厦门与罗源湾近岸海域生态足迹对比研究
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摘要
近岸海域是受人类干扰强度最大的海域,随着海域沿岸人口不断增加、社会经济迅速发展,近岸海域由于过度开发及不合理利用引发的一系列环境问题越来越受到关注。
近岸海域生态足迹模型能定量测度生态系统所承受的因人类活动而带来的资源与环境压力,从而有效评价近岸海域利用的可持续性。本论文运用环境科学、环境管理学、环境评价学、海洋学、生态学等多学科理论,结合资料收集、理论分析、社会调查、现场勘察和案例研究等手段,以厦门近岸海域及罗源湾海域为研究对象,运用近岸海域生态足迹分析方法,计算两个海域的生态足迹并进行对比分析,总结厦门及罗源湾海域开发利用的主要问题,最后提出相应对策。论文主要工作包括:
第一,补充近岸海域生态足迹模型及其理论。主要包括调整近岸海域生态足迹计算的假设前提,重新划分近岸海域生态足迹计算项目。
第二,计算厦门及罗源湾海域生态足迹,结果表明:厦门近岸海域生物质消费足迹与能源消费足迹一直表现为生态赤字;污染物消纳表现为生态盈余;罗源湾生物质消费足迹一直表现为生态赤字;能源消费对应的生态足迹一直表现为生态盈余;污染物消纳从生态盈余转变成生态赤字,且赤字不断增加。
第三,对比厦门及罗源湾海域生态足迹。结果表明:
1.对比生物质消费生态足迹结果表明,海水养殖产量是影响两个海域生物质消费生态足迹的关键因子。
2.对比污染物消纳生态足迹结果表明,引起厦门近岸海域污染物消纳生态足迹持续增长的主要原因是陆源直排口的污染物排放量逐年递增;而罗源湾海域污染物消纳生态足迹增加的主要原因是过度海水养殖引起的污染物排放量不断增加。
3.对比能源消费生态足迹结果表明,厦门能源消费生态足迹不断增加的原因是人口较多,第二产业不断发展,客观上对能源的需求量及消费量不断上升;相比之下,罗源湾沿岸以生活能源消费为主,人口较少,工业尚未形成规模,因此其能源消费生态足迹小于厦门近岸海域能源消费的生态足迹。
4.对比厦门及罗源湾海域的生态承载力结果表明,人口增长、城市化以及围海造地等因素造成两个海域及滩涂的面积不断下降,生态承载力不断降低。
第四,总结厦门及罗源湾海域利用的主要问题。厦门近岸海域利用的主要问题有:围海造地不断增加,致使海域生境缩小,海域生态承载力逐渐减小;能源消费不断增加,产生的CO_2量加剧透支海域CO_2吸收功能;厦门陆源点源污染是海域污染的主要来源,其中生活污水的污染物排放问题尤为突出;来自九龙江等河流的跨区污染严重影响了厦门近岸海域海水环境质量。罗源湾海域利用的主要问题有:陆源非点源污染的污染物排放日趋严重;海水养殖密度过大,缺乏统筹安排、合理规划以及科学的养殖技术;环罗源湾地区土地资源稀缺,人地矛盾突出,围垦过渡;罗源湾海域功能正在转变,存在潜在的用海矛盾;多部门管理和跨区管理存在协调问题,缺乏统一规划。
第五,针对问题提出相应的意见和对策。欲促进厦门及罗源湾海域资源的可持续利用。应采取行之有效的管理措施。具体如:推进海陆一体化管理,全面实施海岸带综合管理,建立涉海部门的管理新机制;加强对水产养殖管理,根据功能区划和生态环境条件,充分考虑主要养殖区的合理布局,控制水产养殖规模和密度;加强对海域污染源的监督;加强陆源污染的控制,实行总量控制制度;遏制高耗能、高排放行业过快增长,加快推进服务业和高技术产业发展;加强宣传教育,唤起公众对海洋事业的支持和参与海洋环保的热情。
The coastal waters are constantly being affected by human activities. With the increasing population and the improving social economy, people are paying more attention to the problems which are caused by nearshore's overexploitation and irrational utilization. The marine ecological footprint model is an effective method which can measure sustainable development.
Based on the theories on Environmental Science, Environmental Assessment, Environmental Management, Oceanography, Ecology, etc., this thesis uses the methods like reference researches, theoretical analysis, and social investigations, etc.. This thesis does case studies on Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay, evaluates their ecological footprints by using the marine ecological footprint model, studies on the differences of the ecological footprints between Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay. At last, this thesis also make a summary about the problems in the process of waters resources' exploitation and utilization. The main achievements of this thesis are summarized as follows:
First, this thesis supplements the basic model and theory of the marine ecological footprint model. The hypothesis premise of the marine ecological footprint model is ajusted, and the marine ecological footprint computed items are re-divided.
Second, this thesis takes Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay as case studies, calculating ecological footprints at present and the dynamic changes of ecological footprints over last 15 years. The result showed: in Xiamen case, biomass consumption ecological footprints and energy consumption ecological footprints showed ecological surplus, and the contamination disposal ecological footprints showed ecological deficit. While in the Luoyuan case, biomass consumption ecological footprints showed ecological deficit and energy consumption ecological footprints showed ecological surplus. Contamination disposal ecological footprints changed from ecological surplus to ecological deficit.
Third, this thesis studies on the differences of the ecological footprints between Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay. The results are summarized as follows:
i After studying on the differences of biomass consumption ecological footprints, the results showed the total mariculture yield is a key factor of both biomass consumption ecological footprints.
ii After studying on the differences of contamination disposal ecological footprints, the results show: in the Xiamen case, increasing pollutant emission from land source point source is the key factor which caused the increasing contamination disposal ecological footprints; while in the Luoyuan case, increasing pollutant emission from mariculture is the key factor which caused the increasing contamination disposal ecological footprints.
iii After studying on the differences of energy consumption ecological footprints, the results show: in Xiamen case, energy consumption ecological footprints are constantly increasing because of the increasing population and the developed secondary industry. While in the Luoyuan case, its energy consumption ecological footprints is less than Xiamen's because of less population, undeveloped secondary industry and less energy consumption.
iv After studying on the differences of ecological carrying capacity, the results show that increasing population, urbanization and land reclamation are all the causes of the decreasing areas of waters and tidal flat, and the decreasing of both ecological carrying capacities .
Forth, this thesis summarizes the main problems in the process of coastal waters' resources exploitation and utilization. The main problems of Xiamen Coastal Waters are: increasing land reclamation, increasing energy consumption, increasing pollutant emission from the domestic sewage, and increasing pollutant emission from the Jiulong river to the sea. While in Luoyuan case, the main problems are: increasing land source non-point source pollution, over density of the mariculture, increasing land reclamation, potential conflict caused by the change of marine function, and the coordination problem because of stride borough management and poly-department management.
Fifth, this thesis gives some advises and measures. Effective management measures can promote the sustainable resources' utilization, such as: implementing the integrated management and integrated coastal management; strengthening Management of aquaculture; strengthening supervision of pollution sources in coastal water; avoiding high energy-consuming products and implementing cleaner production; enforcing the propaganda and education of marine sustainable development.
近岸海域生态足迹模型能定量测度生态系统所承受的因人类活动而带来的资源与环境压力,从而有效评价近岸海域利用的可持续性。本论文运用环境科学、环境管理学、环境评价学、海洋学、生态学等多学科理论,结合资料收集、理论分析、社会调查、现场勘察和案例研究等手段,以厦门近岸海域及罗源湾海域为研究对象,运用近岸海域生态足迹分析方法,计算两个海域的生态足迹并进行对比分析,总结厦门及罗源湾海域开发利用的主要问题,最后提出相应对策。论文主要工作包括:
第一,补充近岸海域生态足迹模型及其理论。主要包括调整近岸海域生态足迹计算的假设前提,重新划分近岸海域生态足迹计算项目。
第二,计算厦门及罗源湾海域生态足迹,结果表明:厦门近岸海域生物质消费足迹与能源消费足迹一直表现为生态赤字;污染物消纳表现为生态盈余;罗源湾生物质消费足迹一直表现为生态赤字;能源消费对应的生态足迹一直表现为生态盈余;污染物消纳从生态盈余转变成生态赤字,且赤字不断增加。
第三,对比厦门及罗源湾海域生态足迹。结果表明:
1.对比生物质消费生态足迹结果表明,海水养殖产量是影响两个海域生物质消费生态足迹的关键因子。
2.对比污染物消纳生态足迹结果表明,引起厦门近岸海域污染物消纳生态足迹持续增长的主要原因是陆源直排口的污染物排放量逐年递增;而罗源湾海域污染物消纳生态足迹增加的主要原因是过度海水养殖引起的污染物排放量不断增加。
3.对比能源消费生态足迹结果表明,厦门能源消费生态足迹不断增加的原因是人口较多,第二产业不断发展,客观上对能源的需求量及消费量不断上升;相比之下,罗源湾沿岸以生活能源消费为主,人口较少,工业尚未形成规模,因此其能源消费生态足迹小于厦门近岸海域能源消费的生态足迹。
4.对比厦门及罗源湾海域的生态承载力结果表明,人口增长、城市化以及围海造地等因素造成两个海域及滩涂的面积不断下降,生态承载力不断降低。
第四,总结厦门及罗源湾海域利用的主要问题。厦门近岸海域利用的主要问题有:围海造地不断增加,致使海域生境缩小,海域生态承载力逐渐减小;能源消费不断增加,产生的CO_2量加剧透支海域CO_2吸收功能;厦门陆源点源污染是海域污染的主要来源,其中生活污水的污染物排放问题尤为突出;来自九龙江等河流的跨区污染严重影响了厦门近岸海域海水环境质量。罗源湾海域利用的主要问题有:陆源非点源污染的污染物排放日趋严重;海水养殖密度过大,缺乏统筹安排、合理规划以及科学的养殖技术;环罗源湾地区土地资源稀缺,人地矛盾突出,围垦过渡;罗源湾海域功能正在转变,存在潜在的用海矛盾;多部门管理和跨区管理存在协调问题,缺乏统一规划。
第五,针对问题提出相应的意见和对策。欲促进厦门及罗源湾海域资源的可持续利用。应采取行之有效的管理措施。具体如:推进海陆一体化管理,全面实施海岸带综合管理,建立涉海部门的管理新机制;加强对水产养殖管理,根据功能区划和生态环境条件,充分考虑主要养殖区的合理布局,控制水产养殖规模和密度;加强对海域污染源的监督;加强陆源污染的控制,实行总量控制制度;遏制高耗能、高排放行业过快增长,加快推进服务业和高技术产业发展;加强宣传教育,唤起公众对海洋事业的支持和参与海洋环保的热情。
The coastal waters are constantly being affected by human activities. With the increasing population and the improving social economy, people are paying more attention to the problems which are caused by nearshore's overexploitation and irrational utilization. The marine ecological footprint model is an effective method which can measure sustainable development.
Based on the theories on Environmental Science, Environmental Assessment, Environmental Management, Oceanography, Ecology, etc., this thesis uses the methods like reference researches, theoretical analysis, and social investigations, etc.. This thesis does case studies on Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay, evaluates their ecological footprints by using the marine ecological footprint model, studies on the differences of the ecological footprints between Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay. At last, this thesis also make a summary about the problems in the process of waters resources' exploitation and utilization. The main achievements of this thesis are summarized as follows:
First, this thesis supplements the basic model and theory of the marine ecological footprint model. The hypothesis premise of the marine ecological footprint model is ajusted, and the marine ecological footprint computed items are re-divided.
Second, this thesis takes Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay as case studies, calculating ecological footprints at present and the dynamic changes of ecological footprints over last 15 years. The result showed: in Xiamen case, biomass consumption ecological footprints and energy consumption ecological footprints showed ecological surplus, and the contamination disposal ecological footprints showed ecological deficit. While in the Luoyuan case, biomass consumption ecological footprints showed ecological deficit and energy consumption ecological footprints showed ecological surplus. Contamination disposal ecological footprints changed from ecological surplus to ecological deficit.
Third, this thesis studies on the differences of the ecological footprints between Xiamen Coastal Waters and Luoyuan Bay. The results are summarized as follows:
i After studying on the differences of biomass consumption ecological footprints, the results showed the total mariculture yield is a key factor of both biomass consumption ecological footprints.
ii After studying on the differences of contamination disposal ecological footprints, the results show: in the Xiamen case, increasing pollutant emission from land source point source is the key factor which caused the increasing contamination disposal ecological footprints; while in the Luoyuan case, increasing pollutant emission from mariculture is the key factor which caused the increasing contamination disposal ecological footprints.
iii After studying on the differences of energy consumption ecological footprints, the results show: in Xiamen case, energy consumption ecological footprints are constantly increasing because of the increasing population and the developed secondary industry. While in the Luoyuan case, its energy consumption ecological footprints is less than Xiamen's because of less population, undeveloped secondary industry and less energy consumption.
iv After studying on the differences of ecological carrying capacity, the results show that increasing population, urbanization and land reclamation are all the causes of the decreasing areas of waters and tidal flat, and the decreasing of both ecological carrying capacities .
Forth, this thesis summarizes the main problems in the process of coastal waters' resources exploitation and utilization. The main problems of Xiamen Coastal Waters are: increasing land reclamation, increasing energy consumption, increasing pollutant emission from the domestic sewage, and increasing pollutant emission from the Jiulong river to the sea. While in Luoyuan case, the main problems are: increasing land source non-point source pollution, over density of the mariculture, increasing land reclamation, potential conflict caused by the change of marine function, and the coordination problem because of stride borough management and poly-department management.
Fifth, this thesis gives some advises and measures. Effective management measures can promote the sustainable resources' utilization, such as: implementing the integrated management and integrated coastal management; strengthening Management of aquaculture; strengthening supervision of pollution sources in coastal water; avoiding high energy-consuming products and implementing cleaner production; enforcing the propaganda and education of marine sustainable development.
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