基于多孔介质模型的城市滨江大道风环境数值模拟研究
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摘要
目前,对于城市道路交通产生的环境问题,大都以整个城市为宏观目标来考察,研究停留在污染源数量控制,减少出行,燃料更新、机动车尾气治理对策研究等方面。2002年,建设部部长汪光焘提出交通容量和环境容量应结合考虑,但对于如何通过建筑密度的调整、建筑高差的改变、城市道路交通设施的建设等来优化环境、控制污染的研究仍处在探索阶段,采用数值方法深入、详细地分析城市滨江大道风环境,国内外尚未见报导。针对这一现状,论文基于多孔介质模型对城市滨江大道风环境进行数值模拟研究,提出城市滨江大道可持续发展规划的有关协调判据、协调模型、定量指标等理论和方法。全文共五章,研究的主要内容有:
(1)、针对市政道路两侧构筑物多,计算工作量大的特点,本文以计算机模拟作为最佳化设计工具,对市政道路两侧的众多建筑、道路进行参数化处理,扩展设计条件范围,将市政道路及两厢建筑群考虑成具有动量汇的多孔介质,并在此基础上对其进行网格划分,并结合大气边界层风速对数廓线分布规律,开发了外部接口程序,建立了城市滨江大道风环境的数值模拟模型。
(2)、突破以往以污染源数量控制,燃料更新研究的局限性,首次将城市滨江大道风环境视为与城市道路交通设施的建设、城市布局的调整、空气流动、辐射强度及建筑群、污染源等因素有关的动态系统,对城市滨江大道风环境进行了系统定量分析。
(3)、用本文建立的城市滨江大道风环境的数值模拟模型,经过反复模拟计算,从模拟仿真结果中提炼出能充分反映不同流速、来流角度、建筑高度、建筑密度、污染物浓度、街道布局等规划方案中城市滨江大道风环境气流组织数值模拟结果,建立了一套正确的城市滨江大道风环境数值模拟基本计算方法。并使解析结果:某城市滨江大道空气温度、风速、有害气体浓度分布等
At present, researches on environmental problem resulted from urban traffic focus mainly on the countermeasures for pollution source control, traffic reduce, fuel renewal and exhaust treatment, etc., considering the whole city as objective. In 2002, Wang GuangTao, Minister of Ministry of Construction P.R.China pointed out that traffic capacity and environment capacity should be considered together. Researches on environment optimization and pollution control through adjusting building density, height and optimizing urban road construction is still at the stage of exploring. Analysis of the wind environment with numerical simulation has not been reported. This paper systematically simulated numerical the wind environment for urban roads along river based on Porous Medium Model and pointed out theory and methods of harmonizing criterion, harmonizing model and quantitative analysis related to sustainable plan of urban roads.The full paper was divided into five chapters. The main research contents are displayed as following:(l)Because of the great amount of calculation resulted from complexity of buildings besides urban roads, buildings and roads were parameterizedly treated as porous medium with momentum conflux under extended design conditions. Outer combination software was developed based on network division combined with logarithmic outline distribution of the wind speed of atmospheric boundary layers. The numerical simulation model for the wind environment for urban roads along river was set up.(2) Compared to the limitation of the previous researches only on pollution source control and fuel renewal. This paper analyzed
systematically and quantitatively the wind environment for urban roads along river, regarding the wind environment for urban roads along river and the other parameters, such as, construction of urban traffic, adjustment of city layout, airflow, radiological intensity, building groups and pollution sources etc. as a dynamic system.(3) Through repeated calculation with the above numerical simulation model, numerical simulation results of the wind environment for urban roads along river were abtracted, which reflect the different flow speed, flow direction, building height, building density, pollutant density and road arrangement, etc. in different plans; and a set of calculation method was established. Through figure and cartoon image, etc., the calculation results can directly show air temperature, wind speed and harmful gas distribution, etc. of urban roads along river in X city to customers and provide clear conclusion and scientific guide for nonprofessional personnel. Speed fields, temperature fields, dissipation rate distribution, turbulent energy distribution and concentration fields obtained from the simulation show:?Pollutant diffusion of urban roads along river was enhanced with the increase of traffic density.?Diffusion rate of the automobile exhaust near the ground under the high wind speed is obviously faster than that under the low wind speed.(DWhen the wind direction keeps same with the road direction (the main urban streets and the wind direct are parallel), the exhaust diffusion was enhanced, and the pollution concentration reduced, but pollutants accumulated down to the wind direction, leading to serious excess of the pollutant concentration beyond standards in some areas. When the wind direction and the street direction are vertical, the part pollutant diffusion is obviously improved and the
partly excess of the pollutant concentration beyond standards cannot easily be formed, but the influence on buildings along the street becomes greater. In addition, when the angle between the wind direction and the street direction presents between 0 and 90°, the pollutant concentrations on the road result from the effect of parallel wind and vertical wind together (but are not the simple superposition). So under the influence of complicated landform and buildings in cities, the automobile exhaust emission cannot be calculated by the projection principle.?Height of buildings influences pollutant diffusion remarkably. The variation tendency of pollutant concentration reduces with the increase of the height of buildings. With the building height of 6-10 m, the pollution concentration variation amounts to about 8%; when the building height varies from 10 m to 20 m, the pollution concentration changes more greatly, about 24%. Because high buildings in urban lead to extreme disadvantageous diffusion conditions for automobile exhaust, the pollutant emission by urban roads must be strictly controlled. When the concentration of harmful pollutants exceeds the air environment standards, the traffic density will be limited, which maybe forms the "soft bottleneck" of the environment pollution. The planning and management of urban traffic is very important, and should be further investigated.(D Building density influences the pollution diffusion obviously. The pollutant concentration increases with the increase of the building density. With the height of 6 m, the maximum pollutant concentration increases by 10.6% with the increase of building density from 40% to 60%, and by 26.6% with the increase of building density from 20% to 60%. With the other heights the situation is similar.
?Analysis on diffusion of different pollutants shows that the pollutant concentration in every position presents linear change with variation of the pollution source intensity. The pollutant concentration was analyzed with the different road width. With widening of roads, the pollutant concentration increase with the same pollution source intensity; and the pollutant concentration decrease with the same total pollution amount.The simulation results accord with the general physical law, showing this numerical method is correct.(4) Comparison between results of the flow field tested in wind tunnel and numerical simulation results shows that results of speed field and dissipation rate field accord well with each other; but there is relatively large difference in turbulent energy field, which does not influence the whole numerical simulation results significantly. The correctness of the physical model of the wind environment for urban roads along river was further proved.The numerical simulation of the wind environment for urban roads along river based on porous media model can provide the design base for controlling the building height and density, etc., the feasible guarantee for overall arrangement of building and roads, the basis for developing one set of the software package for analyzing the wind environment for urban roads along river. Hopefully, the understanding of the wind environment change for urban roads along river will be enhanced. The research will contribute to the sustainable development of the economy and society.
(1)、针对市政道路两侧构筑物多,计算工作量大的特点,本文以计算机模拟作为最佳化设计工具,对市政道路两侧的众多建筑、道路进行参数化处理,扩展设计条件范围,将市政道路及两厢建筑群考虑成具有动量汇的多孔介质,并在此基础上对其进行网格划分,并结合大气边界层风速对数廓线分布规律,开发了外部接口程序,建立了城市滨江大道风环境的数值模拟模型。
(2)、突破以往以污染源数量控制,燃料更新研究的局限性,首次将城市滨江大道风环境视为与城市道路交通设施的建设、城市布局的调整、空气流动、辐射强度及建筑群、污染源等因素有关的动态系统,对城市滨江大道风环境进行了系统定量分析。
(3)、用本文建立的城市滨江大道风环境的数值模拟模型,经过反复模拟计算,从模拟仿真结果中提炼出能充分反映不同流速、来流角度、建筑高度、建筑密度、污染物浓度、街道布局等规划方案中城市滨江大道风环境气流组织数值模拟结果,建立了一套正确的城市滨江大道风环境数值模拟基本计算方法。并使解析结果:某城市滨江大道空气温度、风速、有害气体浓度分布等
At present, researches on environmental problem resulted from urban traffic focus mainly on the countermeasures for pollution source control, traffic reduce, fuel renewal and exhaust treatment, etc., considering the whole city as objective. In 2002, Wang GuangTao, Minister of Ministry of Construction P.R.China pointed out that traffic capacity and environment capacity should be considered together. Researches on environment optimization and pollution control through adjusting building density, height and optimizing urban road construction is still at the stage of exploring. Analysis of the wind environment with numerical simulation has not been reported. This paper systematically simulated numerical the wind environment for urban roads along river based on Porous Medium Model and pointed out theory and methods of harmonizing criterion, harmonizing model and quantitative analysis related to sustainable plan of urban roads.The full paper was divided into five chapters. The main research contents are displayed as following:(l)Because of the great amount of calculation resulted from complexity of buildings besides urban roads, buildings and roads were parameterizedly treated as porous medium with momentum conflux under extended design conditions. Outer combination software was developed based on network division combined with logarithmic outline distribution of the wind speed of atmospheric boundary layers. The numerical simulation model for the wind environment for urban roads along river was set up.(2) Compared to the limitation of the previous researches only on pollution source control and fuel renewal. This paper analyzed
systematically and quantitatively the wind environment for urban roads along river, regarding the wind environment for urban roads along river and the other parameters, such as, construction of urban traffic, adjustment of city layout, airflow, radiological intensity, building groups and pollution sources etc. as a dynamic system.(3) Through repeated calculation with the above numerical simulation model, numerical simulation results of the wind environment for urban roads along river were abtracted, which reflect the different flow speed, flow direction, building height, building density, pollutant density and road arrangement, etc. in different plans; and a set of calculation method was established. Through figure and cartoon image, etc., the calculation results can directly show air temperature, wind speed and harmful gas distribution, etc. of urban roads along river in X city to customers and provide clear conclusion and scientific guide for nonprofessional personnel. Speed fields, temperature fields, dissipation rate distribution, turbulent energy distribution and concentration fields obtained from the simulation show:?Pollutant diffusion of urban roads along river was enhanced with the increase of traffic density.?Diffusion rate of the automobile exhaust near the ground under the high wind speed is obviously faster than that under the low wind speed.(DWhen the wind direction keeps same with the road direction (the main urban streets and the wind direct are parallel), the exhaust diffusion was enhanced, and the pollution concentration reduced, but pollutants accumulated down to the wind direction, leading to serious excess of the pollutant concentration beyond standards in some areas. When the wind direction and the street direction are vertical, the part pollutant diffusion is obviously improved and the
partly excess of the pollutant concentration beyond standards cannot easily be formed, but the influence on buildings along the street becomes greater. In addition, when the angle between the wind direction and the street direction presents between 0 and 90°, the pollutant concentrations on the road result from the effect of parallel wind and vertical wind together (but are not the simple superposition). So under the influence of complicated landform and buildings in cities, the automobile exhaust emission cannot be calculated by the projection principle.?Height of buildings influences pollutant diffusion remarkably. The variation tendency of pollutant concentration reduces with the increase of the height of buildings. With the building height of 6-10 m, the pollution concentration variation amounts to about 8%; when the building height varies from 10 m to 20 m, the pollution concentration changes more greatly, about 24%. Because high buildings in urban lead to extreme disadvantageous diffusion conditions for automobile exhaust, the pollutant emission by urban roads must be strictly controlled. When the concentration of harmful pollutants exceeds the air environment standards, the traffic density will be limited, which maybe forms the "soft bottleneck" of the environment pollution. The planning and management of urban traffic is very important, and should be further investigated.(D Building density influences the pollution diffusion obviously. The pollutant concentration increases with the increase of the building density. With the height of 6 m, the maximum pollutant concentration increases by 10.6% with the increase of building density from 40% to 60%, and by 26.6% with the increase of building density from 20% to 60%. With the other heights the situation is similar.
?Analysis on diffusion of different pollutants shows that the pollutant concentration in every position presents linear change with variation of the pollution source intensity. The pollutant concentration was analyzed with the different road width. With widening of roads, the pollutant concentration increase with the same pollution source intensity; and the pollutant concentration decrease with the same total pollution amount.The simulation results accord with the general physical law, showing this numerical method is correct.(4) Comparison between results of the flow field tested in wind tunnel and numerical simulation results shows that results of speed field and dissipation rate field accord well with each other; but there is relatively large difference in turbulent energy field, which does not influence the whole numerical simulation results significantly. The correctness of the physical model of the wind environment for urban roads along river was further proved.The numerical simulation of the wind environment for urban roads along river based on porous media model can provide the design base for controlling the building height and density, etc., the feasible guarantee for overall arrangement of building and roads, the basis for developing one set of the software package for analyzing the wind environment for urban roads along river. Hopefully, the understanding of the wind environment change for urban roads along river will be enhanced. The research will contribute to the sustainable development of the economy and society.
引文
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