用于无线射频识别系统发射机的设计与实现
摘要
在新一代信息技术物联网的推动下,无线射频识别(RFID)技术在证照防伪、电子支付、出入控制、仓储管理和物流追踪等领域受到广泛应用。随着RFID技术的发展,超高频(UHF)915MHz和微波(MW)2.45GHz频段的RFID系统相比于低频(LF)和高频(HF)频段RFID系统具有识别距离远、天线尺寸小、识别速度快和防冲突能力强等优点。本文紧扣超高频和微波2.45GHz频段RFID的应用需求,对适用于读写器和标签的发射机进行了深入的研究,完成了以下工作:
基于EPC global Class1 Gen2协议标准,设计了一款用于UHF单芯片读写器的低成本发射机芯片。该发射机采用单通道直接上变频结构,包括可对基带信号直接滤波的脉冲整形滤波器(PSF)、非平衡混频器结构的调制器(Modulator)和两级放大结构的功率放大器(PA)。发射机芯片采用1.8V和3.3V双电源供电,DSB-ASK调制方式,最大输出功率达24dBm,全集成整版面积低于2mm~2。基于该发射机,提出了一种直接上变频I/Q正交调制发射机电路的基本设计方法。
设计了一种新型的2.45GHz有源标签发射机。该标签发射机采用差分信号操作,包括偏置电路、振荡器和新型功率放大器。偏置电路为开关可控式,可开启和关断发射机。特别是新型功率放大器,结合了PCB天线阻抗设计,使得无需只用片内或片外电感,大大节省了成本。1.8V供电电压下,最大输出功率10dBm,芯片面积680×760μm~2。基于所设计的有源标签发射机结构,文中还提出了一种半有源标签解决方案,该方案对模式控制和功耗等性能进行了优化。
最后,本设计采用UMC CMOS 0.18μm 1P6M工艺,对读写器发射机和标签发射机进行了版图设计并流片测试,对测试结果做了相应分析总结。
Under the impetus of the new generation information technology of Internet of Things, radio frequency identification devices are widely used in the field of certificate security, electronic payment, access control system, warehouse management and logistics tracking. With the development of RFID technology, RFID system in UHF 915MHz and MW 2.45GHz owns its advantages compared with system in LF and HF frequency band, such as long identification distance, small size of antenna, high identification speed and strong anti-collision ability. According to the specific requirements of the UHF and MW 2.45GHz RFID technology applications, this dissertation has following achievements on the transmitters of UHF single-chip reader and active tag:
The low cost transmitter for UHF single chip reader applications is proposed, which satisfies the EPC global Class1 Gen2 protocol. The transmitter adopts direct up-conversion architecture, including pulse shaping filter (PSF), unbalanced structure modulator and two stage power amplifier (PA). With the supply of 1.8V and 3.3V, the transmitter shows a maximum output power of 24dBm. The modulation mode is DSB-ASK. The total chip area is less than 2 mm~2. On the basis of the single end transmitter, the design of transmitter with I/Q quadrature modulation up-conversion architecture is also introduced.
A novel transmitter for 2.45GHz active RFID tag applications is also designed. The differential transmitter includes bias generator, oscillator and power amplifier. The switch controlled bias generator can turn on or off the transmitter. It is worth to mention the design of novel PA. Associated with the design of PCB antenna, on-chip RF integrated inductors are not applied, which reduces the cost. Under the supply of 1.8V, the maximum output power is 10dBm, whereas the total chip area is only 680×760μm~2. Based on this kind of transmitter, a solution to the semi-active RFID tag is demonstrated. This architecture optimizes the mode control and power consumption.
Finally, the layout design is presented and these two transmitters of reader and tag are fabricated in a UMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS process. Measurement results are discussed, too.
基于EPC global Class1 Gen2协议标准,设计了一款用于UHF单芯片读写器的低成本发射机芯片。该发射机采用单通道直接上变频结构,包括可对基带信号直接滤波的脉冲整形滤波器(PSF)、非平衡混频器结构的调制器(Modulator)和两级放大结构的功率放大器(PA)。发射机芯片采用1.8V和3.3V双电源供电,DSB-ASK调制方式,最大输出功率达24dBm,全集成整版面积低于2mm~2。基于该发射机,提出了一种直接上变频I/Q正交调制发射机电路的基本设计方法。
设计了一种新型的2.45GHz有源标签发射机。该标签发射机采用差分信号操作,包括偏置电路、振荡器和新型功率放大器。偏置电路为开关可控式,可开启和关断发射机。特别是新型功率放大器,结合了PCB天线阻抗设计,使得无需只用片内或片外电感,大大节省了成本。1.8V供电电压下,最大输出功率10dBm,芯片面积680×760μm~2。基于所设计的有源标签发射机结构,文中还提出了一种半有源标签解决方案,该方案对模式控制和功耗等性能进行了优化。
最后,本设计采用UMC CMOS 0.18μm 1P6M工艺,对读写器发射机和标签发射机进行了版图设计并流片测试,对测试结果做了相应分析总结。
Under the impetus of the new generation information technology of Internet of Things, radio frequency identification devices are widely used in the field of certificate security, electronic payment, access control system, warehouse management and logistics tracking. With the development of RFID technology, RFID system in UHF 915MHz and MW 2.45GHz owns its advantages compared with system in LF and HF frequency band, such as long identification distance, small size of antenna, high identification speed and strong anti-collision ability. According to the specific requirements of the UHF and MW 2.45GHz RFID technology applications, this dissertation has following achievements on the transmitters of UHF single-chip reader and active tag:
The low cost transmitter for UHF single chip reader applications is proposed, which satisfies the EPC global Class1 Gen2 protocol. The transmitter adopts direct up-conversion architecture, including pulse shaping filter (PSF), unbalanced structure modulator and two stage power amplifier (PA). With the supply of 1.8V and 3.3V, the transmitter shows a maximum output power of 24dBm. The modulation mode is DSB-ASK. The total chip area is less than 2 mm~2. On the basis of the single end transmitter, the design of transmitter with I/Q quadrature modulation up-conversion architecture is also introduced.
A novel transmitter for 2.45GHz active RFID tag applications is also designed. The differential transmitter includes bias generator, oscillator and power amplifier. The switch controlled bias generator can turn on or off the transmitter. It is worth to mention the design of novel PA. Associated with the design of PCB antenna, on-chip RF integrated inductors are not applied, which reduces the cost. Under the supply of 1.8V, the maximum output power is 10dBm, whereas the total chip area is only 680×760μm~2. Based on this kind of transmitter, a solution to the semi-active RFID tag is demonstrated. This architecture optimizes the mode control and power consumption.
Finally, the layout design is presented and these two transmitters of reader and tag are fabricated in a UMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS process. Measurement results are discussed, too.
引文
[1] Lu T, Neng W. Future internet: The Internet of Things: Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE), 2010 3rd International Conference on, 2010[C].20-22 Aug. 2010.
[2]孔令仲,唐鼎甲. RFID在电子标签中的应用[J].信息化研究, 2011(4):61-65.
[3]莫凌飞.物联网RFID技术的主要应用[J].杭州科技, 2010(1):18-19.
[4] Yanjun Z. Survivable RFID Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Techniques[J]. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on, 2010,40(4):406-418.
[5]刘燕.基于RFID的物联网技术探析[J].电脑开发与应用, 2011(10):50-51.
[6] Tabesh M. Design and analysis of an ultra low power UHF RFID front-end [D]. San Jose State University., 2007.
[7] Shameli A. RFID system in CMOS technology.[D]. University of California, Irvine., 2007.
[8]田金峰. 0.18um工艺无源与半有源RFID标签芯片射频模拟前端电路研究[D].天津大学, 2010.
[9]李智群,王志功,射频集成电路,北京:科学出版社,2008:129-150.
[10]池保勇,余志平,石秉学,CMOS射频集成电路分析与设计,北京:清华大学出版社,2006:152-179.
[11]马利远.超高频无源RFID标签芯片调制解调系统电路设计与版图设计[D].天津大学, 2008.
[12] EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols,“Class-1 generation-2 UHF RFID, protocol for communications at 860MHz-960MHz”, Version 1.0.9, Jan. 31th, 2005.
[13]王征,超高频RFID空中接口协议的研究与系统设计[D],天津大学,2008.
[14] Kyudon C, Yunseong E, Sungjae J, et al. A fully integrated CMOS RF transmitter for UHF mobile RFID reader applications: Microwave Conference, 2007. European, 2007[C].9-12 Oct. 2007.
[15] Jeonghu Han, et al. A Fully-Integrated 900-MHz CMOS Power Amplifier for Mobile RFID Reader Applications [J]. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2006.
[16] A. Mazzenti,et al. A 1.4 GHz-2 GHz wideband CMOS class-E power amplifier delivering 23dBm peak with 67% PAE [J]. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2005:425-428.
[17] Shim S, Han J, Hong S. A CMOS RF polar transmitter of a UHF mobile PvFID reader for high power efficiency[J]. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2008,18(9):635-637.
[18]张国雄,测控电路,北京:机械工业出版社,2006:100-102.
[19] Roghoyeh Salmeh. LNA and mixer designs for RF front-ends [D]. University of Calgary. 2007.
[20] Kuo C. RF power amplifier using deep sub-micron CMOS technology [D]. Stanford University., 2002.
[21] (美)Thomas H. Lee著,余志平,周润德等译,CMOS射频集成电路设计,北京:电子工业出版社,2004:248-261.
[22] Srirattana, Nuttapong. High-efficiency linear RF power amplifiers development [D]. Georgia Institute of Technology. 2005
[23] Sowlati T, Leenaerts D M W. A 2.4-GHz 0.18-μm CMOS self-biased cascode power amplifier[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, 2003,38(8):1318-1324.
[24]郭晓峰. UHF RFID阅读器芯片功率放大器设计[D].北京交通大学, 2009.
[25] Le Ye, Huailin L, Fei S, et al. A Single-Chip CMOS UHF RFID Reader Transceiver for Chinese Mobile Applications[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, 2010,45(7):1316-1329.
[26]席占国,秦亚杰,苏彦锋,等. 1.9GHz高线性度上混频器设计[J].固体电子学研究与进展, 2007(1):49-53.
[27] Lai I C H, Fujishima M. Psuedo-Millimeter-Wave Up-Conversion Mixer with On-Chip Balun for Vehicular Radar Systems: Design Automation Conference, 2007. ASP-DAC '07. Asia and South Pacific, 2007[C].23-26 Jan. 2007.
[28] Namjun C, Seong-Jun S, Sunyoung K, et al. A 5.1-μW UHF RFID tag chip integrated with sensors for wireless environmental monitoring: Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005. ESSCIRC 2005. Proceedings of the 31st European, 2005[C].12-16 Sept. 2005.
[29] KOCER F, FLYNN M P. A new transponder architecture for long-range telemetry applications: Circuit Theory and Design, 2005. Proceedings of the 2005 European Conference on, 2005[C].
[30] Mark Phineas Bury. A Wide-Tuning Range Transformer-Based RF CMOS Oscillator [D]. University of Toronto. 2001.
[31] C.P. Yue, and S. S. Wong,“Physical modeling of spiral inductors on silicon,”IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, v. 47(3), pp. 560-568, Mar 2000.
[32] C.P. Yue, and S. S. Wong,“Study on substrate effects of silicon-based RF passive components,”in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, v. 4, Anaheim, CA, Jun 1999, pp. 1625-1628.
[33] A. M. Niknejad, and R. G. Meyer,“Analysis, design, and optimization of spiral inductors and transformers for SI RF IC’s,”IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, v.33(10), pp. 1470-1481, Oct 1998.
[34] D. B. Leeson,“A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum,””Proc. IEEE, pp. 329-330,2.1966.
[35] CHO C, CHOO H, PARK I. Printed symmetric inverted-f antenna with a quasi-isotropic radiation pattern[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2008,50(4):927-930.
[36] Shiho K, Jung-Hyun C, Hyun-Sik K, et al. An EPC Gen 2 compatible passive/semi-active UHF RFID transponder with embedded FeRAM and temperature sensor: Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2007. ASSCC '07. IEEE Asian, 2007[C].12-14 Nov. 2007.
[37] A. Hastings, The Art of Analog Layout, Prentice Hall Incorporate, 2001.
[38] B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2001.
[39] T. H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits,Cambridge University Press, 1998.
[40] Bhattacharya S. Template-driven parasitic-aware optimization of analog/RF IC layouts.[D]. University of Washington., 2005.
[2]孔令仲,唐鼎甲. RFID在电子标签中的应用[J].信息化研究, 2011(4):61-65.
[3]莫凌飞.物联网RFID技术的主要应用[J].杭州科技, 2010(1):18-19.
[4] Yanjun Z. Survivable RFID Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Techniques[J]. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on, 2010,40(4):406-418.
[5]刘燕.基于RFID的物联网技术探析[J].电脑开发与应用, 2011(10):50-51.
[6] Tabesh M. Design and analysis of an ultra low power UHF RFID front-end [D]. San Jose State University., 2007.
[7] Shameli A. RFID system in CMOS technology.[D]. University of California, Irvine., 2007.
[8]田金峰. 0.18um工艺无源与半有源RFID标签芯片射频模拟前端电路研究[D].天津大学, 2010.
[9]李智群,王志功,射频集成电路,北京:科学出版社,2008:129-150.
[10]池保勇,余志平,石秉学,CMOS射频集成电路分析与设计,北京:清华大学出版社,2006:152-179.
[11]马利远.超高频无源RFID标签芯片调制解调系统电路设计与版图设计[D].天津大学, 2008.
[12] EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols,“Class-1 generation-2 UHF RFID, protocol for communications at 860MHz-960MHz”, Version 1.0.9, Jan. 31th, 2005.
[13]王征,超高频RFID空中接口协议的研究与系统设计[D],天津大学,2008.
[14] Kyudon C, Yunseong E, Sungjae J, et al. A fully integrated CMOS RF transmitter for UHF mobile RFID reader applications: Microwave Conference, 2007. European, 2007[C].9-12 Oct. 2007.
[15] Jeonghu Han, et al. A Fully-Integrated 900-MHz CMOS Power Amplifier for Mobile RFID Reader Applications [J]. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2006.
[16] A. Mazzenti,et al. A 1.4 GHz-2 GHz wideband CMOS class-E power amplifier delivering 23dBm peak with 67% PAE [J]. Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2005:425-428.
[17] Shim S, Han J, Hong S. A CMOS RF polar transmitter of a UHF mobile PvFID reader for high power efficiency[J]. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2008,18(9):635-637.
[18]张国雄,测控电路,北京:机械工业出版社,2006:100-102.
[19] Roghoyeh Salmeh. LNA and mixer designs for RF front-ends [D]. University of Calgary. 2007.
[20] Kuo C. RF power amplifier using deep sub-micron CMOS technology [D]. Stanford University., 2002.
[21] (美)Thomas H. Lee著,余志平,周润德等译,CMOS射频集成电路设计,北京:电子工业出版社,2004:248-261.
[22] Srirattana, Nuttapong. High-efficiency linear RF power amplifiers development [D]. Georgia Institute of Technology. 2005
[23] Sowlati T, Leenaerts D M W. A 2.4-GHz 0.18-μm CMOS self-biased cascode power amplifier[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, 2003,38(8):1318-1324.
[24]郭晓峰. UHF RFID阅读器芯片功率放大器设计[D].北京交通大学, 2009.
[25] Le Ye, Huailin L, Fei S, et al. A Single-Chip CMOS UHF RFID Reader Transceiver for Chinese Mobile Applications[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, 2010,45(7):1316-1329.
[26]席占国,秦亚杰,苏彦锋,等. 1.9GHz高线性度上混频器设计[J].固体电子学研究与进展, 2007(1):49-53.
[27] Lai I C H, Fujishima M. Psuedo-Millimeter-Wave Up-Conversion Mixer with On-Chip Balun for Vehicular Radar Systems: Design Automation Conference, 2007. ASP-DAC '07. Asia and South Pacific, 2007[C].23-26 Jan. 2007.
[28] Namjun C, Seong-Jun S, Sunyoung K, et al. A 5.1-μW UHF RFID tag chip integrated with sensors for wireless environmental monitoring: Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005. ESSCIRC 2005. Proceedings of the 31st European, 2005[C].12-16 Sept. 2005.
[29] KOCER F, FLYNN M P. A new transponder architecture for long-range telemetry applications: Circuit Theory and Design, 2005. Proceedings of the 2005 European Conference on, 2005[C].
[30] Mark Phineas Bury. A Wide-Tuning Range Transformer-Based RF CMOS Oscillator [D]. University of Toronto. 2001.
[31] C.P. Yue, and S. S. Wong,“Physical modeling of spiral inductors on silicon,”IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, v. 47(3), pp. 560-568, Mar 2000.
[32] C.P. Yue, and S. S. Wong,“Study on substrate effects of silicon-based RF passive components,”in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, v. 4, Anaheim, CA, Jun 1999, pp. 1625-1628.
[33] A. M. Niknejad, and R. G. Meyer,“Analysis, design, and optimization of spiral inductors and transformers for SI RF IC’s,”IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, v.33(10), pp. 1470-1481, Oct 1998.
[34] D. B. Leeson,“A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum,””Proc. IEEE, pp. 329-330,2.1966.
[35] CHO C, CHOO H, PARK I. Printed symmetric inverted-f antenna with a quasi-isotropic radiation pattern[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2008,50(4):927-930.
[36] Shiho K, Jung-Hyun C, Hyun-Sik K, et al. An EPC Gen 2 compatible passive/semi-active UHF RFID transponder with embedded FeRAM and temperature sensor: Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2007. ASSCC '07. IEEE Asian, 2007[C].12-14 Nov. 2007.
[37] A. Hastings, The Art of Analog Layout, Prentice Hall Incorporate, 2001.
[38] B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2001.
[39] T. H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits,Cambridge University Press, 1998.
[40] Bhattacharya S. Template-driven parasitic-aware optimization of analog/RF IC layouts.[D]. University of Washington., 2005.