生物古地理信息系统与古地理重建研究
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摘要
生物古地理学主要根据全球或一定地理区域内的化石生物群面貌,研究化石生物群在空间和时间框架内的分布规律,对于验证古地理和古气候重建、判断古板块位置、分析生物群分布的控制因素等方面重要意义。古生物学的研究对象是化石,古生物资料的计算机信息化管理是当今古生物学发展的重要方向之一。地理信息系统即GIS,是一个能够存储、分析和处理海量地理信息数据的计算机系统。它对于带有地理位置属性的数据处理有很好的解决方案,能够提供基于空间地理位置和属性的可视化查询,对古生物化石在时空上分布及古地理重建研究非常有利。
本文设计并建立一个功能完备的生物古地理信息系统,对现有较为丰富的青藏地区晚三叠世双壳类的化石资料进行数字信息化管理,使古生物化石资料系统化、标准化和数据化,实现快捷查询和科研成果及时共享。由于不同的古生物生态属性反映了不同的古环境、古气候、古地理状况,生态作为古生物一个重要的属性有着明显的环境意义。本文利用计算机及GIS技术,针对双壳类生态数据特征和应用需求,开发基于ArcEngine的检索分析模块,尝试了将古生物的生态属性作为一种新的定量分析研究的方法,去还原地体在地质历史时期的生态环境、气候特征、纬度位置等古地理要素,为古地理重建提供支持。
作为一个应用实例,本为对录入的青藏地区晚三叠世双壳类古生物化石信息对进行了古生物生存深度属性分析,验证了在晚三叠世最大海泛面出现在诺利期,推测出喜马拉雅地体在卡尼期到诺利期的海侵方向是从东部向西部进行的。另一方面,通过对晚三叠世“热—亚热”属性古生物在西藏羌塘和喜马拉雅地体的分布研究,推测晚三叠世时期全球很可能并不存在产生季风的大气环流的机制,因此当时缺乏产生赤道环流的机制,并不存在和现代一样的赤道环流。从这种试探性运用的结果来看,本系统可以通过数据反馈出一些结果,但分析因素较为单一,如果叠加其它地质因素的分析将可能对古地理重建有更积极的意义,这留待进一步的探索。
Bio-palaeogeography is the study on the distribution of fossils in space and time framework based on the features of the fossil in the world or a certain geographical area.It’s important for the authentication of palaeogeography and palaeoclimate reconstruction and for the judgment of the location of the ancient plates. Paleontology is the study of fossils, and computer information technology is being used more widely on paleontology data. Geographic Information System (GIS), is a computer system which can store, analyze and process of massive geographic data. It can deal with the data with geographical locational attributes with a very good data-processing solution. It provides a visual space-based query function for the geographic data, and it’s very beneficial for the study on the distribution of fossils in time and space and palaeogeographic reconstruction.
This paper designed and established a full-featured Bio-PalaeoGeographic Information System(BPGIS) of paleontology, and input the existing fossils’data of the Late Triassic bivalve in Qinghai-Tibet region, so that fossils records on papers can be informationized and standardized. Ecology ,as an important attribute of paleontology, has a clear environmental significance.Different ecological attributes reflect different paleoenvironment, paleoclimate and palaeogeography. This article developed a search-based analysis module based on ArcEngine ,and tried to use the ecological attributes of paleontology as a new method of quantitative analysis To restore palaeogeographic elements of terranes in the geological history such as the ecological environment, the climate characteristics and the paleo-latitude in order to support palaeogeographic reconstruction.
As an application example, this paper Carried out a analysis on the survival depth of Paleontology to verify the largest sea surface of Late Triassic occurs in Norian,and speculated the direction of transgression in the Himalayan terrane was from the eastern to the western during Carnian to Norian.And this paper speculated there was not a equatorial circulation in Late Triassic according to the analysis on the distribution of“hot”genus in Himalayan terrane and Qiangtang terrane.
According to the results of this exploratory application, we can see BPGIS is available in getting some results through analyzing the data, but the factor of analysis is single. It may has a more positive meaning for the paleogeographyic reconstruction in case of taking some other geological factors into consideration, and this is left to be further studied.
本文设计并建立一个功能完备的生物古地理信息系统,对现有较为丰富的青藏地区晚三叠世双壳类的化石资料进行数字信息化管理,使古生物化石资料系统化、标准化和数据化,实现快捷查询和科研成果及时共享。由于不同的古生物生态属性反映了不同的古环境、古气候、古地理状况,生态作为古生物一个重要的属性有着明显的环境意义。本文利用计算机及GIS技术,针对双壳类生态数据特征和应用需求,开发基于ArcEngine的检索分析模块,尝试了将古生物的生态属性作为一种新的定量分析研究的方法,去还原地体在地质历史时期的生态环境、气候特征、纬度位置等古地理要素,为古地理重建提供支持。
作为一个应用实例,本为对录入的青藏地区晚三叠世双壳类古生物化石信息对进行了古生物生存深度属性分析,验证了在晚三叠世最大海泛面出现在诺利期,推测出喜马拉雅地体在卡尼期到诺利期的海侵方向是从东部向西部进行的。另一方面,通过对晚三叠世“热—亚热”属性古生物在西藏羌塘和喜马拉雅地体的分布研究,推测晚三叠世时期全球很可能并不存在产生季风的大气环流的机制,因此当时缺乏产生赤道环流的机制,并不存在和现代一样的赤道环流。从这种试探性运用的结果来看,本系统可以通过数据反馈出一些结果,但分析因素较为单一,如果叠加其它地质因素的分析将可能对古地理重建有更积极的意义,这留待进一步的探索。
Bio-palaeogeography is the study on the distribution of fossils in space and time framework based on the features of the fossil in the world or a certain geographical area.It’s important for the authentication of palaeogeography and palaeoclimate reconstruction and for the judgment of the location of the ancient plates. Paleontology is the study of fossils, and computer information technology is being used more widely on paleontology data. Geographic Information System (GIS), is a computer system which can store, analyze and process of massive geographic data. It can deal with the data with geographical locational attributes with a very good data-processing solution. It provides a visual space-based query function for the geographic data, and it’s very beneficial for the study on the distribution of fossils in time and space and palaeogeographic reconstruction.
This paper designed and established a full-featured Bio-PalaeoGeographic Information System(BPGIS) of paleontology, and input the existing fossils’data of the Late Triassic bivalve in Qinghai-Tibet region, so that fossils records on papers can be informationized and standardized. Ecology ,as an important attribute of paleontology, has a clear environmental significance.Different ecological attributes reflect different paleoenvironment, paleoclimate and palaeogeography. This article developed a search-based analysis module based on ArcEngine ,and tried to use the ecological attributes of paleontology as a new method of quantitative analysis To restore palaeogeographic elements of terranes in the geological history such as the ecological environment, the climate characteristics and the paleo-latitude in order to support palaeogeographic reconstruction.
As an application example, this paper Carried out a analysis on the survival depth of Paleontology to verify the largest sea surface of Late Triassic occurs in Norian,and speculated the direction of transgression in the Himalayan terrane was from the eastern to the western during Carnian to Norian.And this paper speculated there was not a equatorial circulation in Late Triassic according to the analysis on the distribution of“hot”genus in Himalayan terrane and Qiangtang terrane.
According to the results of this exploratory application, we can see BPGIS is available in getting some results through analyzing the data, but the factor of analysis is single. It may has a more positive meaning for the paleogeographyic reconstruction in case of taking some other geological factors into consideration, and this is left to be further studied.
引文
[1]Brown, J. H. And Gibson, A. C. 1983: Biogeography, 1-643. The C.V. Mosby Company, Missouri.
[2]Cyril Hochard. 2008: GIS AND GEODATABASES APPLICATION TO GLOBAL SCALE PLATE TECTONICS MODELLING. PhD essay. Switzerland :University of Lausanne.
[3]Diener, C. 1916: Die marine Reiche der Trias-Periode, Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch. Wien 92: 405-549.
[4]ESRI,2008:ArcGIS轻松入门教程--ArcGIS Engine,ESRI中国(北京)培训中心.
[5]ESRI,2004:ArcGIS Engine开发指南,ESRI中国(北京)培训中心.
[6]Hallam, A. 1994: An outline of Phanerozoic biogeography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 246pp.
[7]J.Robert Dodd and Robert J.Stanton,JR,1989:古生态学概念与应用.南京:南京大学出版社
[8]Kristan-Tollmann, E and Tollmann, A. 1983: Uberregionable Zuge der Tethys in Schichfolge und Fauna am Beispiel der Trias zwischen Europa und Fernost, speziell China. In Zapfe, H. (Hrsg). Neue Beitraege zue Biostraigrafphie der Tethys-Trias. Schftenreiche der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommission 5: 177-230, Wien (Springer).
[9]Kristan-Tollmann, E 1988: Unexpected microfaunal communities within the Triassic Tethys. In Audley-Charles, M.G. And Hallam, A. (eds). Gondwana and Tethys Geological Sciety special publication, No. 37: 213-223.
[10]Lieberman B S , 2000: Paleobiogeography. New York : Plenum/ Kluwer Academic Press. 208 pp .
[11]Tamura, M. 1983: Megalodonts and Megalodont limestones in Japan. Mem. Fac. Educ.., Kumamoto Univ. N. 32Nat. Sci. , 7-28.
[12]Westermann , G. E. G. 2000: Marine faunal realms of the Mesozoic: review and revision under the new guidelines for biogeographic classification and nomenclature. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 163:49-68.
[13]陈民敏等,1996:古生物信息查询系统.古生物学报,35(6):766 - 771.
[14]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎,1999:地理信息系统导论.北京:科学出版社.
[15]丁士锋等,2008:《完全手册Visual C# 2005+SQL Server 2005数据库与网络开发》.北京:电子工业出版社.
[16]冯增昭,2003:我国古地理学的形成、发展、问题和共识.古地理学报, 5 (2) : 129 - 141.
[17]黄维平等,2005:国家化石岩矿标本库数据库网站的设计与实现,吉林大学学报(信息科学版), 523(3):316-322.
[18]李祥辉等,2001:西藏措勤盆地古生界—中生界岩相古地理演化.成都理工学院学报, 28(4):331-339.
[19]宋关福,钟耳顺.1998:组件式地理信息系统研究与开发.中国图象图形学报. 3(4):313-316.
[20]孙枢,2005:中国沉积学的今后发展:若干思考与建议..地学前缘.12(2):3-10.
[21]田树刚,王乃文,2005:古生物地层数据库建设及其意义.中国地质,32(4):706-711.
[22]王成善,李祥辉,2003:沉积盆地分析原理与方法.北京:高等教育出版社.
[23]武法东,付宗堂,2001:地理信息系统基本原理.北京:电子工业出版社.
[24]邬伦,刘瑜,2002:地理信息系统--原理、方法和应用.北京:科学出版社.
[25]文世宣,1999:青藏高原白垩纪双壳类生物地理.古生物学报,38(1):2-23.
[26]吴信才,1998:地理信息系统的基本技术与发展动态.地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 23(4):329-333.
[27]夏军等,2005:藏南洛扎地区侏罗、白垩纪岩相古地理特征.沉积与特提斯地质,25(3):8-17.
[28]谢俊芳等,2007:腕足动物数据库及定量古生物地理学研究.古生物学报,46 (4) : 420– 429.
[29]殷鸿福等,1988:中国古生物地理学.武汉:中国地质大学出版社.
[30]阴家润,2005:西藏喜马拉雅瑞替阶和赫塘阶菊石组合及其生物年代学对比.地质学报, 79(5):577-587
[31]http://www.odsn.de
[32]http://www.scotese.com
[2]Cyril Hochard. 2008: GIS AND GEODATABASES APPLICATION TO GLOBAL SCALE PLATE TECTONICS MODELLING. PhD essay. Switzerland :University of Lausanne.
[3]Diener, C. 1916: Die marine Reiche der Trias-Periode, Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch. Wien 92: 405-549.
[4]ESRI,2008:ArcGIS轻松入门教程--ArcGIS Engine,ESRI中国(北京)培训中心.
[5]ESRI,2004:ArcGIS Engine开发指南,ESRI中国(北京)培训中心.
[6]Hallam, A. 1994: An outline of Phanerozoic biogeography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 246pp.
[7]J.Robert Dodd and Robert J.Stanton,JR,1989:古生态学概念与应用.南京:南京大学出版社
[8]Kristan-Tollmann, E and Tollmann, A. 1983: Uberregionable Zuge der Tethys in Schichfolge und Fauna am Beispiel der Trias zwischen Europa und Fernost, speziell China. In Zapfe, H. (Hrsg). Neue Beitraege zue Biostraigrafphie der Tethys-Trias. Schftenreiche der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommission 5: 177-230, Wien (Springer).
[9]Kristan-Tollmann, E 1988: Unexpected microfaunal communities within the Triassic Tethys. In Audley-Charles, M.G. And Hallam, A. (eds). Gondwana and Tethys Geological Sciety special publication, No. 37: 213-223.
[10]Lieberman B S , 2000: Paleobiogeography. New York : Plenum/ Kluwer Academic Press. 208 pp .
[11]Tamura, M. 1983: Megalodonts and Megalodont limestones in Japan. Mem. Fac. Educ.., Kumamoto Univ. N. 32Nat. Sci. , 7-28.
[12]Westermann , G. E. G. 2000: Marine faunal realms of the Mesozoic: review and revision under the new guidelines for biogeographic classification and nomenclature. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 163:49-68.
[13]陈民敏等,1996:古生物信息查询系统.古生物学报,35(6):766 - 771.
[14]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎,1999:地理信息系统导论.北京:科学出版社.
[15]丁士锋等,2008:《完全手册Visual C# 2005+SQL Server 2005数据库与网络开发》.北京:电子工业出版社.
[16]冯增昭,2003:我国古地理学的形成、发展、问题和共识.古地理学报, 5 (2) : 129 - 141.
[17]黄维平等,2005:国家化石岩矿标本库数据库网站的设计与实现,吉林大学学报(信息科学版), 523(3):316-322.
[18]李祥辉等,2001:西藏措勤盆地古生界—中生界岩相古地理演化.成都理工学院学报, 28(4):331-339.
[19]宋关福,钟耳顺.1998:组件式地理信息系统研究与开发.中国图象图形学报. 3(4):313-316.
[20]孙枢,2005:中国沉积学的今后发展:若干思考与建议..地学前缘.12(2):3-10.
[21]田树刚,王乃文,2005:古生物地层数据库建设及其意义.中国地质,32(4):706-711.
[22]王成善,李祥辉,2003:沉积盆地分析原理与方法.北京:高等教育出版社.
[23]武法东,付宗堂,2001:地理信息系统基本原理.北京:电子工业出版社.
[24]邬伦,刘瑜,2002:地理信息系统--原理、方法和应用.北京:科学出版社.
[25]文世宣,1999:青藏高原白垩纪双壳类生物地理.古生物学报,38(1):2-23.
[26]吴信才,1998:地理信息系统的基本技术与发展动态.地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 23(4):329-333.
[27]夏军等,2005:藏南洛扎地区侏罗、白垩纪岩相古地理特征.沉积与特提斯地质,25(3):8-17.
[28]谢俊芳等,2007:腕足动物数据库及定量古生物地理学研究.古生物学报,46 (4) : 420– 429.
[29]殷鸿福等,1988:中国古生物地理学.武汉:中国地质大学出版社.
[30]阴家润,2005:西藏喜马拉雅瑞替阶和赫塘阶菊石组合及其生物年代学对比.地质学报, 79(5):577-587
[31]http://www.odsn.de
[32]http://www.scotese.com