On some Persian,Himalayan,and other reptiles.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1872:371-404.
Bedriaga JV.1889-1912.Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N.M.Przewalski nach Central-Asien untemommenen Reisen,Zoologischer Theil,Amphibien und Reptilien.Annual Reports of the Zoological Museum of the Emperor Academy of Sciences(St.Petersburg)3:79-278.
Blanford WT.1875.List of Mammalia collected by the late Dr.Stoliczka when attached to the embassy under Sir D.Forsyth in Kashmir,ladak,Eastern Turkestan,and Wakhan,with descriptions of new species.Journal of Assiatic Society for Bengal 44:191-196.
Blyth E.1863.Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Calcutta:Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Boulenger GA.1885.Catalogue of the lizards in the British museum.Natural History 1:369-380.
Golubev ML,Dunayev EA.1995.A new species of toad agama from western China.Russian Journal of Herpetology 2:5-9.
Guo XG,Wang YZ.2007.Partitioned Bayesian analyses,dispersal-vicariance analysis,and the biogeography of Chinese toad-headed lizards(Agamidae:Phrynocephalus)A re-evaluation.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45:643-662.
Jin YT,Brown RP,Liu NF.2008.Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii(Agamidae)on the Tibetan plateau.Molecular Ecology 17:1971-1982.
Jin YT,Liu NF,Li JL.2007.Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau.Belgium Journal of Zoology 137:197-202.
Jin YT,Liu NF.2007.Altitudinal variation in reproductive strategy of the toad-headed,Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai Plateau.Amphibia-Reptilia 28:509-515.
Liu C,Li R,Liu Z,Yin S,Wang Z.2006.The role of prostaglandins and the hypothalamus in thermoregulation in the lizard,Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Agamidae).Journal of Comparative Physiology B 176:321-328.
Merrell DJ.1981.Ecological Genetics.London:Longman.
Nikolskii AM.1913-1915.Chelonia and sauria.Vol.1 of reptiles,in Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries.Petrograd.1-352.
Omar A,Gofur M,Yang LZ.2000.Cytological study on the process of fertilization in Phrynocephalus forsythii(Anderson).Journal of Xinjiang University 17:69-73.
Omar A,Yang L.1999.Microstructural observation on the testis of Phrynocephalus forsythii(Anderson).Journal of Xinjiang University 16:53-57.
Pang JF,Wang YZ,Zhong Y,Hoelzel AR,Papenfuss TJ,Zeng XM,Ananjeva NB,Zhang YP.2003.A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae)inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27:398-409.
Pope CH.1935.Natural history of Central Asia,Vol.Ⅹ,The Reptiles of China.New York:American Museum of Nature History.
Shen JM,Li RD,Gao FY.2005.Effects of ambient temperature on lipid and fatty acid compositon in the oviparous lizards,Phrynocephalus przewalskii.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 142:293-301.
Strauch A.1876.Monggolia and the Tangut Country(Przhevalsky).Reptilia and Amphibia.The Imperial Russian Geographic Society 2:3-20.
Urquhart J,Bi K,Gozdzik A,Fu J.2005.Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci in the toad-headed lizards,Phrynocephalus przewalskii complex.Molecular Ecology Notes 5:928-930.
Wang YZ,Fu JZ.2004.Cladogenesis and vicariance patterns in the toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus versicolor species complex.Copeia 2:119-206.
Wermuth HL.1967.Das tirreich,liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilen:Agamidae.Liferung 86:75-91.
Xu H,Yang F.1995.Simulation model of activity of Phrynocephalus przewalskii.Ecological Modelling 77:197-204.
Xu HG,Yang FX.1993.Age classification and growth model of Phrynocephalus przewalskii.Ecological Modelling 70:127-135.
Zhang J,Lan G,Shen J,Li R.2007.Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems in tissues of a lizard(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)during hibernation.(in press).
Zhang XD,Ji X,Luo LG,Gao JF,Zhang L.2005.Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii.ACTA Zoologica Sinica 51:1006-1012.
Zhao EM,Adler K.1993.Herpetology of China.Oxford,Ohio,USA:Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles.
杜卫国,计翔.2001.蓝尾石龙子的生长、两性异形及雌性繁殖.动物学研究22:279-286.
计翔,杜卫国.2000.蝘蜒头、体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖.动物学研究21:349-354.
计翔,黄红英,胡晓忠,杜卫国.2002.中国石龙子雌体繁殖特征和卵孵化的地理变异.应用生态学报13:680-684.
计翔,王培潮,洪卫星.1991.多疣壁虎的繁殖生态研究.动物学报37:185-192.
林植华,计翔.2000.浙江丽水中国石龙子的食性、两性异形和雌性繁殖.生态学报20:304-310.
刘迺发,黄族豪.2007.中国石鸡生物学.北京:中国科学技术出版社.
穆红燕,杨萌,刘迺发.2008.青藏高原赭红尾鸲的繁殖.动物学报54:201-208.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第3版).北京:北京师范大学出版社.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,郭海燕,王硕果,曾宗永,曾涛,蔡红霞.2005.青海沙蜥的生长及两性生长差异.四川大学学报(自然版)42:1252-1257.
许雪峰,计翔.2003.山地麻蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形和食性的变化.应用生态学报14:557-561.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
张永普,计翔.2000.北草蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形及食性的变化.动物学研究21:181-186.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Adolph SC,Porter WP.1996.Growth,seasonality,and lizard life histories:age and size at maturity.Oikos 77:267-278.
Anderson RA,Vitt LJ.1990.Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards.Oecologia 84:145-157.
Andrews RM.1998.Geographic variation in field body temperature of Sceloporus lizards.Journal of Thermal Biology 23:329-334.
Angilletta M,Niewiarowski P,Dunham A,Leache A,Porter W.2004.Bergmann's clines in ectotherms:illustrating a life-history perspective with Sceloporine lizards.American Naturalist 164:169-183.
Angilletta MJ,Dunham AE.2003.The temperature-size rule in ectotherms:simple evolutionary explanations may not be general.American Naturalist 162:332-342.
Arnett AE,Gotelli NJ.1999.Geographic variation in life-history traits of the ant lion Myrmeleon immmaculatus:evolutionary implications of Bergmann's rule.Evolution 53:180-188.
Ashton K,Feldman C.2003.Bergman's rule in nonavian reptiles:turtles follow it,lizards and snakes reverse it.Evolution 57:1151-1163.
Ashton K,Tracy M,Queiroz A.2000.Is Bergmann's rule valid for mammals?American Naturalist 156:390-415.
Ashton KG.2002.Do amphibians follow Bergmann's rule? Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:708-706.
Atkinson D,Sibly RM.1997.Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle.Trends in Ecology &Evolution 12:235-239.
Atkinson D.1994.Temperature and organism size-a biological law for ectotherms?Advances in Ecological Research 25:1-58.
Badyaev AV,Ghalambor CK.2001.Evolution of life histories along elevational gradients:trade-off between parental care and fecundity.Ecology 82:2948-2960.
Badyaev AV.1997.Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism:a new pattem and altemative hypotheses.Behavioral Ecology 8:675-690.
Baur B,Raboud C.1988.Life history of the land snail Arianta arbustorum along an altitudinal gradient.Journal of Animal Ecology 57:71-87.
Beall CM.2000.Tibetan and Andean patterns of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia.Human Biology 72:201-228.
Beaupre SJ.1995.Effects of geographically variable thermal environment on bioenergetics of mottled rock rattlesnakes. Ecology 76: 1655-1665.
Belk MC, Houston DD. 2002. Bergmann's rule in ectotherms: a test using freshwater fishes. American Naturalist 160: 803-808.
Bergmann C. 1847. On the relations of size and thermo-economy in animals. Gottinger Studien 3: 595-708.
Blackburn TM, Gaston KJ, Loder N. 1999. Geographic gradients in body size: a clarification of Bergmann's rule. Drivers Distribution 5: 165-174.
Bogert CM. 1949. Thermoregulation in reptiles, a factor in evolution. Evolution 3: 195-211.
Brown RP, Griffin S. 2005. Lower selected body temperatures after food deprivation in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Journal of Thermal Biology 30: 79-83.
Burt WH. 1954. The subspecies category in mammals. Systematic Zoology 3: 99-104.
Burtt EH, Ichida JM. 2004. Gloger's rule, feather-degrading bacteria, and color variation among Song Sparrows. Condor 106: 681-686.
Chappell MA, Hayes JP, Snyder LRG. 1988. Hemoglobin polymorphisms in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): physiology of beta-globin variants and alpha-globin recombinants. Evolution 42: 681-688.
Croizat WJ. 1964. On the age of the races of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus domesticus) Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile 49: 93-107.
Darwin C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: JohnMurray.
De Witt CB. 1967. Precision of thermoregulation and its relation to environmental factors in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Physiological Zoology 40: 49-66.
Dobson FS, Wigginton JD. 1996. Environmental influences on the sexual dimorphism in body size of western bobcats. Oecologia 108: 610-616.
Du WG, Ji X, Zhang YP, Xu XF, Shine R. 2005. Identifying sources of variation in reproductive and life history traits among five populations of a Chinese lizard ( Takydromus septent rionalis, Lacertidae) Biological Journal of Linnean Society 85:443-453.
Dunham AE, Grant BW, Overall KL. 1989. Interfaces between biophysical and physiological ecology and the population ecology of terrestrial vertebrate ectotherms. Physiological Zoology 62: 335-355.
Endler JA. 1977. Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM, Spicer JI. 1998. Rapoport's rule time for an epitaph? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 70-74.
Gibbons JW, Lovich JE. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in turtles with emphasis on the slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Herpetological Monographs 4: 1-29. Gloger CL. 1833. Das Abandern der Vogel durch Einfluss des Klimas. August Schulz: Breslau.
Grant B, Dunham A. 1990. Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami. Ecology 71: 1765-1776.
Hadley ME. 1972. Functional significance of vertebrate integumental pigmentation American Zoologist 12: 63-76.
Hammond KA, Szewczak J, Krol E. 2001. Effects of altitude and temperature on organ phenotypic plasticity along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 1991 -2000.
Hendry MA, Wenburg JK, Myers KW, Hendry AP. 2002. Genetic and phenotypic variation through the migratory season provides evidence for multiple populations of wild steelhead in the Dean River, British Columbia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:418-434.
Humason GL. 1967. Animal tissue techniques. San Fransciso: Freeman Publishers. Hutchinson VH, Larimer HL. 1960. Reflectivity of the integuments of some lizards from different habitats. Ecology 41:199-209.
James FC. 1970. Geographic size variation in birds and it's relationship to climate. Ecology 51: 365-390:
Li H, Ji X, Qu YF, Gao JF, Zhang L. 2006. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the multi-ocellated racerunner Eremias multiocellata (Lacertidae). Acta Zoologica Sinica 52: 250-255.
Liao J, Zhang Z, Liu N. 2007. Effects of altitudinal change on the auditory bulla in Ochotona daurica (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45: 151-154.
Liao JC, Liu NF. 2008. Altitudinal variations of acoustic organs in anurans: A case study from China. Italian Journal of Zoology 75: 125-134.
Liao JC, Zhang ZB, Liu NF. 2006. Altitudinal variation of skull size in Daurian pika (Ochotona daurica Pallas, 1868). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 52: 319-329.
Lindsey CC. 1966. Body size of poikilotherm vertebrates at different latitudes. Evolution 20: 456-465.
Madsen T, Shine R. 2000. Silver spoons and snake body sizes: preyavailability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free ranging pythons. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 952-958.
Masaki S. 1967. Geographic variation and climatic adaptation in a field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Evolution 21: 725-741.
Mayer E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Meiri S, Dayan T. 2003. On the validity of Bergmann's rule. Journal of Biogeography 30:331-351.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Montgomery CE, Mackessy SP, Moore JC. 2003. Body size variation in the Texas Horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum, from Central Mexico to Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 37: 550-553.
Moran E. 1982. Human Adaptability. Colorado: Westview Press.
Mousseau T, Roff D. 1989. Adaptation to seasonally in a cricket: patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variation in body size and diapause expression along a cline in season length. Evolution 43: 1483-1496.
Mousseau TA. 1997. Ectotherms follow the converse to Bergmann's rule. Evolution 51:630-632.
Nagy KA. 2005. Field metabolic rate and body size. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 1621-1625.
Navas CA. 2003. Herpetological diversity along Andean elevational gradients: links with physiological ecology and evolutionary physiology. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 133: 469-485.
Nevo E. 1981. Genetic variation and climatic selection in the lizard Agama stellio in Israel and Sinai. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 60: 369-380.
Niewiarowski PH. 1994. Understanding geographic life history variation in lizards. In: Vitt LJ, Pianka ER ed. Lizard Ecology: Historical and Experimental Perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 31-50.
Parker GA. 1992. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in fish. Journal of Fish Biology 41:1-20.
Peters RH. 1983. The Ecological Implication of Body Size. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Porter EE, Hawkins BA. 2001. Latitudinal gradients in colony size for social insects: termites and ants show different patterns. American Naturalist 157: 97-106.
Potapov RL. 2004. Adaptation of birds to life in high mountains in Eurasia. Acta Zoological Sinica 50: 970-977.
Ray C. 1960. The application of Bergmann's and Allen's Rules to the poikilotherms. The Journal of Morphology 4: 85-108.
Rensch B. 1936. Studien uber klimatische parallelitat der merkmalsauspragung bei vogeln und saugern. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 5: 317-363.
Roff DA. 2001. Life History Evolution. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Rohr DH. 1997. Demographic and life history variation in two peoximate populations of a viviparous skink separated by a steep altitudinal gradient. Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 567-578.
Saino N, De-Bernardi F. 1994. Geographic variation in size and sexual dimorphism across a hybrid zone between carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) and hooded crows (C c. comix). Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1543-1550.
Sears MW, Angilletta MJ. 2004. Body size clines in Sceloporus lizards: proximate mechanisms and demographic constraints. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44: 433-442.
Shine R. 1979. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the Amphibia. Copiea 1979: 297-306.
Snyder LRG. 1981. Deer mouse hemoglobins: Is there genetic adaptation to high altitude? Bioscience 31: 299-304.
Stearns SC. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Voorhies WA. 1996. Bergmann size clines: a simple explanation for their occurrence in ectotherms. Evolution 50: 1259-1264.
Vieira GHC, Wiederhecker HC, Colli GR, Bao SN. 2001. Spermiogenesis and testicular cycle of the lizard Tropidurus troquatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) in central Brazil. Ampibia-Reptilia 22: 217-233.
Zhang XD, Ji X, Luo LG, Gao JF, Zhang L. 2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. ACTA Zoologica Sinica 51:1006-1012.
Zink RM, Remsen JV. 1986. Evolutionary processes and patterns of geographic variation in birds. In: Johnston RF ed. Current Ornithology. New York: Plenum Press, 1-69.
陈强,韩昭雪,宋志明.1993.变色沙蜥繁殖的研究.兰州大学学报(自然版)29:199-203.
郭砺.1994.草原沙蜥种群结构及繁殖特征.两迺爬行动物学研究3:55-58.
黄族豪,刘迺发.2002.青海沙蜥雌性生殖对策及进化.兰州大学学报(自然版) 38:99-103.
刘迺发,陈强,解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究.生态学报16:276-282.
王跃招,刘志君.1995.西藏沙蜥(Phrynocepalus theobald)生殖决策行为的初步研究 两迺爬行动物学研究4-5:157-162.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Adolph SC,Porter WP.1993.Temperature activity and lizard life histories.American Naturalist 142:273-295.
Agrawal AF,Brodie ED,Brown J.2001.Parent-offspring coadaptation and the dual genetic control of maternal care.Science 292:1710-1712.
Andrews RM,Mathies T,Warner DA.2000.Effect of incubation temperature on morphology,growth and survival of juvenile Sceloporus undulates.Herpetological Monograph 14:420-431.
Angilletta MJ,Winters RS,Dunham AC.2000.Thermal effects on the energetics of lizard embryos:implications for hatchling phenotypes.Ecology 88:2957-2968.
Angilletta MJ.2001.Variation in metabolic rate between populations of a geographically widespread lizard.Physiology Biochemistry of Zoology 74:11-21.
Badyaev AV,Whittingham LA,Hill GE.2001.The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch:Ⅲ.Developmental basis.Evolution 55:176-189.
Badyaev AV.1997.Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism:a new pattern and alternative hypotheses.Behavioral Ecology 8:675-690.
Ballinger RE.1983.Life history variation.In:Rluey RB,Pianka ER & Shoener TW eds,Lizard Ecology.Massachusetts,USA:Hardvard University Press Lambridge,301-303.
Bashey F,Dunham AE.1997.Elevation variation in the thermal constains on and microhabitat preference of the greater earless lizard Cophocaurus texanus.Copeia 1997:725-737.
Blackenhorn WU.1997.Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea.Oecologia 109:342-352.
Brana F,Ji X.2000.Influence of incubation temperature on morphology,locomotor performance and early growth of hatchling wall lizards(Podarcis muralis).Journal of Experimental Zoology 286:422-433.
Brehm A,Harris DJ,Alves C,Jesus J,Thomarat F,Vicente L.2003.Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA complete control region in the lizard Lacerta dugesii(Lacertidae,Sauria).Journal of Molecular Evolution 56:46-53.
Buffrenil VD,Rimblot-baly F.1999.Female reproductive output in exploited nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus L.) populations in Sahelan Africa. Canada Journal of Zoology 77: 1530-1539.
Downhower JF, Charnov EL. 1998. A resource range invariant rule for optimal offspring size predicts patterns of variability in parental phenotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 6028-6211.
Dunham AE, Miles DB, Reznick DN. 1988. Life history patterns in squamate reptiles. In: Gans C, Huey RB, eds. Biology of the Reptilia. New York: A.R.Liss, 441-522.
Einum S, Fleming IA. 2000. Highly fecundity mothers sacrifice offspring survival to maximize fitness. Nature 405: 565-567.
Ford NB, Seigel RA. 1989. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits: evidence from a viviparous snake. Ecology 70: 1768-1774.
Forsman A, Shine R. 1995. Parallel geographic variation in body shape and reproductive life history within the Australian scincid lizard Lampropholis delicata. Functional Ecology 9: 818-828.
Fox CW, Roff DA, Fairbairn DJ. 2001. Evolutionary ecology: Concepts and Case Studies. New York: Oxford University Press.
Glazier DS. 2000. Smaller amphipod mothers show stronger trade-offs between offspring size and number. Ecology Letters 3: 142-149.
Grant B, Dunham A. 1990. Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami. Ecology 71: 1765-1776.
Hammond KA, Szewczak J, Krol E. 2001. Effects of altitude and temperature on organ phenotypic plasticity along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 1991-2000.
Hancock MA, Hughes JM, Bunn SE. 1998. Influence of genetic and environmental factors on egg and clutch sizes among populations of Paratya australiensis Kemp (Decapoda: Atyidae) in upland rainforest streams, southeast Queensland. Oecologia 115: 483-491.
Jin YT, Liu NF, Li JL. 2007. Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Belgium Journal of Zoology 137: 197-202.
Jordan MA, Snell HL. 2002. Life history trade-offs and phenotypic plasticity in the reproduction of Galapagos lava lizards (Microlophus delanonis). Oecologia 130: 44-52.
Kovshar AF. 1981. Peculiarities of the bird reproduction in subalpine: on the material of Passeriformes in the Tien Shan. Alma-Ata: Academy of the Kazakh SSR.
Luiselli L, Capula M, Shine R. 1996. Reproductive output, costs of reproduction and ecology of the smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, in the eastern Italian Alps. Oecologia 106: 100-110.
Madsen T, Shine R. 2000. Silver spoons and snake body sizes: prey availability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free ranging pythons. Journal of Animal Ecology 69: 952-958.
Mathies T, Andrews RM. 1995. Thermal and reproductive biology of high and low elevation populations of the lizard Sceloporus scalaris: implications for the evolution of viviparity. Oecologia 104: 101-111.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Moran E. 1982. Human Adaptability. Colorado: Westview Press.
Niewiarowski PH. 1994. Understanding geographic life history variation in lizards. In: Vitt LJ, Pianka ER eds. Lizard Ecology: Historical and Experimental Perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 31-50.
Niewiarowski PH. 2001. Energy budgets, growth rates, and thermal constraints: toward an integrative approach to the study of life-history variation. American Naturalist 157: 421-433.
Orlova VF. 1992. Intrapopulational and geographic variation of Eremias przewalskii Strauch in Mongolia. Asiatic Herpetological Research 4: 113-122.
Packard GC. 1991. Physiological and ecological importance of water to embryos of oviparous reptiles. In: Egg incubation: its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles. Deeming DC, Ferguson MWJ, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 298-422.
Partridge L, Harvey PH. 1988. The ecological context of life history evolution. Science 241: 1445-1449.
Plummer MV, Snell HL. 1988. Nest site selection and water relations of eggs in the snake, Ophendrys aestivus. Copeia 1988: 58-64.
Price T. 1997. Correlated evolution and independent contrasts, philosophical transactions of royal. Society of London Series B 352: 519-529.
Quails CP, Shine R. 1995. Maternal body-volume as a constraint on reproductive output in lizards: evidence from the evolution of viviparity. Oecologia 103: 73-78.
Roff D. 1992. Evolution of Life Histories. New York, USA: Chapman and Hall.
Roff DA. 2002. Life History Evolution. Sunderland Mass, USA: Sinauer Associates.
Rohr DH. 1997. Demographic and life history variation in two proximate populations of a viviparous skink separated by a steep altitudinal gradient. Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 567-578.
Shine R. 1980. "Costs" of reproduction in reptiles. Oecologia 46: 92-100.
Shine R. 1995. A new hypothesis for the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. American Naturalist 145: 809-823.
Stearns SC. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tinkle DW, Wilbur HM, Tilley SG. 1970. Evolutionary strategies in lizard reproduction. Evolution 24: 55-74.
Wilbur HM. 1977. Propagule size, number, and dispersion pattern in Ambystoma and Asclepias. American Naturalist 111: 43-68.
Young BE. 1996. An experimental analysis of small clutch size in tropical house wrens. Ecology 11: 472-488.
Zhang XD, Ji X, Luo LG, Gao JF, Zhang L. 2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. ACTA Zoologica Sinica 51: 1006-1012.
Zhao EM, Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio, USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
李庆伟,马飞.2007.鸟类分子进化与分子系统学.北京:科学出版社.
吕雪梅,王应祥,张亚平.2001.蜂猴线粒体细胞色素b基因变异特点及系统发育分析.动物学研究22:93-98.
王继文.2004.动物线粒体假基因的识别及其在进化生物学中的应用.动物学杂志39:103-108.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,Papenfuss TJ,Macey JR.1999.西藏几种沙蜥的分类、演化、分布及其与古地史的关系.动物学研究20:178-185.
张亚平,施立明.1992.动物线粒体DNA多态性的研究概况.动物学研究13:289-298.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Avise JC,Arnold J,Ball RM,Bermingham E,Lamb T,Niegel JE,Reeb CA,Saunders NC.1987.Intraspecific phylogeography:the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics.Annual Review of Ecology and System 18:489-522.
Bensasson D,Zhang DX,Hartl DL,Hewitt GM.2001.Mitochondrial pseudogenes:evolution's misplaced witneses.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:314-321.
Boore JL.1999.Survey and summary,animal mitochondrial genomes.Nucleic Acids Research 27:1767-1780.
Brown WM,George M,Wilson AC.1979.Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76:1967-1971.
Brown WM.1983.Evolution of mitochondrial DNA.In:Nei M and Keohn RK,eds.Evolution of Genes and Proteins.Sinaver:Sunderland Mass.
Cann RL,Stoneking M,Wilson AC.1987.Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution.Nature 325:31-36.
Cantatore P,Roberti M,Pesole G,Ludovico A,Milella F,Gadaleta MN,Saccone C.1994.Evolutionary analysis of cytochrome b sequences in some perciformes:evidence for a slower rate of evolution than in mammals.Journal of Molecular Evolution 39:589-597.
Collura RV, Stewart CB. 1995. Insertions and duplications of mtDNA in the nuclear genomes of Old World monkeys and hominoids. Nature 373: 485-489.
Dawkins R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
Faith DP, Cranston PS. 1991. Could a cladogram this short have arisen by chance alone? On permutation tests for cladistic structure. Cladistics 7: 1-28.
Faivovich J. 2002. On rasa. Cladistics 18: 324-333.
Gyllensten U, Wharton D, Wilson AC. 1985. Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice. The Journal of Heretidy 76: 321-324.
Hillis DM, Heulsenbeck JP. 1992. Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2: 76-78.
Jin YT, Brown RP, Liu NF. 2008. Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii (Agamidae) on the Tibetan plateau. Molecular Ecology 17: 1971-1982.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 2004. Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics 5: 150-163.
Lyons-Weiler J, Hoelzer GA, Tausch RJ. 1996. Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA) I: The statistical measurement of phylogenetic signal. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 749-757.
Macey JR, Schulte II JA, Larson A, Fang ZL, Wang YZ, Tuniyev BS, Papenfuss TJ. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of toads in the Bufu bufo species group from the eastern escarpment of the Tibetan Plateau: A case of vicariance and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 80-87.
Naylor GJP, Gollins TM, Brown WM. 1995. Hydrophobicity and phylogeny. Nature 373: 565-566.
Nei M, Kumar S. 2000. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. London: Oxford University Press.
Ohta T. 1995. Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in mammalian genes and the nearly neutral theory. Journal of Molecular Evolution 40: 56-63.
Pang JF, Wang YZ, Zhong Y, Hoelzel AR, Papenfuss TJ, Zeng XM, Ananjeva NB, Zhang YP. 2003. A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27: 398-409.
Sambrook J, Fritscher EF, Maniatis T. 1989. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Schmidt HA, Strimmer K, Vingron M, Von Haeseler A. 2002. TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing. Bioinformatics 18: 502-504.
Simmons MP, Randle CP, Freudenstein JV, Wenzel JW. 2002. Limitations of relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA) for measuring phylogenetic signal. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 14-23.
Slowinski JB, Crother B. 1998. Is the PTP test useful? Cladistics 14: 297-302.
Strimmer K, Von Haeseler A. 1997. Likelihood-mapping: A simple method to visualize phylogenetic content of a sequence alignment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 6815-6819.
Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Version 4b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The Clustal X windows interface: exible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 4876-4882.
Watson J, Crick F. 1953. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 737-738.
Xia X. 2000. Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution. London: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Zhang DX, Hewitt GM. 1996. Nuclear integrations: challenges for mitochondrial DNA markers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 247-251.
Zhao EM, Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio, USA: Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles.
陈永久.1997.冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)的随机扩增多态DNA及其遗传分化.遗传学报24:410-416.
葛颂.1997.遗传多样性.见:蒋志刚,马克平和韩兴国编.保护生物学.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社.
贾振宇,朱定良,庚镇城.1995.中国大陆若干群体的黑果蝇的线粒体DNA多态性研究.动物学研究16:65-73.
焦保卫,王德寿.2002.爬行动物温度依赖性性别决定研究进展.动物学杂志37:74-78.
金园庭,刘迺发.2008.青海高原两种沙蜥mtDNA的渐渗杂交.动物糊54:111-121.
金园庭,田仁荣,刘迺发.2006.四种沙蜥的形态地理变异:Bergmann规律和Allen规律的检验.动物学报52:838-845.
李力,王中仁.1996.青岛耐冬山茶的多样性(Ⅱ)——居群的遗传多样性分析.生物多样性4:1-6.
蒙世杰,李笑松.1998.我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态研究.动物学研究19:306-307.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第3版).北京:北京师范大学出版社.
卫明,侯鹏,黄族豪,刘迺发.2002.环境因子对大石鸡种群遗传结构的影响.生态学报22:528-534.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
周纪伦,杨持,郑师章.1992.种群生态学.北京:高等教育出版社.
周林燕,张修月,王德寿.2004.脊椎动物性别决定和分化的分子机制研究进展.动物学研究25:81-88.
Bermingham E,Avise JC.1986.Molecular zoogeography of freshwater fishes in the southeastern United States.Genetics 113:939-965.
Bernatchez L,Wilson CC.1998.Comparative phylogeography of Nearctic Palearctic fishes.Molecular Ecology 7:431-452.
Ehrlich PR,Roughgarden J.1987.The Science of Ecology.New York:Macmillian.
Huang ZH,Liu NF,Luo SX,Long J,Xiao YA.2007.Ecological genetics of Rusty-Necklaced Partridge(Alectoris magna):Environmental factors and population genetic variability correlations.Korean Journal of Genetics 29:115-120.
Huang ZH,Liu NF,Zhou TL.2005.Effects of environmental factors on the population genetic structure in chukar partridge(Alectoris chukar).Journal of Arid Environments 62:427-434.
Jin YT,Liu NF,Li JL.2007.Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau.Belgium Journal of Zoology 137:197-202.
Jin YT,Liu NF.2007.Altitudinal variation in reproductive strategy of the toad-headed,Phrynocephalus vlanglaii in the North Qinghai Plateau.Amphibia-Reptilia 28:509-515.
Kettlewell HBD. 1955. Selection experiments on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera. Heredity 9: 323-342.
Kimura M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 111 -120.
Kumar SK, Nei M. 1993. MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Version 1.01. Pennsylvania State University: University Park.
Lucchini V, Randi E. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation a phylogeographcial structure of rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) populations. Heredity 31: 528-536.
Mamuris Z, Sfougaris AI, Stamatis C. 2001. Genetic structure of Greek brown hare (Lepus europaeus) populations as revealed by mtDNA RFLP-PCR analysis: implications for conserving genetic diversity. Biological Conservation 101: 187-196.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Nardon C, Deceliere G, Loevenbruck C, Weiss M, Vieir AC, Biemont C. 2005. Is genome size influenced by colonization of new environments in dipteran species? Molecular Ecology 14: 869-878.
Nei M, Li WH. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76: 5269-5273.
Nei M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nevo E. 1981. Genetic variation and climatic selection in the lizard Agama stellio in Israel and Sinai. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 60: 369-380.
Randi E, Alkon PU. 1994. Genetic structure of chukar (Alectoris chukar) population in Israel. Auk 111:216-226.
Riginos C, Nachman MW. 2001. Population subdivision in marine environment: the contributions of biogeography, geographical distance and discontinuous habitat to genetic differetiation in a blennioid fish, Axoclinus nigricaudus. Molecular Ecology 10: 1439-1453.
Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X, Rozas R. 2005. DNA Sequence Polymorphism version 4.10.2. Departament de Genetica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain, website:http://www.ub.es/dnasp/.
Saunders NC, Kessler LG, Avise JC. 1986. Genetic variation and geographic differentiation in mitochondrial DNA of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Genetics 112:613-627.
Scheiner SM. 1993. Genetic and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Annual Review of Ecology 24:35-68.
Sheppard PM.1951.Fluctuations in the selective value of certain phenotypes in the polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis.Heredity 5:125-134.
Wright JW.1983.The origin of the parthenogenetic lizard(Cnemidophorus laredoensis)inferred from mtDNA analysis.Herpetologia 39:410-416.
邓中林,侯元才,古凤宝,于庆文.2000.青海东北部第三纪西宁-贵德-化隆盆地充填特征、孢粉组合方式与古气候演变.青海国土经略9:43-53.
金园庭,刘迺发,骆爽,马新年.2007.青海高原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus)分类、系统发生——基于mtDNA的研究.国内会议论文辑:中国动物学会两栖爬行动物第十一辑,11:9-14.
金园庭,刘迺发.2008.青海高原两种沙蜥mtDNA的渐渗杂交.动物学报54:111-121.
李炳元,李吉均.1991.青藏高原第四纪冰川遗迹分布图.北京:科学技术出版社.
刘东生,张新时,袁宝印.1998.青藏高原隆起对周边地区的影响.见:孙鸿烈,郑度(主编),青藏高原形成演化与发展.广州:广东科技出版社.
潘保田,方小敏,李吉均,施雅风,崔之久.1998.晚新生代青藏高原隆升与环境变化.见:施雅风,李吉均,李炳元(主编),青藏高原晚新生代隆升与环境变化.广州:广东科技出版社.
施雅风,李吉均,李炳元.1998.青藏高原晚新生代隆升和环境变化.广州:广东科学技术出版社.
孙鸿烈,郑度.1998.青藏高原形成演化与发展.广州:广东科学技术出版社.
王静,李明,魏辅文.2001.分子系统地理学及其应用.动物分类学报26:431-439.
吴鹏飞,王跃招,王硕果,曾涛,郭海燕,蔡红霞,曾宗永.2002.青海沙蜥(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科)种群的年龄结构与性别比.四川大学学报(自然科学版)39:1134-1139.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
张彭熹.1987.柴达木盆地盐湖.北京:科学出版社.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
朱震达,吴正,刘恕.1980.中国沙漠概论.北京:科学出版社.
Ananjeva NB.1986.On the validity of Megalochilus mystaceus(Pallas,1776).Systematics and Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles.Proceedings of the Zoological Institute,Leningrad,USSR Academy of Sciences 157:4-14.
Avice JC,Hamrick JL.1996.Conservation Genetics:Case Histories from Nature.New York:Chapman & Hall.
Avice JC.1998.The history and preview of phylogeography:a personal reflection.Molecular Ecology 7:371-379.
Avise JC,Arnold J,Ball RM,Bermingham E,Lamb T,Niegel JE,Reeb CA,Saunders NC. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and System 18: 489-522.
Avise JC. 2000. Phylogeography: the History and Formation of Species. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bai DY, Meng DB, Liu YR, Ma TQ. 2003. Apatite fission-track records of the tectonic uplift of the central segment of the Kunlun Mountains on the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geology in China 30: 240-245.
Bazin E, Glemin S, Galtier N. 2006. Population size does not influence mitochondrial genetic diversity in animals. Science 28: 570-572.
Beerli P, Felsenstein J. 2001. Maximum likelihood estimation of a migration matrix and effective population sizes in n subpopulations by using a coalescent approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 4563-4568.
Bernatchez L, Willson CC. 1998. Comparative phylogeography of Nearctic Palearctic fishe. Molecular Ecology 7: 431-452.
Bian QT, Liu JQ, Luo XQ, Xiao JL. 2000. Geotectonic setting, formation and evolution of the Qinghai Lake. Seismology and Geology 22: 20-26.
Brown RP, Pestano J, Suarez NM. 2002. The Atlas mountains as a biogeographical divide in North-West Africa: evidence from mtDNA evolution in the Agamid lizard Agama impalearis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 324-332.
Chen KZ, Browler JM. 1985. Preliminary study on sedimentation characteristics and evolution of palaeoclimate of Qarhan Salt Lake in Qaidam Basin. Science in China, Series B 5: 463-472.
Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology 9: 1657-1660.
Crandall KA, Templeton AR. 1993. Empirical tests of some predictions from coalescent theory with applications to intraspecific phylogeny reconstruction. Genetics 134: 959-969.
Crandall KA. 1996. Multiple interspecies transmissions of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 115-131.
Cui Z, Gao Q, Liu G, Pan B, Chen H. 1996. Planation surfaces, palaeokarst and uplift of Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Science in China Series D 39: 391-400.
Excoffier L, Smouse P, Quattro J. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131: 479-491.
Fu YX. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147:915-925.
Guo X, He S, Zhang Y. 2005. Phylogeny and biogeography of Chinese sisorid catfishes re-examined using mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 344-362.
Guo XG, Wang YZ. 2007. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, dispersal-vicariance analysis, and the biogeography of Chinese toad-headed lizards (Agamidae: Phrynocephalus) A Re-evaluation 45: 643-662.
Guo Z, Peng S, Hao Q, Biscaye P, An Z, Liu T. 2004. Late Miocene-Pliocene development of Asian aridification as recorded in the Red-Earth Formation in northern China. Global and Planetary Change 4,1: 135-145.
Harpending HC. 1994. Signature of ancient population growth in a low resolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution. Human Biology 66:591-600.
Harrison TM, Copeland P, Kidd WSF, Yin A. 1992. Raising Tibet. Science 255: 1663-1670.
Hewitt GM. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405: 907-913.
Hey J, Nielsen R. 2004. Multilocus methods for estimating population sizes, migration rates and divergence time, with applications to the divergence of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. Genetics 167: 747-760.
Holder K, Montgomerie R, Friesen VL. 1999. A test of glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus). Evolution 53: 1936-1950.
Huang ZH, Liu NF, Luo SX, Long J, Xiao YA. 2007. Ecological genetics of Rusty-Necklaced Partridge (Alectoris magna): Environmental factors and population genetic variability correlations. Korean Journal of Genetics 29: 115-120.
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
Jermiin LS, Ho SYW, Ababneh F, Robinson J, Larkum AWD. 2004. The biasing effect of compositional heterogeneity on phylogenetic estimates may be underestimated. Systematic Biology 53: 638-643.
Jin YT, Brown RP, Liu NF. 2008. Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii (Agamidae) on the Tibetan plateau. Molecular Ecology 17: 1971-1982.
Kennett JP, Watkins ND. 1974. Late Miocene-Early Pliocene paleomagnetic stratigraphy, paleoclimatology, and biostratigraphy in New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85: 1385-1398.
Klootwijk CT, Conaghan PJ, Powell CM. 1985. The Himalayan Arc: large-scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and back-arc spreding. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75: 167-183.
Li J, Fang X, Ma H, Zhu JJ, Pan BT, Chen HL. 1996. Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic. Science in China Series D 39: 380-390.
Li JJ, Fang XM, Pan BT, Zhao ZJ, Song YG. 2001. Late Cenozoic intensive uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its impacts on environments in surrounding area. Quaternary Sciences 21: 381-391.
Li JJ, Fang XM, Zhu JJ, Zhou SZ, Pan BT, Ma YZ. 1995. Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and Global Change. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press.
Li JJ, Fang XM. 1999. Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and environmental changes. Chinese Science Bulletin 44: 2217-2224.
Liu JQ, Wang YJ, Wang AL, Hideaki O, Abbott RJ. 2006. Radiation and diversification within the Ligularia-Cremanthodium-Parasenecio complex (Asteraceae) triggered by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 31-49.
Luo J, Yang DM, Suzuki H, Wang Y, Chen WJ, Campbell KL, Zhang YP. 2004.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Oriental voles: genus Eothenomys (Muridae, Mammalia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 349-362.
Macey JR, Schulte II JA, Larson A, Fang ZL, Wang YZ, Tuniyev BS, Papenfuss TJ. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of toads in the Bufu bufo species group from the eastern escarpment of the Tibetan Plateau: A case of vicariance and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 80-87.
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
Nei M, Li WH. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76: 5269-5273.
Nei M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nylander JAA. 2004. MrModeltest, version 2.0. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, website: http://www.ebc.uu.se/staff/nylander.html.
Owen LA, Finkel RC, Haizhou M, Barnard PL. 2006. Late quaternary landscape evolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibet: a framework for examining the links between glaciation, lake level changes and alluvial fan formation. Quaternary International 154-155: 73-86.
Panchal M, Beaumont MA. 2007. The automation and evaluation of nested clade phylogeographic analysis.Evolution 61:1466-1480.
Pang JF,Wang YZ,Zhong Y,Hoelzel AR,Papenfuss TJ,Zeng XM,Ananjeva NB,Zhang YP.2003.A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae)inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27:398-409.
Patriat P,Achache J.1984.India-Eurasia collision chronology had implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates.Nature 311:615-621.
Peng Z,Ho SYW,Zhang Y,He S.2006.Uplift of the Tibetan plateau:Evidence from divergence times of glyptosternoid catfishes.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:568-572.
Posada D,Crandall KA.1998.Modeltest:testing the model of DNA substitution.Bioinformatics 14:817-818.
Posada D,Crandall KA.2001.Intraspecific gene genealogies:trees grafting into networks.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:37-45.
Qu Y,Ericson PGP,Lei F,Gebauer A,Kaiser M,Helbig A.2006.Molecular phylogenetic relationship of snow finch complex(genera Montifringilla,Pyrgilaud.a,and Onychostruthus)from the Tibetan plateau.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40:218-226.
Qu YH,Ericson PGP,Lei FM,Li SH.2005.Post-glacial colonization of the Tibetan plateau inferred from the matrilineal genetic structure of the endemic red-necked snow finch,Pyrgilauda ruficollis.Molecular Ecology 6:1767-1781.
Rieser AB,Neubauer F,Liu YJ,Ge XH.2005.Sandstone provenance of north-western sectors of the intracontinental Cenozoic Qaidam Basin,western China:Tectonic vs.climatic control.Sedimentary Geology 177:1-18.
Rogers AR,Harpending H.1992.Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise differences.Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:552-559.
Rogers AR.1995.Genetic evidence for a Pleistocene population explosion.Evolution 49:608-615.
Rozas J,Sanchez-DelBarrio JC,Messeguer X,Rozas R.2005.DNA Sequence Polymorphism version 4.10.2.Departament de Genetica,Universitat de Barcelona,Spain,website:http://www.ub.es/dnasp/.
Ruan LZ,Zhang LX,Wen LY,Sun QW,Liu NF.2005.Phylogeny and molecular evolution of Tetraogallus in China.Biochemical Genetics 43:507-518.
Rutschmann F.2005.Bayesian molecular dating using paml/multidivtime.A step-by-step manual.Version 1.5(July 2005).Institute of Systematic Botany,University of Zurich,Zurich,Switzerland.Available from http://www.plant.ch.
Schneider S,Roessli D,Excoffier L.2000.Arlequin,A Software for Population Genetic Data Analysis,Version 2.0.Geneva:University of Geneva.
Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Version 4b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Tajima F. 1989. The effect of change in population size on DNA polymorphisms. Genetics 123: 597-601.
Templeton AR, Boerwinkle E, Sing CF. 1987. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. I. Basic theory and an analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila. Genetics 117: 343-351.
Templeton AR, Routman E, Phillips CA. 1995. Separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Genetics 140: 767-782.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The Clustal X windows interface: exible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 4876-4882.
Thorne JL, Kishino H, Painter IS. 1998. Estimating the rate of evolution of the rate of molecular evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15: 1647-1657.
Wang J, Wang YJ, Liu ZC, Li JQ, Xi P. 1999. Cenozoic environmental evolution of Qaidam Basin and its implications for the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the drying of central Asia. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 152: 37-47.
Yu FH, Yu FR, McGuire PM, Kilpatrick CW, Pang JF, Wang YX, Lu SQ, Woods CA. 2004. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of woolly flying squirrel (Rodentia: Sciuridae), inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 735-744.
Zhang DX, Hewitt G. 2003. Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations: practice, problems and prospects. Molecular Ecology 12: 563-584.
Zhang FF, Jiang ZZ. 2006. Mitochondrial phylogeography and genetic diversity of Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata): implications for conservation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41:313-321.
Zhang Q, Chiang TY, George M, Liu JQ, Abbott RJ. 2005. Phylogeography of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic Juniperus przewalskii (Cupressaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Molecular Ecology 14: 3513-3524.
Zhao EM, Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio, USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Zheng D, Li BY. 1994. Evolution and differentiation of the physico-geographical environment of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. The Journal of Chinese Geography 4: 34-47.
黄永昭.1989.沙蜥属.青海经济动物志(李德浩主编).西宁:青海人民出版社,209-210.
江耀明,黄庆云,赵尔宓.1980.青海沙蜥—新亚种及其生态初步观察.动物学报26:178-183.
金园庭,刘迺发,骆爽,马新年.2007.青海高原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus)分类、系统发生——基于mtDNA的研究.中国动物学会两栖爬行动物第十一辑11:9-14.
金园庭,刘迺发.2008.青海高原两种沙蜥mtDNA的渐渗杂交.动物学报54:111-121.
王跃招,J.Robert Macey.1993.中国沙蜥属的生态-地理分化.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学术会议论文集.
王跃招,江耀明.1992.青海沙蜥红原亚种分类地位的探讨.见江耀明主编:两栖爬行动物学论文集.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,刘志君,吴贯夫,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.1996.西藏沙蜥属一新种——泽当沙蜥.动物学研究17:27-29.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,Papenfuss TJ,Macey JR.1999.西藏几种沙蜥的分类、演化、分布及其与古地史的关系.动物学研究20:178-185.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,刘志君,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.2002.沙蜥属一有效种贵德沙蜥及红原沙蜥的分类研究(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科).动物分类学报27:372-383.
杨军,温晓敏,原洪.2005.西减两栖爬爬行动物考察报告3.从乌鲁木齐到拉萨.四川动物24:245-259.
姚崇勇.1991.甘肃的蜥蜴目.甘肃脊椎动物志(王香亭主编).兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社.
原洪.1986.西藏羌塘高原考察报告.四川动物5:27.
原洪.1988.西藏北部两栖爬行动物调查讨论.两栖爬行动物学报7:148.
曾晓茂,王跃招,刘志君,方自力,吴贯夫,瑟奥多·杰·帕宾富斯,罗伯特·杰·麦瑟.1997.九种沙蜥的核型—兼论中国沙蜥属核型演化.动物学报43:399-410.
赵尔宓,陈壁辉,Papenfuss T.1993.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学学术会议论文集.北京:中国林业出版社.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
赵肯堂,毕俊怀.1995.内蒙古自治区两栖爬行动物区系及地理区划.四川动物(增刊):63-69.
赵肯堂.1979.中国沙蜥属的分类和分布研究.内蒙古大学学报2:111-121.
赵肯堂.1992.青藏高原三种沙蜥的分布及其生态共性.两栖爬行动物学研究1、2辑:96-99.
赵肯堂.1997.中国的沙蜥及其鉴别特征记述.铁道师院学报14:27-32.
赵肯堂.1999.沙蜥属的分类术语及中国沙蜥图鉴.铁道师院学报16:46-53.
Bedriaga JV.1905-1909.Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N.M.Przewalski nach Central-Asien unternommenen Reisen,Zoologischer Theil,Amphibien und Reptilien.Annual Reports of the Zoological Museum of the Emperor Academy of Sciences(St.Petersburg)3:79-278.
Blyth E.1863.Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Calcutta:Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Boulenger GA.1885.Catalogue of the lizards in the British museum.Natural History 1:369-380.
Golubev ML,Dunayev EA.1995.A new species of toad agama from western China.Russian Journal of Herpetology 2:5-9.
Guo XG,Wang YZ.2007.Partitioned Bayesian analyses,dispersal-vicariance analysis,and the biogeography of Chinese toad-headed lizards(Agamidae:Phrynocephalus)A Re-evaluation.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45:643-662.
Jin YT,Brown RP,Liu NF.2008.Cladogenesis and phylogeography of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii(Agamidae)on the Tibetan plateau.Molecular Ecology 17:1971-1982.
Macey JR,Schulte Ⅱ JA,Fong JJ,Das Ⅰ,Papenfuss TJ.2006.The complete mitochondrial genome of an agamid lizard from the Afro-Asian subfamily Agaminae and the phylogenetic position of Bufoniceps and Xenagama.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:291-297.
Pang JF,Wang YZ,Zhong Y,Hoelzel AR,Papenfuss TJ,Zeng XM,Ananjeva NB,Zhang YP.2003.A phylogeny of Chinese species in the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae)inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27:398-409.
Peters G.1984.Die KrOtenkopfagamen Zentralasiens(Agamidae:Phrynocephalus).Mitteilungen Aus Dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 60:1-45.
Pope CH.1935.Natural history of Central Asia,Vol.Ⅹ,The Reptiles of China.New York:American Museum of Nature History.
Posada D,Crandall KA.1998.Modeltest:testing the model of DNA substitution.Bioinformatics 14:817-818.
Sites JW,Marshall JC.2003.Delimiting species:a renaissance issue in systematic biology.Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18:462-470.
Strauch A.1876.Monggolia and the Tangut Country(Przhevalsky).Reptilia and Amphibia.The Imperial Russian Geographic Society 2:3-20.
Swofford DL.1998.PAUP*.Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony(~* and Other Methods),Version 4b10.Sunderland,MA:Sinauer Associates.
Tzarevsky.1927.The lizards of the genus Phrynocephalus,collected by the expeditions of P.Kozlov in Tibet in 1899-1901 and in Mongolia and Sze-chuan 1907-1909.Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Sciences de I'URSS,Leningrad,ser.A:303-306.
Wang YZ,Fu JZ.2004.Cladogenesis and vicariance patterns in the toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus versicolor species complex.Copeia 2:119-206.
Wermuth HL.1967.Das tirreich,liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilen:Agamidae.Liferung 86:75-91.
Wiens JJ,Penkrot TA.2002.Delimiting species unsing DNA and morphological variation and discordant species limits in spiny lizards(Sceloporus).Systematic Biology 51:69-91.
Zhao EM,Adler K.1993.Herpetology of China.Oxford,Ohio,USA:Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Zugmayer E.1909.Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Zentral-Asien.Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik Jena 27:504-506.
王跃招,曾晓茂,方自力,吴贯夫,刘志君,Theodore J.Papenfuss,Robert J.Macey.2002.沙蜥属一有效种贵德沙蜥及红原沙蜥的分类研究(蜥蜴亚目:鬣蜥科).动物分类学报27:372-383.
赵尔宓,赵肯堂,周开亚.1999.中国动物志:爬行纲,第二卷.北京:科学出版社.
Allendorf FW,Leary RF.1988.Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species,the cutthroat trout.Conservation Biology 2:170-184.
Anderson E,Hubricht L.1938.Hybridization in Tradescantia.The evidence for introgressive hybridization.American Journal of Botany 25:396-402.
Anderson E.1949.Introgressive Hybridization.New York:John Wiley
Andersson M.1999.Hybridization and phylogeny.Proceeding of the Royal Society of London B,Biological Sciences 266:1579-1585.
Avice JC,Hamrick JL.1996.Conservation Genetics:Case Histories from Nature.New York:Chapman & Hall.
Avise JC.1986.Mitochondrial DNA and the evolutionary.Genetics of higher animals.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 312:325-342.
Avise JC.1994.Molecular Markers,Natural History and Evolution.New York:Chapman & Hall.
Aviss M.1995.The Department of Conservation's Management of Hybridisation-a Discussion Paper.Wellington:New Zealand department of conservation.
Bartley DM,Gall GAE.1991.Genetic identification of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)and introgressive hybridization with introduced rainbow trout(O.mykiss)in streams associated with the Alvord Basin,Oregon and Nevada.Copeia 8:854-859.
Bensch S,Helbig AJ,Salomen M,Seibold I.2002.Amplified fragment length ploymorphism analysis identifies bybrids between two subspecies of warblers.Molecular Ecology 11:473-481.
Bernatchez L,Glemet H,Wilson CC,Danzmann RG.1995.Introgression and fixation of Arctic char(Salvelinus alpinus)mitochondrial genome in an allopatric population of brook trout(Salvelinus fontinalis).Canada Journal of Fsheries and Aquatic Science 52:175-185.
Chen Q,Chang C,Liu NE 1999.Mitochondrial DNA introgression between two parapatric species of Alectoris.Acta Zoologcia Sinica 45:456-463.
Dabrowski A,Fraser R,Confer JL,Lovette IJ.2005.Geographic variability in mitochondrial introgression among hybridizing populations of Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera)and Blue-winged(V.pinus)Warblers.Conservation Genetics: 843-853.
DeMarais BD, Dowling TE, Douglas ME, Minckley WL, Marsh PC. 1992. Origin of Gila seminude (Teleoster Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implication for evolution and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89: 2747-2751.
Dowling TE, Childs MR. 1992. Impact of hybridization on a threatened trout of the southwestern United States. Conservation Biology 6: 355-364.
Echelle AA, Echelle AF. 1997. Genetic introgression of endemic taxa by non-natives: A case study with Leon Springs pupfish and sheepshead minnow. Conservation Biology 11: 153-161.
Ellstrand NC, Prentice HC, Hancock JF. 1999. Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 539-563.
Esa YB, Waters JM, Wallis GP. 2000. Introgressive hybridization between Galaxias depressiceps and Galaxias spD (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in Otago, New Zealand: Secondary contact mediated by water races. Conservation Genetics 1: 329-339.
Gill FB. 1994. Rapid, asymmetrical introgression of mitochondrial DNA in hybridizing populations of Blue-wringed and Golden-wringed warblers. Journal fur Ornithologie 135: 359.
Gill FB. 1997. Local cytonuclear extinction of the Golden-wringed warblers. Evolution 51: 519-525.
Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C, Applebaum GD. 1994. Molecular genetics of the endangered Canid: the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular Ecology 3: 301-312.
Grant PR, Grant BR. 1992. Hybridization of bird species. Science 256: 193-197.
Hayes JP, Guffey SZ, Kriegler FJ, McCracken GF, Parker CR. 1996. The genetic diversity of native, stocked, and hybrid populations of brook trout in the southern Appalachians. Conservation Biology 10: 1403-1412.
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
Jepsen BI, Siegismund HR, Fredholm M. 2002. Population genetics of the native caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) and the semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Southwestern Greenland: Evidence of introgression. Conservation Genetics 3: 401-409.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 2004. Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics 5: 150-163.
Kyle CJ, Davison A, Strobeck C. 2003. Genetic structure of European pinemartens (Martes martes), and evidence for introgression with M. americana in England. Conservation Genetics 4: 179-188.
Levin DA, Francisco Ortega J, Jansen RK. 1996. Hybridization and the extinction of rare plant species. Conservation Biology 10: 10-16.
Levin DA. 2002. Hybridization and extinction. American Scientist 90: 254-261.
Li JJ, Fang XM, Zhu JJ, Zhou SZ, Pan BT, Ma YZ. 1995. Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and Global Change. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press.
Liu NF, Wen LY, Huang ZH. 2006. Introgressive hybridization between Alectoris magna and A. chukar in the Liupan Mountain Region. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52: 153-159.
Macey JR, Schulte II JA, Ananjeva NB, Larson A, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Shammakov SM, Papenfuss TJ. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among Agamid lizards of the Laudakia caucasia Species Group: testing hypotheses of biogeographic fragmentation and an area cladogram for the Iranian Plateau. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10: 118-131.
Mayr E. 1942. Systematics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia University Press.
Merrell DJ. 1981. Ecological Genetics. London: Longman.
Nielsen JL. 1995. Evolution and the Aquatic Ecosystem: Defining Unique Units in Population Conservation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17. Bethesda: American Fisheries Society.
Ounap E, Viidalepp J, Saarma U. 2005. Phylogenetic evaluation of the taxonomic status of Timandra griseata and T. comae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae). European Journal of Entomology 102: 607-615.
Pacheco NM, Congdon BC, Friesen VL. 2002. The utility of nuclear introns for investigating hybridization and genetic introgression: a case study involving Brachyramphus murrelets. Conservation Genetics 3: 175-182.
Radchenko OA. 2004. Introgressive hybridization of chars of the genus salvelinus as inferred from mitochondrial DNA variation. Russian Journal of Genetics 40: 1392-1398.
Rieseberg LH, Swensen SM. 1996. Conservation Genetics of Endangered Island Plants. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Rieseberg LH, Wendel JF. 1993. Introgression and its consequences in plants. In: Harrison RG, ed. Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process. New York: Oxford University Press.
Roques S, Sevigny JM, Bernatchez L. 2001. Evidence for broad scale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (Genus sebastes) in the North-West Atlantic: a rare marine example. Molecular Ecology 10: 149-165.
Roy SM, Getten E, Smith D, Ostrander EA, Wayne RK. 1994. Pattern of differentiation and hybridization in North American Wolflike canids, reverled by analysis of Microsatellite loce. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 553-570.
Saetre GP, Borge T, Lindell J, Moum T, Primmer CR, Sheldon BC, Haavie J, Johnsen A, Ellegren H. 2001. Speciation, introgressive hybridization and nonlinear rate of molecular evolution in flycatchers. Molecular Ecology 10: 737-749.
Salzburger W, Baric S, Sturmbauer C. 2002. Speciation Via introgressive hybridization in East African Cichlids? Molecular Ecology 11: 619-625.
Salzburger W, Meyer A, Baric S, Verheyen E, Sturmbauer C. 2002b. Phylogency of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid species flock and its relationship to the central and East Africa Haplochromine cichlid fish faunas. Systermatic Biology 51: 1-23.
Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L. 2000. Arlequin, a Software for Population Genetic Data Analysis, Version 2.0. Geneva: University of Geneva.
Seehausen O, Van Alphen JJM, Witte F. 1997. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science 277: 1801-1811.
Shaw DD, Marchant AD, Contreras N. 1993. Genomic and environmetal determinant of a narrow hybrid zone: cause or coincidence? In: Hybrid Zone and the Evolutionary Process (ed. Harrison RG). New York: Oxford University Press.
Stebbins GL. 1959. The role of hybridization in evolution. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103: 231-251.
Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and other methods), Version 4b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Takahashi H, Takata K. 2000. Multiple lineages of the witochondrial DNA introgression from Pungitus pungitus (L.) to Pungitus tymensis (Nikolsuy). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquate Science 57: 1814-1833.
Templeton AR. 1986. Coadaption and outbreeding depression. Pages 105-116 in Soule ME, ed. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity Sinauer, Sunderland: Massachusetts.
Wayne RK, Jneks SM. 1991. Mitpchondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature 351: 565-568.
Wilde GR, Echelle AA. 1992. Genetic status of pecos pupfish populations after establishment of a hybrid swarm involving an introduced congener. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121: 227-286.
Wilson AC, Cann RL, Carr SM. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biology Journal of the Linnaen Society 26: 375-400.
Zhang AB, Kubota K, Takami Y, Kim JL, Kim JK, Sota T. 2005. Species status and phylogeography of two closely related Coptolabrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in South Korea inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences.Molecular Ecology 14:3823-3841.
Zhao EM,Adler K.1993.Herpetology of China.Oxford,Ohio,USA:Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
Zlatska AV.2005.Grain protein content in wheat:genetics of the character and some predictions for its improvement in common wheat Russian.Journal of Genetics 41:823-834.