栉江珧工厂化育苗技术研究
|
摘要
栉江珧隶属于软体动物门(Mollusca)、瓣鳃纲(Lamellibranchia)、翼形亚纲(Pterimorphia)、贻贝目(Mytiloida)、江珧科(Pinnidae)、江珧属(Pinna)的贝类。是一种经济价值很高的海产贝类,它的后闭壳肌特别肥大,可制成名贵的“江珧柱”,肉质细嫩肥白,营养丰富,是味道鲜美的海珍品。近十年来,由于过度捕捞和环境条件的恶化,我国栉江珧资源量急剧下降,在许多海区已经很难采集,单纯依靠野生的栉江珧资源已远远不能满足国内外市场的需求,开展栉江珧的人工繁育和增养殖势在必行。
栉江珧的人工育苗从上世纪八十年代研究开始,至今虽然已研究二十多年了,但还没有达到生产性育苗的技术水平,存在幼虫间粘连、上浮群居以及成活率低的问题,为此本人从2003-2005年承担了山东省科技兴海项目—栉江珧人工育苗技术开发研究项目。
三年来我们主要从亲贝升温促熟开始,通过亲贝强化饵料营养,进行多种单胞藻和代用饵料混合投喂,以及逐渐升温促熟,利用肥满度指标和解剖观察,决定栉江珧人工诱导产卵时间;产卵诱导除了常规诱导外,我们开发出过氧化氢诱导法及维生素浸泡后再加解剖精液或卵液诱导法等新的诱导方法,诱导排放率达90%以上;通过及时选优,幼虫培育时合理控制幼虫密度,前期培育3-4个/ml,后期培育1-2个/ml,严把幼虫饵料关,根据发育时期不同,投喂不同饵料,前期以金藻为主、扁藻为辅,后期扁藻为主角毛藻、金藻为辅,定期添加一次光合细菌,饵料质量保证投喂新鲜、无老化、无污染的饵料,科学换水与充气,及时分级筛选何移池等系列技术措施,克服栉江珧育苗中易发生群居上浮和幼虫粘连的技术难题,使育苗生产顺利进行。
当个体达到400微米以上时,开始投放附着基,并开展了无底质采苗、池底铺砂采苗、袋装扇贝附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗法、铺砂浮动网箱采苗的采苗方法试验,从附着变态率和单位采苗量,稚贝成活率和生长速度等方面综合分析,试验结果表明:无底质采苗眼点幼虫的变态率最高,30%以上,刚附着变态后的单位水体出苗量最高,但栉江珧稚贝经过半个月的培育,此时表现出生长速度最慢、成活率最低仅20%,因此无底质采苗在600um以后,必须转入铺砂的浮动网箱或网袋中,否则影响稚贝生长和成活率,个体和成活率均小于其他采苗法;其次为网袋装扇贝附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗法,变态率为30%左右,效果较好,成本相对较高,但生长最快,因此稚贝平均大小最大;再次是铺砂浮动网箱采苗,仅次于网袋装扇贝附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗法,稚贝生长速度较快,稚贝培育期间成活率最高,因此,适合于稚贝后期培育,成活率最高;最差为池底铺砂采苗,变态率只在20%左右。通过试验结果,从中选出了铺砂浮动网箱采苗和网袋装网片附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗两种比较理想的采苗方法,提高稚贝的附着变态率,其附着变态率达30%以上,促进稚贝的快速生长和成活率。
经三年的共同努力,共培育平均壳长2.2mm的稚贝1亿多粒,平均出苗量达13.4万粒/m~2,在国内处于领先水平,形成一套生产性育苗的技术路线。
The pen shell (Atrina pectinata), which belongs to Pinna, Pinnidae, Mytiloida, is a commercially important marine bivalve. It has a large latter adductor muscle that can be processed into delicious "Dried Scallops" which is enrichment in nutrition. However, during the recent 10 years, the resource of A. pectinata in our country has experienced significant declines because of excessive capture and the deterioration of the environment, now it is difficult to collect them in many natural sea areas. To fulfill the needs of markets both in and out of country, it is urgent to promote the artificial breeding and reproduction of A. pectinata.
The research of artificial seed production in A. pectinata had started from 1980s, but has not established the techniques for large-scale seed production by now. There are some problems such as conglutination among larvae, convergence on surface and low survival rate. So, from 2003 to 2005 we undertook the project of the development of seed production techniques of A. pectinata which was granted by Shandong Province.
During the three years, from the beginning of calefactively induced maturation, we enriched the nutritional diet of broodstock, feed them with a mixture of microalgae and ediable foodstuffs and employed temperature-induced maturation to observe the changes of relative fatness to decide the artificial spawning time of A. pectinata, also we exploited new inducement methods using Hydrogen peroxide or first by dipping in vitamin and then adding spermatic fluid or ova fluid obtained from dissection, which have an inducement rate above 90%. During cultivation, the larvae density was controlled by 3-4 individuals per milliliter in prophase and 1-2 in anaphase. The diet lists were also altered along with their growth, they were fed mainly on Isochrysis galbana Parks 3011 with auxiliary Platymonas subcordiformis in prophase, and Platymonas subcordiformis with auxiliary Chaetoceros mulleri and Isochrysis galbana Parks 3011 in anaphase, photosynthetic bacteria was also demanded every regular time. The microalgae supplied as diet were ascertained to be fresh, non-aging, non-pollution in quality. To prevent the conglutination and convergence on surface among larvae, we adopted series methods including water and air changes, grade culling and transfer between concrete tanks.
When the larval length reached 400μm different substrates were deposited to carry out different kinds of seedling collection including collection without sediments, collection with sand on the bottom of the tanks, collection with substrates of scallop and sand hanging in the tanks and collection with sand in floating cages. In general perspectives of metamorphosis success, the unit picks of seedling collection, growth speed, our results showed that seedling collection without sediments has the highest metamorphosis success of eyebot larvae which was above 30% and the best output capacity of unit water body just after metamorphosis, but half a month later the growth rate became the slowest with the lowest survival rate 20%. So the seedlings that were collected by this method must be transferred to floating cages or bags with sand on the bottom after 600μm. The second best method was collection with substrates of scallop and sand hanging in the tanks which had a metamorphosis success of around 30% and the fastest growth that contributed to the biggest spat in average, but the cost was comparatively higher. Next to this method was collection with sand in floating cages, it had a rapid growth and the highest survival rate which was suitable for cultivation of spat in later period. The worst effect came from collection with sand on the bottom of the tanks with the metamorphosis success of only 20%. From the experiments, we found out that collection with sand in floating cages and collection with substrates of scallop and sand hanging in the tanks to be two ideal seedling collection methods which had a good impact on promoting the metamorphosis success rate, growth rate and survival rate of spat of A. pectinata.
In a collaboration of three years efforts, one million spat with average size of 2.2mm were reared with an average output of 13.4000/m~2, and a set of technique of productive scale seedling rearing of A. pectinata was created, which is in the leading level of China.
栉江珧的人工育苗从上世纪八十年代研究开始,至今虽然已研究二十多年了,但还没有达到生产性育苗的技术水平,存在幼虫间粘连、上浮群居以及成活率低的问题,为此本人从2003-2005年承担了山东省科技兴海项目—栉江珧人工育苗技术开发研究项目。
三年来我们主要从亲贝升温促熟开始,通过亲贝强化饵料营养,进行多种单胞藻和代用饵料混合投喂,以及逐渐升温促熟,利用肥满度指标和解剖观察,决定栉江珧人工诱导产卵时间;产卵诱导除了常规诱导外,我们开发出过氧化氢诱导法及维生素浸泡后再加解剖精液或卵液诱导法等新的诱导方法,诱导排放率达90%以上;通过及时选优,幼虫培育时合理控制幼虫密度,前期培育3-4个/ml,后期培育1-2个/ml,严把幼虫饵料关,根据发育时期不同,投喂不同饵料,前期以金藻为主、扁藻为辅,后期扁藻为主角毛藻、金藻为辅,定期添加一次光合细菌,饵料质量保证投喂新鲜、无老化、无污染的饵料,科学换水与充气,及时分级筛选何移池等系列技术措施,克服栉江珧育苗中易发生群居上浮和幼虫粘连的技术难题,使育苗生产顺利进行。
当个体达到400微米以上时,开始投放附着基,并开展了无底质采苗、池底铺砂采苗、袋装扇贝附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗法、铺砂浮动网箱采苗的采苗方法试验,从附着变态率和单位采苗量,稚贝成活率和生长速度等方面综合分析,试验结果表明:无底质采苗眼点幼虫的变态率最高,30%以上,刚附着变态后的单位水体出苗量最高,但栉江珧稚贝经过半个月的培育,此时表现出生长速度最慢、成活率最低仅20%,因此无底质采苗在600um以后,必须转入铺砂的浮动网箱或网袋中,否则影响稚贝生长和成活率,个体和成活率均小于其他采苗法;其次为网袋装扇贝附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗法,变态率为30%左右,效果较好,成本相对较高,但生长最快,因此稚贝平均大小最大;再次是铺砂浮动网箱采苗,仅次于网袋装扇贝附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗法,稚贝生长速度较快,稚贝培育期间成活率最高,因此,适合于稚贝后期培育,成活率最高;最差为池底铺砂采苗,变态率只在20%左右。通过试验结果,从中选出了铺砂浮动网箱采苗和网袋装网片附着基和细砂吊在池中采苗两种比较理想的采苗方法,提高稚贝的附着变态率,其附着变态率达30%以上,促进稚贝的快速生长和成活率。
经三年的共同努力,共培育平均壳长2.2mm的稚贝1亿多粒,平均出苗量达13.4万粒/m~2,在国内处于领先水平,形成一套生产性育苗的技术路线。
The pen shell (Atrina pectinata), which belongs to Pinna, Pinnidae, Mytiloida, is a commercially important marine bivalve. It has a large latter adductor muscle that can be processed into delicious "Dried Scallops" which is enrichment in nutrition. However, during the recent 10 years, the resource of A. pectinata in our country has experienced significant declines because of excessive capture and the deterioration of the environment, now it is difficult to collect them in many natural sea areas. To fulfill the needs of markets both in and out of country, it is urgent to promote the artificial breeding and reproduction of A. pectinata.
The research of artificial seed production in A. pectinata had started from 1980s, but has not established the techniques for large-scale seed production by now. There are some problems such as conglutination among larvae, convergence on surface and low survival rate. So, from 2003 to 2005 we undertook the project of the development of seed production techniques of A. pectinata which was granted by Shandong Province.
During the three years, from the beginning of calefactively induced maturation, we enriched the nutritional diet of broodstock, feed them with a mixture of microalgae and ediable foodstuffs and employed temperature-induced maturation to observe the changes of relative fatness to decide the artificial spawning time of A. pectinata, also we exploited new inducement methods using Hydrogen peroxide or first by dipping in vitamin and then adding spermatic fluid or ova fluid obtained from dissection, which have an inducement rate above 90%. During cultivation, the larvae density was controlled by 3-4 individuals per milliliter in prophase and 1-2 in anaphase. The diet lists were also altered along with their growth, they were fed mainly on Isochrysis galbana Parks 3011 with auxiliary Platymonas subcordiformis in prophase, and Platymonas subcordiformis with auxiliary Chaetoceros mulleri and Isochrysis galbana Parks 3011 in anaphase, photosynthetic bacteria was also demanded every regular time. The microalgae supplied as diet were ascertained to be fresh, non-aging, non-pollution in quality. To prevent the conglutination and convergence on surface among larvae, we adopted series methods including water and air changes, grade culling and transfer between concrete tanks.
When the larval length reached 400μm different substrates were deposited to carry out different kinds of seedling collection including collection without sediments, collection with sand on the bottom of the tanks, collection with substrates of scallop and sand hanging in the tanks and collection with sand in floating cages. In general perspectives of metamorphosis success, the unit picks of seedling collection, growth speed, our results showed that seedling collection without sediments has the highest metamorphosis success of eyebot larvae which was above 30% and the best output capacity of unit water body just after metamorphosis, but half a month later the growth rate became the slowest with the lowest survival rate 20%. So the seedlings that were collected by this method must be transferred to floating cages or bags with sand on the bottom after 600μm. The second best method was collection with substrates of scallop and sand hanging in the tanks which had a metamorphosis success of around 30% and the fastest growth that contributed to the biggest spat in average, but the cost was comparatively higher. Next to this method was collection with sand in floating cages, it had a rapid growth and the highest survival rate which was suitable for cultivation of spat in later period. The worst effect came from collection with sand on the bottom of the tanks with the metamorphosis success of only 20%. From the experiments, we found out that collection with sand in floating cages and collection with substrates of scallop and sand hanging in the tanks to be two ideal seedling collection methods which had a good impact on promoting the metamorphosis success rate, growth rate and survival rate of spat of A. pectinata.
In a collaboration of three years efforts, one million spat with average size of 2.2mm were reared with an average output of 13.4000/m~2, and a set of technique of productive scale seedling rearing of A. pectinata was created, which is in the leading level of China.
引文
1.于瑞海 王如才 等编著,海产贝类的苗种生产,青岛海洋大学出版社,1993。
2.王如才,俞开康等编著,最新海水养殖技术手册,上海科技出版社,2001.11.
3.王如才,王昭萍,张建中,海水贝类养殖学,青岛海洋大学出版社1993.12
4.谢忠明主编,海水经济贝类养殖技术(上),中国农业出版社,2003.8。
5.刘世禄,杨爱国编著,中国主要海产贝类健康养殖技术,海洋出版社,2005.6。
6.方永强,齐襄,1987。栉江珧卵母细胞发育成熟过程中的超微结构研究。海洋学报,9(5):612-616.
7.郭世茂,陈成枞,何丽璇,1986。栉江珧生物学的初步观察。贝类学论文集(第二辑)2:102-111。
8.郭世茂,陈成枞,何丽璇等,1987。栉江珧人工育苗初步研究。海洋科学,1:34-39。
9.国家海洋局三所实验生态组,1984。栉江珧(Atrina pectinata Linne)人工育苗成功。海洋通报,3(1):108-109。
10.江宇,陈炳能,1981。福建沿海栉江珧的生态习性观察。福建水产,1:27-29。
11.林笔水,何进金,韦信敏,许章桂,1987。栉江珧人工育苗的初步研究。台湾海峡,6(3):260-267。
12.吕振波,从日祥,曲世科,2004。栉江珧人工育苗的初步研究。齐鲁渔业,21(6):36-38。
13.毛勇,余祥勇,周莉等,2003。应用RAPD技术初步分析无裂栉江珧四种类型的基因组DNA。广西科学,10(4):309-311。
14.邱盛尧,杨建敏,张锡佳等,2000。栉江珧的繁殖生物学。水产学报,24(1):28-31。
15.邱盛尧,张锡佳,王世信等,1996。山东北部近海栉江珧的年龄与生长。水产学报,20(4):301-306。
16.王海涛,王世党,周维武等,2006。栉江珧室内人工育苗技术。水产养殖,27(2):34-36。
17.王梅芳,叶富良,余祥勇,2000。3种江珧同工酶遗传标记。湛江海洋大学学报,20(2):1-5。
18.王梅芳,余祥勇,王君彦,1999。两种江珧雌雄同体及性转换现象。湛江海洋大学学报,19(4):6-10。
19.王梅芳,余祥勇,王如才,2000。栉江珧生殖细胞的发生。青岛海洋大学学报,30(3):441-446。
20.王梅芳,余祥勇,杨书婷,桂建芳,2000。无裂栉江珧种内同工酶表型差异的比较研究。热带海洋,19(4):45-50。
21.王梅芳,余祥勇,叶富良,2000。北部湾及附近海域栉江珧性腺发育研究。广西科学,7(2):140-143,157。
22.王祯瑞,1964。中国近海江珧科的初步研究。海洋科学集刊,5:30-42。
23.王祯瑞,1997。中国动物志:软体动物门双壳纲贻贝目。北京:科学出版社,214-239。
24.吴天明,许章程,1984。兴化湾栉江珧生态调查。厦门水产,106-110。
25.谢开恩,陈炳能,陈世杰,1980。泉州湾栉江珧调查研究报告。福建水产科技,2:10-23。
26.杨青,李琪,于瑞海,李吉清,2006。人工诱导栉江珧雌核发育的初步研究。中国水产科学,13(2):310-315。
27.余祥勇,王梅芳,1998。栉江珧受精过程的细胞学研究。湛江海洋大学学报,18(4):12-16。
28.余祥勇,王梅芳,杨书婷,桂建芳,1999。有棘和无棘两种表型江珧同工酶差异的比较。湛江海洋大学学报,19(2):6-8。
29.余祥勇,王梅芳,杨书婷,桂建芳,2005。栉江珧同工酶多态性的分析。华中农业大学学报,24(2):203-206。
30.曾祥玲,庞田胜,陈小宏,2005。栉江珧人工育苗试验。海洋科学,29(8):53-55,74。
31.张玺,齐钟彦,1960。南海的双壳类软体动物。北京:科学出版社,65-66。
32.张玺,齐钟彦,1962。中国经济动物志-海产类软体动物。北京:科学出版社,108-144。
33.张玺,齐钟彦,李洁民,1955。中国北部海产经济软体动物。北京:科学出版社,41-42。
34.周维武,于瑞海,2006。栉江珧人工升温繁育技术。科学养鱼,3:34-35。
35.周维武,于瑞海,2006。栉江珧人工升温繁育技术要点。中国水产,4:49-51。
36.于瑞海 王如才 姜春丽 等,1997,魁蚶生产性间断升温育苗技术的研究,黄渤海海洋,15(3):40-45。
37.于瑞海 房德芝 王长竹 王喜连,1998,泥蚶亲贝室内蓄养促熟技术研究,齐鲁渔业,15(3):15-17.
37.尤仲杰 王一农 于瑞海编著,1999,贝类养殖高产技术,中国农业出版社。
38.于瑞海 姜春丽 孙志刚 等,1996,太平洋牡蛎高产育苗技术的研究,黄渤海海洋,14(4):56-60。
39.田传远 梁英 王如才等,1996,泥蚶人工育苗高产技术的研究,青岛海洋大学学报,26(1):25-30。
40.于瑞海,田传远,王如才等,2002,虾夷扇贝高产育苗技术研究,青岛海洋大学学报,(32)增刊:306。
41.王如才,于瑞海等,2004,牡蛎养殖技术,金盾出版社。
42.陈家鑫,常亚青译,2006,双壳贝类育苗实用手册,世界联合国粮农组织渔业技术论文底471号,罗马。
43.陈远,2005,文蛤的工厂化人工育苗技术(一)水产科学,24(5):53-54。
44.陈远,2005,文蛤的工厂化人工育苗技术(一)水产科学,24(6):53-54。
45.陈远,2005,文蛤的工厂化人工育苗技术(一)水产科学,24(7):53-54。
46.袁成玉,陈远,李桐良等,文蛤稚贝室内水泥池中间培育技术,水产科学,22(2):24-26。
47.于瑞海,王如才,梁英等,1992,栉孔扇贝升温育苗高产技术,海洋湖沼通报,2:68-71。
48.于瑞海,邢克敏,等,1994,海湾扇贝大水体高产育苗技术的研究,黄渤海海洋,12(1):65-70。
49.林志华,柴雪良,方军等,2002,文蛤工厂化育苗技术,上海水产大学学报,11(3):242-247。
50.林志华,单乐洲,柴雪良等,硬壳蛤的繁殖生物学研究,海洋与湖沼,2005,36(5):430-436。
51.金彬明,方军,曾国权,2005文蛤稚贝培育及生长的研究,水利渔业,25(3):63-64。
52.於志华,董建波,东浩生等,2003,文蛤规模化人工育苗技术,水产养殖,24(1):3-6。
53.刘忠颖,李大成,王志松等,2003,菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期不同培育密度对生长、成活率的影响,水产科学,22(6):26-28。
54.齐秋贞,林笔水,吴天明等,1981,菲律宾蛤仔室内催产研究-阴干、氨海水和性诱导法,5(3):235-243。
55.刘德经,黄德尧等,2001,西施舌生殖腺发育生物学零点温度和有效积温的初步研究,特产研究,1:33-34,40。
56.刘德经,王家滂等,2002,西施舌盘架式人工立体采苗,中国水产科学,9(1):39-42。
57.刘德经,谢开恩等,2002,西施舌人工育苗与稚贝培育技术的研究,集美大学学报,7(3):198-203。
58.农业部渔业局主编.中国渔业年鉴.北京:中国农业出版社.2003.
59.田传远,郭新堂等,1993,海湾扇贝人工育苗高产,稳产技术的研究,海洋湖沼通报,3:72-77。
60.陈素文,陈瑞雯等,1999,西施舌稚贝附着基质的初步研究,中国水产科学,6(2):25-26。
61.刘德经,1996,西施舌诱导产卵的初步研究,福建水产,1:1-4。
62.董春有,1993,栉江珧生态学的初步研究,四川动物,12(4):29-31。
63.雷晓凌,吴晓萍等,2002,栉江珧闭壳肌及脏器化学成分的初步研究,食品科学,23(10):116-120。
64.王祥初,2005,干贝、带子、江珧柱,四川烹饪高等专科学校学报,3:14-15。
65.杨青,李琪,于瑞海,2006,栉江珧雌核发育早期的细胞学观察,中国海洋大学学报36(6)增刊:84-88。
66.王国栋、常亚青、付强等,2003,3种滩涂贝类稚贝附着基和多层附苗技术的初步研究,大连水产学院学报,18(2):104-108。
67.王一农、张义君,1995,中国海产底栖经济贝类的苗种生产,水产学报,19(2):166-171。
68.李晓东、窦亚秋、关春江,1998,文蛤育苗规模化生产的前景分析,现代渔业信息,13(11):13-15。
69.关春江等,1996,性细胞诱导和流水刺激相结合得到催产方法在文蛤育苗中的应用,淡水渔业,26(增刊):。
70.刘相全,方建光,包振民等,2007,中国蛤蜊繁殖生物学的初步研究,中国海洋大学学报,37(1):89-92。
71.张国范,2004,发展滩涂贝类养殖构建环境友好海水健康养殖体系,中国科学院院刊,19(6):442-445。
72.陈坚,杨星星,柯爱英等,2006,青蛤人工育苗中附着基的选择,上海水产大学学报,15(1):114-117。
73.周素琴,陈飞,丁理法,2006,青蛤生产性育苗及中间培育技术研究,浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),26(3):262-265。
74.刘永,梁飞龙,毛勇等,2006,施氏獭蛤人工育苗技术的研究,浙江海洋学院学报,26(3):98-101。
75.王如才,郑小东,2004,我国海产贝类养殖进展及发展前景,中国海洋大学学报,34(5):775-780。
76.刘相全,方建光,包振民,2003,中国沿海帘蛤科贝类主要经济种育苗与养殖技术研究进展,动物学杂志,38(4):114-115。
77.唐玉卿,2005,魁蚶海区采苗技术,齐鲁渔业,22(5):19。
78.朱光辉译,1992,双壳贝类肥满度指数的测定方法,国外水产,4:34-35。
79.张永普,应雪萍,贾守菊,2004,泥蚶肥满度、含水量和生化成分的周年变化,河南科学,22(1):57-59。
80.王宜艳,孙虎山,王为纲等,1997,养马岛紫彩血蛤肥满度的研究,海洋通报,16(6):27-30。
81.孙虎山,王宜艳,1995,芝罘湾长竹蛏肥满度的研究,海洋湖沼通报,3:63-68。
82.吴湛辉,2006,毛蚶升温促熟人工育苗试验,河北渔业,6:34-35。
83.陈冲,陈远,隋锡林等,1998,文蛤种贝人工促熟试验,17(6):9-11。
84.宋晓村,于志华,张志勇等,1999,文蛤强化促熟培育技术与人工催产方法初探,中国水产,1:42-43。
85.李学明,庄光生,庄建魁,2000,提高泥蚶附着变态率的生产试验,齐鲁渔业,17(5):34-35。
86.李树国,朱善央,陆锦天,2005,青蛤亲贝的阴干方法和催产试验,水产养殖,26(1):24-25。
87.沈永忱,郑宝太,刘吉明等,2004,中国蛤蜊的诱导产卵和胚胎发育观察,水产科技,31(6):265-266。
88.李庆彪,倪秀玉,1991,栉孔扇贝升温育苗中亲贝选择的主要指标研究,齐鲁渔业,32(1):25-27。
89.李琪,于瑞海等,2006,无公害鲍鱼标准化生产,中国农业出版社。
90.张福绥等,胶州湾贻贝肥满度的研究,贝类学论文集(第二辑),北京,科学出版社,1986:80-87。
91.齐秋贞,林笔水,吴天明等,1981,菲律宾蛤仔室内催产研究,水产学报,5(3):235-243。
92.刘洪军,相建海,1994,几种生化信号物质对双壳类催产效应的研究,海洋科学,6:35-38。
93.王维德,王惠冲,1983,文蛤人工刺激催产的研究,海洋科学,2:33-35。
94.于业绍,周琳,王慧等,1998,青蛤催产的研究,海洋科学,4:14-15。
95.Cheong,S.C.,J.S.Hue,Y.B.Moon,J.K.Lee,C.H.Song,K.K.Kim,1986.Experimental study on the seedling production of the pen shell,Atrina pectinata(Reeve).PUSAN,39:143-150.
96.Kim,Y,M.S.Park,S.D.Lee,1985.Occurrence and growth of pen shell,Atrina pectinata(Reeve) larvae in Yeoja Bay.BUSAN,34:165-170.
9?.Maeno Y.;T.Yurimoto,H.Nasu,et al.,2006.Virus-like particles associated with mass mortalities of the pen shell Atrina pectinata in Japan.Diseases of aquatic organisms,71(2):169-173.
98.Yokogawa K.,1996.Genetic divergence in two forms of pen shell Atrina pectinata.Japanese journal of malacology,55(1):25-39.
99.Yoo S.K.,M.- S.Yoo,1984.Studies on the pen shell culture development.1.Reproductive ecology of pen shell in Yoja Bay.Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society.Pusan,17(6):529-535.
100.Yoo,S.K.,H.S.Lim,H.Y.Ryu,K.H.Kang,1988.Improvement of the seed production method of the pen shell:the occurrence of larvae and the early growth of the spat.Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society.Pusan,21(4):206-216.
101.Yu X.,Y.Mao,M.Wang,L.Zhou,J.Gui,2004.Genetic heterogeneity analysis and RAPD marker detection among four forms of Atrina pectinata Linnaeus.J.Shell fish Res.,23(1):165-171.
102.Michael P E et al.1990,Journal of shellsish Research,9(1):233-237.
103.Lubet P,etal.,1988,The different modes of reproduction in bivalve mollusks.Ann Inst Michel Pacha,10(14/15):29-42.
104.Loosanoff,V.L.,and Davis,H,C.,1952,Temperature requirements for maturation of gonads at northern Oysters Biol,Bull,103(1):80-86.
105.田传远,梁英,王如才,1995,海湾扇贝性腺发育的生物学零度,青岛海洋大学学报,25(1):56-58。
106.何进金,韦伶敏,方琦等,1989,缢蛏室内外结合人工育苗的研究,台湾海峡,8(3):233-241。
107.常亚青主编,贝类增养殖学,2007,中国农业出版社。
108.沈永忱,郑宝太,刘吉明等,2004,中国蛤蜊的诱导产卵和胚胎发育观察,水产科技情报,31(6):265-266。
109.张汉华,梁超愉,李茂照等,1996,白沙湖四角蛤蜊的繁殖期及增养殖效果的研究,南海研究与开发,3:52-55。
110.张云飞,等,1985,实用海水贝类养殖技术,中国农业出版社。
111.#12
112.西川信良,1971,二枚贝の幼生とその饲育采苗,浅海完全养殖,日本恒星社厚生阁版,420-437。
2.王如才,俞开康等编著,最新海水养殖技术手册,上海科技出版社,2001.11.
3.王如才,王昭萍,张建中,海水贝类养殖学,青岛海洋大学出版社1993.12
4.谢忠明主编,海水经济贝类养殖技术(上),中国农业出版社,2003.8。
5.刘世禄,杨爱国编著,中国主要海产贝类健康养殖技术,海洋出版社,2005.6。
6.方永强,齐襄,1987。栉江珧卵母细胞发育成熟过程中的超微结构研究。海洋学报,9(5):612-616.
7.郭世茂,陈成枞,何丽璇,1986。栉江珧生物学的初步观察。贝类学论文集(第二辑)2:102-111。
8.郭世茂,陈成枞,何丽璇等,1987。栉江珧人工育苗初步研究。海洋科学,1:34-39。
9.国家海洋局三所实验生态组,1984。栉江珧(Atrina pectinata Linne)人工育苗成功。海洋通报,3(1):108-109。
10.江宇,陈炳能,1981。福建沿海栉江珧的生态习性观察。福建水产,1:27-29。
11.林笔水,何进金,韦信敏,许章桂,1987。栉江珧人工育苗的初步研究。台湾海峡,6(3):260-267。
12.吕振波,从日祥,曲世科,2004。栉江珧人工育苗的初步研究。齐鲁渔业,21(6):36-38。
13.毛勇,余祥勇,周莉等,2003。应用RAPD技术初步分析无裂栉江珧四种类型的基因组DNA。广西科学,10(4):309-311。
14.邱盛尧,杨建敏,张锡佳等,2000。栉江珧的繁殖生物学。水产学报,24(1):28-31。
15.邱盛尧,张锡佳,王世信等,1996。山东北部近海栉江珧的年龄与生长。水产学报,20(4):301-306。
16.王海涛,王世党,周维武等,2006。栉江珧室内人工育苗技术。水产养殖,27(2):34-36。
17.王梅芳,叶富良,余祥勇,2000。3种江珧同工酶遗传标记。湛江海洋大学学报,20(2):1-5。
18.王梅芳,余祥勇,王君彦,1999。两种江珧雌雄同体及性转换现象。湛江海洋大学学报,19(4):6-10。
19.王梅芳,余祥勇,王如才,2000。栉江珧生殖细胞的发生。青岛海洋大学学报,30(3):441-446。
20.王梅芳,余祥勇,杨书婷,桂建芳,2000。无裂栉江珧种内同工酶表型差异的比较研究。热带海洋,19(4):45-50。
21.王梅芳,余祥勇,叶富良,2000。北部湾及附近海域栉江珧性腺发育研究。广西科学,7(2):140-143,157。
22.王祯瑞,1964。中国近海江珧科的初步研究。海洋科学集刊,5:30-42。
23.王祯瑞,1997。中国动物志:软体动物门双壳纲贻贝目。北京:科学出版社,214-239。
24.吴天明,许章程,1984。兴化湾栉江珧生态调查。厦门水产,106-110。
25.谢开恩,陈炳能,陈世杰,1980。泉州湾栉江珧调查研究报告。福建水产科技,2:10-23。
26.杨青,李琪,于瑞海,李吉清,2006。人工诱导栉江珧雌核发育的初步研究。中国水产科学,13(2):310-315。
27.余祥勇,王梅芳,1998。栉江珧受精过程的细胞学研究。湛江海洋大学学报,18(4):12-16。
28.余祥勇,王梅芳,杨书婷,桂建芳,1999。有棘和无棘两种表型江珧同工酶差异的比较。湛江海洋大学学报,19(2):6-8。
29.余祥勇,王梅芳,杨书婷,桂建芳,2005。栉江珧同工酶多态性的分析。华中农业大学学报,24(2):203-206。
30.曾祥玲,庞田胜,陈小宏,2005。栉江珧人工育苗试验。海洋科学,29(8):53-55,74。
31.张玺,齐钟彦,1960。南海的双壳类软体动物。北京:科学出版社,65-66。
32.张玺,齐钟彦,1962。中国经济动物志-海产类软体动物。北京:科学出版社,108-144。
33.张玺,齐钟彦,李洁民,1955。中国北部海产经济软体动物。北京:科学出版社,41-42。
34.周维武,于瑞海,2006。栉江珧人工升温繁育技术。科学养鱼,3:34-35。
35.周维武,于瑞海,2006。栉江珧人工升温繁育技术要点。中国水产,4:49-51。
36.于瑞海 王如才 姜春丽 等,1997,魁蚶生产性间断升温育苗技术的研究,黄渤海海洋,15(3):40-45。
37.于瑞海 房德芝 王长竹 王喜连,1998,泥蚶亲贝室内蓄养促熟技术研究,齐鲁渔业,15(3):15-17.
37.尤仲杰 王一农 于瑞海编著,1999,贝类养殖高产技术,中国农业出版社。
38.于瑞海 姜春丽 孙志刚 等,1996,太平洋牡蛎高产育苗技术的研究,黄渤海海洋,14(4):56-60。
39.田传远 梁英 王如才等,1996,泥蚶人工育苗高产技术的研究,青岛海洋大学学报,26(1):25-30。
40.于瑞海,田传远,王如才等,2002,虾夷扇贝高产育苗技术研究,青岛海洋大学学报,(32)增刊:306。
41.王如才,于瑞海等,2004,牡蛎养殖技术,金盾出版社。
42.陈家鑫,常亚青译,2006,双壳贝类育苗实用手册,世界联合国粮农组织渔业技术论文底471号,罗马。
43.陈远,2005,文蛤的工厂化人工育苗技术(一)水产科学,24(5):53-54。
44.陈远,2005,文蛤的工厂化人工育苗技术(一)水产科学,24(6):53-54。
45.陈远,2005,文蛤的工厂化人工育苗技术(一)水产科学,24(7):53-54。
46.袁成玉,陈远,李桐良等,文蛤稚贝室内水泥池中间培育技术,水产科学,22(2):24-26。
47.于瑞海,王如才,梁英等,1992,栉孔扇贝升温育苗高产技术,海洋湖沼通报,2:68-71。
48.于瑞海,邢克敏,等,1994,海湾扇贝大水体高产育苗技术的研究,黄渤海海洋,12(1):65-70。
49.林志华,柴雪良,方军等,2002,文蛤工厂化育苗技术,上海水产大学学报,11(3):242-247。
50.林志华,单乐洲,柴雪良等,硬壳蛤的繁殖生物学研究,海洋与湖沼,2005,36(5):430-436。
51.金彬明,方军,曾国权,2005文蛤稚贝培育及生长的研究,水利渔业,25(3):63-64。
52.於志华,董建波,东浩生等,2003,文蛤规模化人工育苗技术,水产养殖,24(1):3-6。
53.刘忠颖,李大成,王志松等,2003,菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期不同培育密度对生长、成活率的影响,水产科学,22(6):26-28。
54.齐秋贞,林笔水,吴天明等,1981,菲律宾蛤仔室内催产研究-阴干、氨海水和性诱导法,5(3):235-243。
55.刘德经,黄德尧等,2001,西施舌生殖腺发育生物学零点温度和有效积温的初步研究,特产研究,1:33-34,40。
56.刘德经,王家滂等,2002,西施舌盘架式人工立体采苗,中国水产科学,9(1):39-42。
57.刘德经,谢开恩等,2002,西施舌人工育苗与稚贝培育技术的研究,集美大学学报,7(3):198-203。
58.农业部渔业局主编.中国渔业年鉴.北京:中国农业出版社.2003.
59.田传远,郭新堂等,1993,海湾扇贝人工育苗高产,稳产技术的研究,海洋湖沼通报,3:72-77。
60.陈素文,陈瑞雯等,1999,西施舌稚贝附着基质的初步研究,中国水产科学,6(2):25-26。
61.刘德经,1996,西施舌诱导产卵的初步研究,福建水产,1:1-4。
62.董春有,1993,栉江珧生态学的初步研究,四川动物,12(4):29-31。
63.雷晓凌,吴晓萍等,2002,栉江珧闭壳肌及脏器化学成分的初步研究,食品科学,23(10):116-120。
64.王祥初,2005,干贝、带子、江珧柱,四川烹饪高等专科学校学报,3:14-15。
65.杨青,李琪,于瑞海,2006,栉江珧雌核发育早期的细胞学观察,中国海洋大学学报36(6)增刊:84-88。
66.王国栋、常亚青、付强等,2003,3种滩涂贝类稚贝附着基和多层附苗技术的初步研究,大连水产学院学报,18(2):104-108。
67.王一农、张义君,1995,中国海产底栖经济贝类的苗种生产,水产学报,19(2):166-171。
68.李晓东、窦亚秋、关春江,1998,文蛤育苗规模化生产的前景分析,现代渔业信息,13(11):13-15。
69.关春江等,1996,性细胞诱导和流水刺激相结合得到催产方法在文蛤育苗中的应用,淡水渔业,26(增刊):。
70.刘相全,方建光,包振民等,2007,中国蛤蜊繁殖生物学的初步研究,中国海洋大学学报,37(1):89-92。
71.张国范,2004,发展滩涂贝类养殖构建环境友好海水健康养殖体系,中国科学院院刊,19(6):442-445。
72.陈坚,杨星星,柯爱英等,2006,青蛤人工育苗中附着基的选择,上海水产大学学报,15(1):114-117。
73.周素琴,陈飞,丁理法,2006,青蛤生产性育苗及中间培育技术研究,浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),26(3):262-265。
74.刘永,梁飞龙,毛勇等,2006,施氏獭蛤人工育苗技术的研究,浙江海洋学院学报,26(3):98-101。
75.王如才,郑小东,2004,我国海产贝类养殖进展及发展前景,中国海洋大学学报,34(5):775-780。
76.刘相全,方建光,包振民,2003,中国沿海帘蛤科贝类主要经济种育苗与养殖技术研究进展,动物学杂志,38(4):114-115。
77.唐玉卿,2005,魁蚶海区采苗技术,齐鲁渔业,22(5):19。
78.朱光辉译,1992,双壳贝类肥满度指数的测定方法,国外水产,4:34-35。
79.张永普,应雪萍,贾守菊,2004,泥蚶肥满度、含水量和生化成分的周年变化,河南科学,22(1):57-59。
80.王宜艳,孙虎山,王为纲等,1997,养马岛紫彩血蛤肥满度的研究,海洋通报,16(6):27-30。
81.孙虎山,王宜艳,1995,芝罘湾长竹蛏肥满度的研究,海洋湖沼通报,3:63-68。
82.吴湛辉,2006,毛蚶升温促熟人工育苗试验,河北渔业,6:34-35。
83.陈冲,陈远,隋锡林等,1998,文蛤种贝人工促熟试验,17(6):9-11。
84.宋晓村,于志华,张志勇等,1999,文蛤强化促熟培育技术与人工催产方法初探,中国水产,1:42-43。
85.李学明,庄光生,庄建魁,2000,提高泥蚶附着变态率的生产试验,齐鲁渔业,17(5):34-35。
86.李树国,朱善央,陆锦天,2005,青蛤亲贝的阴干方法和催产试验,水产养殖,26(1):24-25。
87.沈永忱,郑宝太,刘吉明等,2004,中国蛤蜊的诱导产卵和胚胎发育观察,水产科技,31(6):265-266。
88.李庆彪,倪秀玉,1991,栉孔扇贝升温育苗中亲贝选择的主要指标研究,齐鲁渔业,32(1):25-27。
89.李琪,于瑞海等,2006,无公害鲍鱼标准化生产,中国农业出版社。
90.张福绥等,胶州湾贻贝肥满度的研究,贝类学论文集(第二辑),北京,科学出版社,1986:80-87。
91.齐秋贞,林笔水,吴天明等,1981,菲律宾蛤仔室内催产研究,水产学报,5(3):235-243。
92.刘洪军,相建海,1994,几种生化信号物质对双壳类催产效应的研究,海洋科学,6:35-38。
93.王维德,王惠冲,1983,文蛤人工刺激催产的研究,海洋科学,2:33-35。
94.于业绍,周琳,王慧等,1998,青蛤催产的研究,海洋科学,4:14-15。
95.Cheong,S.C.,J.S.Hue,Y.B.Moon,J.K.Lee,C.H.Song,K.K.Kim,1986.Experimental study on the seedling production of the pen shell,Atrina pectinata(Reeve).PUSAN,39:143-150.
96.Kim,Y,M.S.Park,S.D.Lee,1985.Occurrence and growth of pen shell,Atrina pectinata(Reeve) larvae in Yeoja Bay.BUSAN,34:165-170.
9?.Maeno Y.;T.Yurimoto,H.Nasu,et al.,2006.Virus-like particles associated with mass mortalities of the pen shell Atrina pectinata in Japan.Diseases of aquatic organisms,71(2):169-173.
98.Yokogawa K.,1996.Genetic divergence in two forms of pen shell Atrina pectinata.Japanese journal of malacology,55(1):25-39.
99.Yoo S.K.,M.- S.Yoo,1984.Studies on the pen shell culture development.1.Reproductive ecology of pen shell in Yoja Bay.Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society.Pusan,17(6):529-535.
100.Yoo,S.K.,H.S.Lim,H.Y.Ryu,K.H.Kang,1988.Improvement of the seed production method of the pen shell:the occurrence of larvae and the early growth of the spat.Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society.Pusan,21(4):206-216.
101.Yu X.,Y.Mao,M.Wang,L.Zhou,J.Gui,2004.Genetic heterogeneity analysis and RAPD marker detection among four forms of Atrina pectinata Linnaeus.J.Shell fish Res.,23(1):165-171.
102.Michael P E et al.1990,Journal of shellsish Research,9(1):233-237.
103.Lubet P,etal.,1988,The different modes of reproduction in bivalve mollusks.Ann Inst Michel Pacha,10(14/15):29-42.
104.Loosanoff,V.L.,and Davis,H,C.,1952,Temperature requirements for maturation of gonads at northern Oysters Biol,Bull,103(1):80-86.
105.田传远,梁英,王如才,1995,海湾扇贝性腺发育的生物学零度,青岛海洋大学学报,25(1):56-58。
106.何进金,韦伶敏,方琦等,1989,缢蛏室内外结合人工育苗的研究,台湾海峡,8(3):233-241。
107.常亚青主编,贝类增养殖学,2007,中国农业出版社。
108.沈永忱,郑宝太,刘吉明等,2004,中国蛤蜊的诱导产卵和胚胎发育观察,水产科技情报,31(6):265-266。
109.张汉华,梁超愉,李茂照等,1996,白沙湖四角蛤蜊的繁殖期及增养殖效果的研究,南海研究与开发,3:52-55。
110.张云飞,等,1985,实用海水贝类养殖技术,中国农业出版社。
111.#12
112.西川信良,1971,二枚贝の幼生とその饲育采苗,浅海完全养殖,日本恒星社厚生阁版,420-437。