全自动膜片钳实验控制和数据采集电路的设计
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摘要
目前,膜片钳技术已成为现代细胞电生理研究的常规方法。其中,数据采集系统连接着膜片钳前端系统和计算机系统,实现了对膜片钳放大器进行实验控制并对其输出进行数据采集的功能,是检测系统的数据中转枢纽。
随着膜片钳技术的推广与应用,膜片钳实验系统的自动化成为必然的发展趋势。而常见的PCI数据采集卡将不能满足实验的要求。为此,我们设计了一种全新的基于USB2.0(Universal Serial Bus 2.0)总线技术和大规模可编程逻辑器件的数据采集系统。该系统引入了FPGA的控制,使得输入输出同步,采样频率从1kHz到350kHz可调;具有4个模拟输出控制通道和8个模拟输入采集通道;采用了数字隔离器件,合理的电源设计方案以及低噪声设计技术和电位器调节以达到较高的精度。
本文从系统的方案论证和关键器件选择开始,详尽介绍了基于USB2.0总线技术的全自动膜片钳系统的实验控制和数据采集电路的设计。在描述各个部分的组成和设计思路之后,着重对USB2.0接口电路、复杂控制逻辑、信号调理电路以及混合电路低噪声设计和技术细节进行了讨论。同时,对系统电路在调试过程中遇到的问题和困难以及相应的解决方法做了简要描述,并在结尾部分给出了最终的调试结果和对课题全部工作的总结与展望。
Nowadays, Patch-Clamp technique has already become a general method in the field of modern electrophysiological research. Data acquisition system links Patch-Clamp with personal computer, realizes the communication between the data and the control commands.
With the application and popularization of Patch-Clamp technique, the Automatic Patch-Clamp system is called into being. The usual data acquisition system with the PCI interface can’t satisfy our requests. So, we develop a new type of data acquisition and control interface based on the USB2.0 (Universal Serial Bus 2.0) and FPGA technology. The system is controlled by FPGA, output & input are synchronized, sampling frequency can be changed from 1kHz to 350kHz. It has 4 output control channels and 8 input acquisition channels. Digital isolators, reasonable power supply and reasonable grounding and potentiometer adjusting are used to achieve certain precision.
This thesis begins with the system architecture of the data acquisition, and the choice of the key IC, more attention is focused on the design methods and on the technique details of the hardware. Then USB2.0 interface, complex logic control and signal regulating circuit, also the technologies in reducing noise of system are described in detail. In addition, some problems in circuit experiments are also discussed, test result, summary and prospect are mentioned at the conclusion of this thesis.
随着膜片钳技术的推广与应用,膜片钳实验系统的自动化成为必然的发展趋势。而常见的PCI数据采集卡将不能满足实验的要求。为此,我们设计了一种全新的基于USB2.0(Universal Serial Bus 2.0)总线技术和大规模可编程逻辑器件的数据采集系统。该系统引入了FPGA的控制,使得输入输出同步,采样频率从1kHz到350kHz可调;具有4个模拟输出控制通道和8个模拟输入采集通道;采用了数字隔离器件,合理的电源设计方案以及低噪声设计技术和电位器调节以达到较高的精度。
本文从系统的方案论证和关键器件选择开始,详尽介绍了基于USB2.0总线技术的全自动膜片钳系统的实验控制和数据采集电路的设计。在描述各个部分的组成和设计思路之后,着重对USB2.0接口电路、复杂控制逻辑、信号调理电路以及混合电路低噪声设计和技术细节进行了讨论。同时,对系统电路在调试过程中遇到的问题和困难以及相应的解决方法做了简要描述,并在结尾部分给出了最终的调试结果和对课题全部工作的总结与展望。
Nowadays, Patch-Clamp technique has already become a general method in the field of modern electrophysiological research. Data acquisition system links Patch-Clamp with personal computer, realizes the communication between the data and the control commands.
With the application and popularization of Patch-Clamp technique, the Automatic Patch-Clamp system is called into being. The usual data acquisition system with the PCI interface can’t satisfy our requests. So, we develop a new type of data acquisition and control interface based on the USB2.0 (Universal Serial Bus 2.0) and FPGA technology. The system is controlled by FPGA, output & input are synchronized, sampling frequency can be changed from 1kHz to 350kHz. It has 4 output control channels and 8 input acquisition channels. Digital isolators, reasonable power supply and reasonable grounding and potentiometer adjusting are used to achieve certain precision.
This thesis begins with the system architecture of the data acquisition, and the choice of the key IC, more attention is focused on the design methods and on the technique details of the hardware. Then USB2.0 interface, complex logic control and signal regulating circuit, also the technologies in reducing noise of system are described in detail. In addition, some problems in circuit experiments are also discussed, test result, summary and prospect are mentioned at the conclusion of this thesis.
引文
[1] Neher E, Shakmann B. Singel channel currents recorded from membrane of denevarted frog muscle fibers. Nature, 1976, 260: 799~802
[2] 瞿安连. 光电子技术在细胞生物物理研究中的应用. 湖北省暨武汉生物医学工程学会第五届代表大会暨学术交流会专题报告, 2003. 20~25
[3] Jan Axelson. Universal Serial Bus Complete. 陈逸等译. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2001. 55~80
[4] 康华光. 膜片钳技术及其应用. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003. 2~21
[5] 陈良怡. PC-IIB 膜片钳放大器用户手册. 第二版. 武汉: 华中理工大学生物物理与生物化学研究所, 1999. 1~2
[6] ADLINK TECHNOLOGY INC. NuDAQR PCI-9118 DG/HG/HR PCI-Bus Advanced Data Acquisition Card User’s Manual. Revision 2.20. TAIWAN: ADLINK TECHNOLOGY INC, 2001. 10~13
[7] InstruTECH Corporation: ITC-1600 16 bit Multi-channel Data Acquisition System. USA: InstruTECH Corporation, 2001. 1~2,3~8
[8] Microsoft Corpornation. Windows support for USB2.0. USA: Microsoft Corpornation, 2002. 1~3
[9] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB FX2 Technical Reference. Version 2.1. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2001. 27~426
[10] 许永和. EZ-USB FX 系列单片机 USB 外围设备设计与应用. 北京: 北京航空航天大学出版社.2002. 4~20
[11] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB General Purpose Driver. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 1999. 19~30
[12] J.Bhasker. Verilog HDL 硬件描述语言. 徐振林等译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2000. 1~2
[13] 夏宇闻. Verilog 数字系统设计教程. 北京: 北京航空航天大学出版社, 2003. 2~3
[14] 美国国家半导体公司. 模拟数字转换器的基本原理. www.laogu.com
[15] Texas Instruments Incorporated. Dual, 500kHz, 12-bit, 2+2Channel, Simultaneous Sampling ANOLOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER. USA: Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2001. 1~4, 8~15
[16] Texas Instruments. TLV5618A, 2.7V TO 5.5V LOW –POWER DUAL 12BIT. USA: Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2002. 1~6, 10~12
[17] 陈芳,王毅,鄢素云. 基于 USB 的高速隔离数据采集系统设计. 现代电子技术,2003(15) ,17~19
[18] 王幸之, 王雷, 翟成等. 单片机应用系统抗干扰技术. 北京: 北京航空航天大学出版社. 1999. 67~69, 108~109, 190~259
[19] Agilent Technologies Incorporated. Agilent HCPL-900J High Speed Digital Isolators. USA: Agilent Technologies Incorporated, 2002. 3~4, 6~12
[20] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. CY7C68013 EZ-USB FX2 USB Micro- controller High-Speed USB Peripheral Controller. Revision C. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002. 6~7
[21] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB FX2TM/AT2TM/SX2TM Reset and Power Considerations. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002. 2~8
[22] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. Bus Powered Enumeration with FX2. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002. 1~11
[23] Altera Corporation. Cyclone Device Handbook. 2004.
[24] 吴继华, 王诚. Altera FPGA/CPLD 设计. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2005.
[25] Linear Technology Corporation. Altera/Xilinx FPGA 的电源管理方案. 2004
[26] Texas Instruments Incorporated. Power Management Reference Guide for Altera? FPGAs and CPLDs, 2004.
[27] Altera Corporation. Evaluating Power for Altera Devices, USA: 2004:1-4
[28] Altera Corporation. Altera Hot-Socketing & Power-Sequencing Advantages. USA: 2004.1-3
[29] 谢自美. 电子线路设计·实验·测试(第二版).武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2000.
[30] Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. Datasheet: LF353 Dual Operational Amplifier (JFET). USA: 2001. 1~3
[31] Texas Instruments Incorporated. Datasheet: REF3020 CMOS Voltage Reference. USA: 2003. 1~3
[32] ADC/DAC 的理想和实际特性. http://www.eedesign.com.tw/article/forum/fo764.htm
[33] 瞿安连. 应用电子技术. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003. 412-416
[34] 梁恩主, 梁恩维. Protel 99 SE 电路设计与仿真应用. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2000. 36~126
[35] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB FX2TM PCB Design Recommendations. 2002. 1~6
[36] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation.High-speed USB PCB Layout Recommendations. 2002. 1~4
[37] 高鹏, 安涛, 寇怀成. 电路设计与制版-Protel 99 入门与提高. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2000. 2~3
[38] 谢淑如, 郑光钦, 杨渝生. Protel PCB 99SE 电路板设计. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2001. 7~8
[39] F.J.Sigworth. Design of the EPC-9: a computer-controlled patch-clamp amplifer. Hardware. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 1995, 56: 195~202
[40] Henry W.Ott. 电子系统中噪声的抑制与衰减技术(第二版), 王培清, 李迪译. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2003. 100~120
[41] Walt Kester, James Bryant, Mike Byrne. Grounding in Mixed Signal Systems: Hardware Design Technoques , USA, 2004, 100~110
[42] 曾峰, 候亚宁, 曾凡雨. 印制电路板(PCB)设计与制作. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2002. 204~206
[2] 瞿安连. 光电子技术在细胞生物物理研究中的应用. 湖北省暨武汉生物医学工程学会第五届代表大会暨学术交流会专题报告, 2003. 20~25
[3] Jan Axelson. Universal Serial Bus Complete. 陈逸等译. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2001. 55~80
[4] 康华光. 膜片钳技术及其应用. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003. 2~21
[5] 陈良怡. PC-IIB 膜片钳放大器用户手册. 第二版. 武汉: 华中理工大学生物物理与生物化学研究所, 1999. 1~2
[6] ADLINK TECHNOLOGY INC. NuDAQR PCI-9118 DG/HG/HR PCI-Bus Advanced Data Acquisition Card User’s Manual. Revision 2.20. TAIWAN: ADLINK TECHNOLOGY INC, 2001. 10~13
[7] InstruTECH Corporation: ITC-1600 16 bit Multi-channel Data Acquisition System. USA: InstruTECH Corporation, 2001. 1~2,3~8
[8] Microsoft Corpornation. Windows support for USB2.0. USA: Microsoft Corpornation, 2002. 1~3
[9] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB FX2 Technical Reference. Version 2.1. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2001. 27~426
[10] 许永和. EZ-USB FX 系列单片机 USB 外围设备设计与应用. 北京: 北京航空航天大学出版社.2002. 4~20
[11] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB General Purpose Driver. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 1999. 19~30
[12] J.Bhasker. Verilog HDL 硬件描述语言. 徐振林等译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2000. 1~2
[13] 夏宇闻. Verilog 数字系统设计教程. 北京: 北京航空航天大学出版社, 2003. 2~3
[14] 美国国家半导体公司. 模拟数字转换器的基本原理. www.laogu.com
[15] Texas Instruments Incorporated. Dual, 500kHz, 12-bit, 2+2Channel, Simultaneous Sampling ANOLOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER. USA: Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2001. 1~4, 8~15
[16] Texas Instruments. TLV5618A, 2.7V TO 5.5V LOW –POWER DUAL 12BIT. USA: Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2002. 1~6, 10~12
[17] 陈芳,王毅,鄢素云. 基于 USB 的高速隔离数据采集系统设计. 现代电子技术,2003(15) ,17~19
[18] 王幸之, 王雷, 翟成等. 单片机应用系统抗干扰技术. 北京: 北京航空航天大学出版社. 1999. 67~69, 108~109, 190~259
[19] Agilent Technologies Incorporated. Agilent HCPL-900J High Speed Digital Isolators. USA: Agilent Technologies Incorporated, 2002. 3~4, 6~12
[20] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. CY7C68013 EZ-USB FX2 USB Micro- controller High-Speed USB Peripheral Controller. Revision C. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002. 6~7
[21] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB FX2TM/AT2TM/SX2TM Reset and Power Considerations. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002. 2~8
[22] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. Bus Powered Enumeration with FX2. USA: Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002. 1~11
[23] Altera Corporation. Cyclone Device Handbook. 2004.
[24] 吴继华, 王诚. Altera FPGA/CPLD 设计. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2005.
[25] Linear Technology Corporation. Altera/Xilinx FPGA 的电源管理方案. 2004
[26] Texas Instruments Incorporated. Power Management Reference Guide for Altera? FPGAs and CPLDs, 2004.
[27] Altera Corporation. Evaluating Power for Altera Devices, USA: 2004:1-4
[28] Altera Corporation. Altera Hot-Socketing & Power-Sequencing Advantages. USA: 2004.1-3
[29] 谢自美. 电子线路设计·实验·测试(第二版).武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2000.
[30] Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. Datasheet: LF353 Dual Operational Amplifier (JFET). USA: 2001. 1~3
[31] Texas Instruments Incorporated. Datasheet: REF3020 CMOS Voltage Reference. USA: 2003. 1~3
[32] ADC/DAC 的理想和实际特性. http://www.eedesign.com.tw/article/forum/fo764.htm
[33] 瞿安连. 应用电子技术. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003. 412-416
[34] 梁恩主, 梁恩维. Protel 99 SE 电路设计与仿真应用. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2000. 36~126
[35] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. EZ-USB FX2TM PCB Design Recommendations. 2002. 1~6
[36] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation.High-speed USB PCB Layout Recommendations. 2002. 1~4
[37] 高鹏, 安涛, 寇怀成. 电路设计与制版-Protel 99 入门与提高. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2000. 2~3
[38] 谢淑如, 郑光钦, 杨渝生. Protel PCB 99SE 电路板设计. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2001. 7~8
[39] F.J.Sigworth. Design of the EPC-9: a computer-controlled patch-clamp amplifer. Hardware. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 1995, 56: 195~202
[40] Henry W.Ott. 电子系统中噪声的抑制与衰减技术(第二版), 王培清, 李迪译. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2003. 100~120
[41] Walt Kester, James Bryant, Mike Byrne. Grounding in Mixed Signal Systems: Hardware Design Technoques , USA, 2004, 100~110
[42] 曾峰, 候亚宁, 曾凡雨. 印制电路板(PCB)设计与制作. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2002. 204~206