地下水灌溉系统产权制度创新、效率及政策
|
摘要
随着人口增长、城市和工业的扩张，日益严重的水资源短缺（尤其是北方地
区的水资源短缺）问题已成为制约我国经济发展和困扰人民日常生活的大问题。
以前，灌溉水源主要是地表水（从全国范围内讲），自从70年代以来，新增加灌溉
项目的水资源大部分来源于地下水，地下水资源在农业生产（尤其是北方地区的农
业生产）中的作用越来越重要，随之而来的地下水资源大面积超采和水位逐年下降
的现象也越来越突出。
传统上解决水资源短缺问题总是求助于工程和技术的手段，运用政策、制度
和管理手段来解决水资源短缺问题并未引起政策制定者和管理工作者的足够重
视。而越来越多的研究表明，水资源管理不善是导致水资源短缺问题的重要原因
之一。
在这一思潮的影响下，从80年代中后期开始，许多发展中国家和部分发达国
家先后出现了将灌溉系统的权责从政府向农民协会和其它私人组织转移的改革浪
潮，其目的主要是为了减轻国家的财政负担，提高水资源的利用率和水利工程的
运行效率，缓解水资源尤其是农业用水的紧张态势。随着我国农村生产关系的变
革和联产承包责任制的实行，我国地下水灌溉系统的权责（主要是小型水利工程）
也正从政府（或集体）向农民团体（个体）或其它私人组织转移；在村和农户一
级，出现了许多产权制度不同的地下水灌溉系统。
由于不同产权制度的地下水灌溉系统对于水资源利用效益和水利工程运行效
率的影响不同，因而研究其产权变动规律及其相关的效率等问题对于缺水日益严
重的我国而言具有十分重要的政策和实践意义，但是对这方面深入的尤其是定量
化的研究国内几乎是空白。
鉴于这种情况，论文总的研究目的是要通过定量和定性研究，实证分析诱导
地下水灌溉系统产权制度创新的因素及影响地下水灌溉系统的技术效率和产出水
量的相关因素；探讨如何运用更有效的制度和政策工具来提高灌溉系统的运行效
率、水资源的利用率和农业生产率，为政策制定者提供制定政策的理论和实证依
据。根据研究目的我们提出了五点理论假设，并且建立了相应的理论分析框架。
为了达到研究目的，经过多次的预调查及与中央和地方水利行政部门官员的
深入探讨，我们最终在水资源短缺较为严重、地下水灌溉面积较大、地下灌溉系
统产权制度创新较为明显、各种产权制度并存的河北省选择了3个县，并在这3
个县中随机抽取30个行政村和87个地下水灌溉系统进行了县级、村级、地下水
灌溉系统的实地调查。
研究结果显示，自从80年代以来，以河北省为代表的地下水灌溉系统的产权
制度止逐渐从集体产权制度向非集体产权制度演变，非集体产权制度所占的比例
己经从80年代初期的17％提高到1998年的69％。在集体产权制度中，混合产权
逐渐替代纯集体产权；而非集体产权制度的主体形式是股份制产权制度，个体产
，权制度主要在90年代中后期发展较为迅速。随着地下水灌溉系统产权制度的创
新，地下水灌溉系统的运行机制逐渐向市场运行机制转变。在地下水灌溉系统产
权制度创新的过程中，农民由一种自发行为逐渐向一种自觉行为转变，而政府的
态度则由漠然，到默许，直到目前的积极发动与参与。总体分析表明，地下水灌
溉系统产权制度的创新并不是一种政府推动下的强制性制度变迁，而是政府在放
松约束下的一种诱致性的制度变迁行为。
数据的单因素定性分析显示，自从80年代以来，30个样本村的年均地下水
位逐年加速下降，灌溉用水中地表水所占的比例也呈现明显的下降趋势。数据分
组分析显示，年均地下水位越低，非集体产权所占的比例也越大；另外，灌溉用
水中地表水所占的比例越小，地下水开采利用程度越高，非集体产权制度创新的
可能性也越大，可见水资源短缺程度的加大很可能是导致产权制度创新的重要因
素。相对于趋于增长的农民经济实力而言，集体经济实力总体看却是不断衰落的；
而且集体的经济实力越弱，非集体产权制度创新的可能性也越大。随着农民文化
程度的不断捉高，农民的组织经营能力和市场经济意识不断强化，因而就为非集
体产权制度的地下水灌溉系统的产生莫定了良好的人力资本的基础。社区人均耕
地面积越小，生存环境越恶化，非集体产权制度产主的可能性就越大。分组分析
的总体趋势表明，得到水利财政补贴的村的数量越多，而得到水利信贷的村的数
量越少，非集体产权所占的比例就越高。随着市场发育程度和商业化水平的提高，
两业化性质不显著的集体产权制度的地下水灌溉系统就会向商业化性质显著的非
With rising population, urbanization and industrialization, the growing
scarcity of water resources has become a serious threat to the country future
development. Since I 970s, groundwater has become more and more
important in North China agricultural production. At the same time, the
exploitation of groundwater has also resulted in water table drop and other
environmental problems.
Traditionally, water problems are mainly treated as engineering problems.
However, there is growing evidence showing that water management and
institutional arrangements are important measures for dealing with water
shortage problems.
Since the late 1 980s, many developing countries have begun to transfer
irrigation management responsibilities from government to farmers?
organization or other private organization in order to reduce government
financial burden, improve water use efficiency and water supply efficiency of
water project. Small irrigation system has also presented the same evolution
trend and many different property right irrigation systems have formed in
rural China.
Although the impacts of various property rights of irrigation systems on
water resources use differ, and understanding property right innovation has
important implications for water policy, almost no empirical research has
been found in China. The all goals of this thesis are to have a better
understanding of property right innovation, determinants of water supply and
technical efficiency in the groundwater irrigation system.
Econometric models on property right innovation, determinants of technical
efficiency and water supply in the groundwater irrigation system are
developed and estimated using several sets of data from randomly selected 30
villages, 87 groundwater irrigation system in 3 counties in Hebei Province.
The results show that the collectively owned groundwater irrigation system
has been gradually substituted by a more market-oriented private or quasi-
private irrigation system since 1980. Major determinants of the property
right innovation in irrigation system are the increasing water shortage
problems, stresses from local population growth with declining land
endowment, weakening the village or community economic powder,
improved human capital of the community, market development, and water
finance and credit policies.
The innovation of property right of groundwater irrigation system will have
obviously impact on technical efficiency. Compared with the collectively
owned groundwater irrigation system, private or quasi-private irrigation
system have been more beneficial for technical efficiency.
In addition to property right, management mechanism, scale of irrigation
system and age of irrigation system also have important influence on
technical efficiency.
Based on the findings of this study, a number of policy recommendations are
made for future reform of agricultural irrigation system in China. Author
proposes that government should encourage property right innovation of
groundwater irrigation system by effective water finance and credit policy
instruments. However, if water pnce can not rationally reflect water
resource value, property right innovation of groundwater irrigation system
will result in overexploitation and degradation of groundwater. To promote
water resources sustainable development, combined with rational water
pricing and property right innovation should be emphasized by future water
区的水资源短缺）问题已成为制约我国经济发展和困扰人民日常生活的大问题。
以前，灌溉水源主要是地表水（从全国范围内讲），自从70年代以来，新增加灌溉
项目的水资源大部分来源于地下水，地下水资源在农业生产（尤其是北方地区的农
业生产）中的作用越来越重要，随之而来的地下水资源大面积超采和水位逐年下降
的现象也越来越突出。
传统上解决水资源短缺问题总是求助于工程和技术的手段，运用政策、制度
和管理手段来解决水资源短缺问题并未引起政策制定者和管理工作者的足够重
视。而越来越多的研究表明，水资源管理不善是导致水资源短缺问题的重要原因
之一。
在这一思潮的影响下，从80年代中后期开始，许多发展中国家和部分发达国
家先后出现了将灌溉系统的权责从政府向农民协会和其它私人组织转移的改革浪
潮，其目的主要是为了减轻国家的财政负担，提高水资源的利用率和水利工程的
运行效率，缓解水资源尤其是农业用水的紧张态势。随着我国农村生产关系的变
革和联产承包责任制的实行，我国地下水灌溉系统的权责（主要是小型水利工程）
也正从政府（或集体）向农民团体（个体）或其它私人组织转移；在村和农户一
级，出现了许多产权制度不同的地下水灌溉系统。
由于不同产权制度的地下水灌溉系统对于水资源利用效益和水利工程运行效
率的影响不同，因而研究其产权变动规律及其相关的效率等问题对于缺水日益严
重的我国而言具有十分重要的政策和实践意义，但是对这方面深入的尤其是定量
化的研究国内几乎是空白。
鉴于这种情况，论文总的研究目的是要通过定量和定性研究，实证分析诱导
地下水灌溉系统产权制度创新的因素及影响地下水灌溉系统的技术效率和产出水
量的相关因素；探讨如何运用更有效的制度和政策工具来提高灌溉系统的运行效
率、水资源的利用率和农业生产率，为政策制定者提供制定政策的理论和实证依
据。根据研究目的我们提出了五点理论假设，并且建立了相应的理论分析框架。
为了达到研究目的，经过多次的预调查及与中央和地方水利行政部门官员的
深入探讨，我们最终在水资源短缺较为严重、地下水灌溉面积较大、地下灌溉系
统产权制度创新较为明显、各种产权制度并存的河北省选择了3个县，并在这3
个县中随机抽取30个行政村和87个地下水灌溉系统进行了县级、村级、地下水
灌溉系统的实地调查。
研究结果显示，自从80年代以来，以河北省为代表的地下水灌溉系统的产权
制度止逐渐从集体产权制度向非集体产权制度演变，非集体产权制度所占的比例
己经从80年代初期的17％提高到1998年的69％。在集体产权制度中，混合产权
逐渐替代纯集体产权；而非集体产权制度的主体形式是股份制产权制度，个体产
，权制度主要在90年代中后期发展较为迅速。随着地下水灌溉系统产权制度的创
新，地下水灌溉系统的运行机制逐渐向市场运行机制转变。在地下水灌溉系统产
权制度创新的过程中，农民由一种自发行为逐渐向一种自觉行为转变，而政府的
态度则由漠然，到默许，直到目前的积极发动与参与。总体分析表明，地下水灌
溉系统产权制度的创新并不是一种政府推动下的强制性制度变迁，而是政府在放
松约束下的一种诱致性的制度变迁行为。
数据的单因素定性分析显示，自从80年代以来，30个样本村的年均地下水
位逐年加速下降，灌溉用水中地表水所占的比例也呈现明显的下降趋势。数据分
组分析显示，年均地下水位越低，非集体产权所占的比例也越大；另外，灌溉用
水中地表水所占的比例越小，地下水开采利用程度越高，非集体产权制度创新的
可能性也越大，可见水资源短缺程度的加大很可能是导致产权制度创新的重要因
素。相对于趋于增长的农民经济实力而言，集体经济实力总体看却是不断衰落的；
而且集体的经济实力越弱，非集体产权制度创新的可能性也越大。随着农民文化
程度的不断捉高，农民的组织经营能力和市场经济意识不断强化，因而就为非集
体产权制度的地下水灌溉系统的产生莫定了良好的人力资本的基础。社区人均耕
地面积越小，生存环境越恶化，非集体产权制度产主的可能性就越大。分组分析
的总体趋势表明，得到水利财政补贴的村的数量越多，而得到水利信贷的村的数
量越少，非集体产权所占的比例就越高。随着市场发育程度和商业化水平的提高，
两业化性质不显著的集体产权制度的地下水灌溉系统就会向商业化性质显著的非
With rising population, urbanization and industrialization, the growing
scarcity of water resources has become a serious threat to the country future
development. Since I 970s, groundwater has become more and more
important in North China agricultural production. At the same time, the
exploitation of groundwater has also resulted in water table drop and other
environmental problems.
Traditionally, water problems are mainly treated as engineering problems.
However, there is growing evidence showing that water management and
institutional arrangements are important measures for dealing with water
shortage problems.
Since the late 1 980s, many developing countries have begun to transfer
irrigation management responsibilities from government to farmers?
organization or other private organization in order to reduce government
financial burden, improve water use efficiency and water supply efficiency of
water project. Small irrigation system has also presented the same evolution
trend and many different property right irrigation systems have formed in
rural China.
Although the impacts of various property rights of irrigation systems on
water resources use differ, and understanding property right innovation has
important implications for water policy, almost no empirical research has
been found in China. The all goals of this thesis are to have a better
understanding of property right innovation, determinants of water supply and
technical efficiency in the groundwater irrigation system.
Econometric models on property right innovation, determinants of technical
efficiency and water supply in the groundwater irrigation system are
developed and estimated using several sets of data from randomly selected 30
villages, 87 groundwater irrigation system in 3 counties in Hebei Province.
The results show that the collectively owned groundwater irrigation system
has been gradually substituted by a more market-oriented private or quasi-
private irrigation system since 1980. Major determinants of the property
right innovation in irrigation system are the increasing water shortage
problems, stresses from local population growth with declining land
endowment, weakening the village or community economic powder,
improved human capital of the community, market development, and water
finance and credit policies.
The innovation of property right of groundwater irrigation system will have
obviously impact on technical efficiency. Compared with the collectively
owned groundwater irrigation system, private or quasi-private irrigation
system have been more beneficial for technical efficiency.
In addition to property right, management mechanism, scale of irrigation
system and age of irrigation system also have important influence on
technical efficiency.
Based on the findings of this study, a number of policy recommendations are
made for future reform of agricultural irrigation system in China. Author
proposes that government should encourage property right innovation of
groundwater irrigation system by effective water finance and credit policy
instruments. However, if water pnce can not rationally reflect water
resource value, property right innovation of groundwater irrigation system
will result in overexploitation and degradation of groundwater. To promote
water resources sustainable development, combined with rational water
pricing and property right innovation should be emphasized by future water
引文
1．蔡小威，以户承包，管理机井，中国水利，1985(1)．
2．陈雷，杨广欣，深化小型水利工程产权制度改革加快农村水利事业发展，中国农村水利水电，1998(6)．
3．陈美章，陈大勇，源头活水的涌动：绥化地区“五小”水利工程产权改造，中国水利，1994(7)．
4．陈小江，陈东明，唐瑾，夏海霞，岳梦华，河南农村水利产权制度改革，中国水利，1997(12)．
5．陈学仁，姜开鹏，股份合作制植入农村水利后的成效、影响与趋势，中国水利，1994(7)。
6．程殿龙，杨为忠，股份制的威力：邯郸市采用股分制建设抗旱工程的调查，中国水利，1997(9)．
7．程能力，谁投资、谁所有、谁得益，中国水利，1995(2)．
8．大卫．莫沃克，《牛津法律大辞典》，光明日报出版社，1988．
9．道格拉斯．C．斯，经济史中的结构变迁，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社1994年出版．
10．丁金水，改国家投资为多渠道集资，宝丰县水利建设蓬勃发展，中国水利，1984(2)．
11．董军海，张英林，广宗县农民入股打井是个好办法，中国水利，1994(1)．
12．樊钢，两种改革成本与两种改革方式，经济研究，1992(1)．
13．樊运达，改革投资办法，走群众办水利的道路，中国水利，1989(11)
14．冯广志，张汉松，国外“用水户参与灌溉管理”及我国开展该项工作的建议，中国农村水利与小水电，1997(2)．
15．冯开文，一场诱致性制度变迁，中国农村经济，1998(7)．
16．冯玉禄，股份经济：经济体制改革突破口，中国水利，1997(12)．
17．顾浩，水：跨世纪发展的战略问题，中国水利，1998(3)．
18．郭卓然，李国正，略论小型水利工程产权制度改革，中国农村水利水电，1998(1)．
19．国务院研究室调查组，制度创新是调动农民水利建设积极性的关键：山东费县小型农田水利家庭经营责任制的调查，中国农村经济，1998(7)．
20．河北省南水北调中线工程建设开发筹备处，《南水北调中线工程河北省段情况介绍》，1999．
21．河北省水利厅，《河北省水利统计年鉴》，1999．
22．黄季焜，Scott Rozelle，迈向二十一世纪的中国粮食经济，中国农业出版社1998年出版．
23．黄永基，保护淡水资源：《中国21世纪议程》重要内容之一，中国水利，1995(3)．
24．金晓辉，我国水资源现状与利用，科技日报，1997(8／26)．
25．孔泾源，中国农村土地制度：变迁过程的实证分析，经济研究，1992(2)．
26．林毅夫，制度、技术与中国农业发展，上海三联出版社，上海人民出版社1994年出版。
27．刘昌明，何希吾等著，中国21世纪水问题方略，科学出版杜1996年出版．
28．刘世锦，中国经济改革的推进方式及其中的公共选择问题，经济研究，1993(10)．
29．刘文，水价改革函待解决的问题及措施，中国水利，1997(1)．
30．马思，人力资本与制度创新：延安调查后的思考，经济研究，1993(8)．
31．苗壮，制度变迁中的改革战略选择问题，经济研究，1992(10)．
32．乔方彬，黄季焜和Scott Rozelle，林地产权和林业的发展，农业经济问题，1998(7)．
33．邱沛，关键在于依法收费，中国水利，1995(1)．
34．水利部，国家计委21世纪初期水利发展战略研究课题组，21世纪初期中国水利发展战略研究(提要)，1999．
35．水利部南京水文水资源研究所，中国水利水电科学研究院水资源研究所，21世纪中国水供求，中国水利水电出版社1999年出版．
36．水利部农村水利司，新中国农田水利史略(1949—1998)，中国水利水电出版社1999年出版．
37．水利电力部水利水电规划设计院，中国水资源利用，水利电力出版社1989年出版．
38．水利电力部水文局，中国水资源评价，水利电力出版社1987年出版．
39．宋明宝、陈正虎，在分户经营条件下如何搞好农田水利基本建设，中国水利，1986(6)．
40．汪丁丁，从“交易费用”到博弈均衡，经济研究，1995(9)．
41．王满秋，户管小水利办法好，中国水利，1987(10)．
42．杨建斌，论农户兴办水利事业的积极作用及引导方略，中国水利，1992(8)，
43．张春园，农业干旱缺水趋势不可逆转，普及节水灌溉技术迫在眉睫，中国水利，1997(12)，
44．张文臣，莱芜兴起水利股份制热，中国水利，1993(5)．
45．张五常，经济组织和交易成本，见《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典》，经济科学出版社1992年出版．
46．郑万城，一种适应农村联产承包管水的好形式，中国水利，1983(6)．
47．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1991．
48．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1995．
49．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1996，
50．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1997．
51．《中国统计年鉴》，中国统计出版社，1999．
1. Afriat,S.N. 1972. Efficiency Estimation of Production Functions, International Economic Review, 13,568-598.
2. Ahmed,Q.F. 1993. Socialization of Minor Irrigation: A Strategy for Growth with Equity. in Groundwater Irrigation and the Rural Poor Options for Development in the Gangetic Basin, ed.F.Kahnert and G.Levine. Washington,D.C. World Bank.
3.Aigner, D.J., C.A.K Lovell and P. Schmidt. 1977. Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models, Joumal of Econometrics, 6,21-37.
4.Aigner,D. J., and S.F. Chu. 1968. On Estimating the Industry Production Function, American Economic Review, 58,826-839.
5.Alchian,A.A. 1950. Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory. Journal of Political Economy, 58:211-222
6.Alchian,A.A., and Demsetz, Harold. 1973. The property Right Paradigm, Journal of Economic History, 16:16-27.
7.Baland,Jean-Marie, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. 1993. A Multi-disciplinary Analysis of Locallevel Management of Environmental Resources, A Report Prepared for the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
8.Bardhan,Pranab.1993a. Analytic of the Institutions of Informal Cooperation in Rural Development, World Development, 24(4): 633-639.
9.Bardhan,Pranab.1993b. Symposium on Management of Local Commons, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(4): 87-92.
10.Battese,G.E., T.J.Coelli and T.C.Colby.1989. Estimation of Frontier Production Functions and the Efficiencies of Indian Farms Using Panel Data From ICRISAT's Village Level Studies, Journal of Quantitative Economics, 5,327-348.
11.Battese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1988. Prediction of Firm-Level Technical Efficiencies with a Generalized Frontier Production Function and Panel Data, Journal of Econometrics, 38,387-399.
12.Bartese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1992. Frontier Productions, Technical Efficiency and Panel Data: With Application to Paddy Farmers in India, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3,153-169.
13.Battese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1993. A Stochastic Frontier Production Function Incorporating a Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects, Working Papers in Econometrics and Applied Statistics, No.69, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armadillo.
14.Battese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1995. A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data, Empirical Economics, 20,325-332.
15.Bauer, P.W. 1990. Recent Developments in the Econometric Estimation of Frontiers, Journal of Econometrics, 46,39-56.
16.Boserup,E. 1981. Population Growth and Technological Change: A Study of Long-term Trends., University of Chicago Press.
17.Bromley,Daniel W.,ed. 1992. Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice and Policy, San Francisco: International Center for Self-Governance.
18.Brown, Lester and Halweil, Brian. 1998. China's Water Shortage Could Shake World Grain Markets. Worldwatch Institute, Washington D.C..
19.Bruce,J.W., and S.E.Migot-Adholla. Eds. 1993. Searching for land tenures security in Africa, Dubuque,IA: Kendall/Hunt.
20.Chambers,R.,N.C.Saxena, andT. Shah. 1989. To the Hands of the Poor: Water and Trees. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press and IBH Publishing Co.
21.Charnes,A.,W.W. Cooper and E.R. hodes. 1978. Measuring the Efficiency of Decision-Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2,429-444.
22.Chaudhry,M.A., and R.A.Young. 1990. Privatizing Public Irrigation Tubewells in Pakistan: An Appraisal of Alternatives. Pakistan Development Review 29(1): 33-58.
23.Chen,Xueren and Renbao Ji. 1994. Overview of Irrigation Management Transfer in China, Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24, 1994.
24.Coase,R. 1960. The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics. 3.
25.Demsetz, H. 1969. Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint. Journal of Law and Economics, 12:1-22.
26.Demsetz, H. 1988. Ownership, Control, and the Firm. Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1988.
27.Demsetz,Harold. 1967. Toward a theory of Property Rights. American Economic Review 57:347-359.
28.Farley,Peter J. 1994. Privatization of Irrigation Schemes in New Zealand. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. No.2. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI.
29.Farrel,M.J. 1957. The Measurement of Productive Etficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, CXX, Part 3,253-290.
30.Forsund, F.R., C.A.K. Lovell and P. Schmidt. 1980. A Survey of Frontier Production Functions and of Their Relationship to Efficiency Measurement, Journal of Econometrics, 13,5-25.
31.Fredericksen,H.D. 1994. Considerations in the Transfer of Responsibilities for Services in the Water Resources Sector. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
32.Freeman,D.M.,M.K.Lowdermiik, and A.C. Early. 1978. Farm Irrigation Constraints and Farmers' Responses: Comprehensive Field Survey in Pakistan. Fort Collins, Colo.,U.S.A.: Colorado State University.
33.Furubom,Eirik G., and Svetozar Peiovich. 1972. Property Rights and Economic Theory: A Survey of Recent Literature. 10: 1137-1162.
34.Gazmuri,R.S. 1994. Chilean Water Policy. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. No.3. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
35.Gerards,J.L.M.H. 1994. Irrigation Service Fee in Indonesia: Towards Irrigation Comanagement with Water Users Associations through Contributions, Voice, Accountability, Discipline and Plain Hard Work. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
36.Greene, W.H.1993.The Econometric Approach to Efficiency Analysis in Fried, H.O., C.A.K. Lovell and S.S. Schmidt (Eds.), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, Oxford University Press, New York, 68-119.
37.Greene, W.H. 1990. A Gamma-distributed Stochastic Frontier Model, Journal of Econometrics, 46,141-164.
38.Hayami,Y., and V.W. Ruttan. 1985. Agricultural Development: An International Perspective. Revised Edition. Baltimore, Md.,U.S.A.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
39.Huang, Jikun, Mark Rosegrant and Scott Rozelle. 1995. Public Investment, Technological Changes and Reform: A Comprehensive Accounting of Agricultural Growth in China. Working Paper, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C.
40.IFPRI Team. 1995. Land Tenure and Forest Resource Management in Selected Areas of Asia and Africa, Report of an International Workshop. IFPRI: Washington,D.C..
41.International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 1997. Impacts of Irrigation Management Transfer: A Review of the Evidence, Research Report No.11.
42.International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Gmbh & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO). 1999. Transfer of Irrigation Management Services-Guidelines, Rome.
43.International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO). 1995. Irrigation Management Transfer., FAO, United Nations, Rome.
44.Janakarajan,S. 1994.Trading in Groundwater: A Source of Power and Accumulation. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
45.Johnson,S.H.III., Vermillion,D.L, Svendsen,M., Wang Xinyuan., Zhang Xiying and Mao Xuesen. 1994. Institutional, Management and Performance Changes in Two Irrigation Districts: A Case Study from Hebei Province, P.R.China. Paper presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
46.Johnson,S.H.III., 1995. Selected Experiences with Irrigation Management Transfer: Economic Implications. Forthcoming Water Resources Development.
47.Kahnert,F., and Levine,eds., 1994. Groundwater Irrigation and the Rural Poor: Options for Development in the Gangetic Basin. Washington,D.C.: World Bank.
48.Kirk, Michel. 1994. Land Tenure Change in Livestock Production System: Animal Research and Development. Volumn 39, 1994.
49.Kloezen,W.H, 1994. Changing Pillows for a Headache? Financing Participatory Irrigation Management in Sri Lanka. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
50.Kolavalli,S. and Raju,K.V. 1994. Turnover of Public Tubewells by Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
51.Kolavalli,S., and D.L.Chicoine. 1989. Groundwater Markets in Gujarat, India. Water Resources Development 5(1): 38-44.
52.Kolavalli,S., and L.K.Atheeq. 1990. Groundwater Utilization in Two Villages in West Bengal. Ahmedabad, India: Center for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management.
53.Kooprnans,T.C. 1951. An Analysis of Production as an Efficient Combination of Activities. In T.C.Koopmans.(Ed.) Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, Monograph No.13,Wiley, New York.
54.Krueger,Anne O. 1974. The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society. American Economic Review, 64:291-303.
55.Kumbhakar, S.C., S.Ghosh and J.T. Mcguckin. 1991. A Generalized Production Frontier Approach for Estimating Determinants of Inefficiency in U.S. Dairy Farms, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 9, 279-286.
56.Lewis,W. Arthui. 1955. The Theory of Economic Growth, London: George Allen & Urwin.
57.Lin,Justin Yifu. 1988. Rural Factor Markets in China after the Household Responsibility Reform. Forthcoming in Economic Development and Cultural Change.
58.Lipton,Michael. 1968. The Theory of the Optimizing Peasant, Journal of Development Studies, 4:327-351.
59.Lodge,George. C., and Ezra F. Vogel,eds. 1987. Ideology and National Competitiveness: An Analysis of Nine Countries, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School.
60.Lonsway,K. and Amadou,A. 1994. The Transfer of Irrigation Management to Farmer Organizations in Niger. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R. China, September 20-24,1994.
61.Lovell,C.A.K 1993. Production Frontiers and Productive Efficiency. In Fried, H.O., C.A.K. Lovell and S.S.Schmidt(Eds.), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, Oxford University Press, New York,3-67.
62.Malik,S.M., and P. Strosser. 1993. Management of Private Tubewells in a Conjunctive Use Environment: A Case Study in the Mananwala Distributor Command Area, Punjab, Pakistan. IIMI Working Paper No.27. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
63.Meeusen,W and J.van den Broeck. 1977. Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error. International Economic Review, 18,435-444.
64.Meinzen-Dick,R. 1995. Adequacy and Timeliness of Irrigation Supplies under Conjunctive Use in the Sone Irrigation System, Bihar. In Strategic Change in Indian Irrigation, ed. M.Svendsen and A.Gulati. New Delhi,India:McMillan.
65.Meinzen-Dick,R. 1996. Groundwater Markets in Pakistan: Participation and Productivity, Research Reports 105, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington,D.C.
66.Menchaca,J.C.M. and Torregrosa,M.L 1994. Social Aspects of the Irrigation District Transfer. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Managernent Transfer, Wuhan, P.R. China, September 20-24,1994.
67.Moench,M.,ed. 1994. Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, and Natural Heritage Institute.
68.Morley,S.A. and G.W. Smith. 1977. Limited Search and the technology Choices of Multinational Firms in Brazil, The Quarterly Journal of Economic Review, 18,435-444.
69.Musa,I.K. 1994. Irrigation Management Transfer in Nigeria: A Case of Financial Sustainability for Operation, Maintenance and Management. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
70.Nangju,D. 1994. The Strategies of Irrigation Management in Nepal. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
71.National Engineering Services, Pakistan. 1991. Contribution of Private Tubewells in the Development of Water Potential, Final Report. Lahore, Pakistan: Ministry of Planning and Development.
72.North Douglass C. 1990. Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
73.North,Douglass C. and Robert Thomas. 1973. The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A System: A theoretical Model, Journal of Economic History (December).
74.Nugent,Jeffrey B. 1993. Between State, Markets, and Households: A Neoinstitufional Analysis of Local Organizations and Institutions, World Development,21(4):623-632.
75.Otsuka, Keirijo. 1995. Land Tenure and Forest Resource Management in Sumatra Analysis Issues and Research Policy for Extensive Survey. (MP11) IFPRI: Washington D.C.
76.Palacios-Velez,E.1994. Performance of Water Users' Associations in the Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation Districts in Mexico. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
77.Palmer-Jones,R. 1994. Groundwater Markets in South Asia: A Discussion of Theory and Evidence. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Ed. M.Moench. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
78.Pitt, M.M., and L-F.Lee. 1981. Measurement and Sources of Technical Inefficiency in the Indonesian Weaving Industry, Journal of Development Economics, 9,43-64.
79.Rasmussen,L.N., and Ruth Meinzen-Dick. 1994. Local Organization for Natural Resource Management: Lessons from Theoretical and Empirical Literature. Mimeo, International Food Policy Research Institute.
80.Reifschneider,D., and R.Stevenson. 1991. Systematic Departures from the Frontier: A Framework for the Analysis of Firm Inefficiency, International Economic Review, 32,715-723.
81.Renfro,R.Z.H. 1982. Economics of Local Control of Irrigation Water in Pakistan: A Pilot Study, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.,U.S.A.
82.Renfro,R.Z.H. and E.W. Sparling, 1986. Private Tubewell and Canal Water Trade on Pakistan Punjab Watercourses. In Irrigation Investment Technology and Management Strategies for Development, Ed. E.W. Easter. Boulder,Colo., U.S.A.: Westview Press.
83.Richmond J. 1974. Estimating the Efficiency of Production, International Economic Review, 15,515-521.
84.Rosegrant, M.W., and H.P.binswanger. 1994. Markets in Tradable Water Rights: Potential for Efficiency Gains in Developing Country Water Resource Allocation, World Development 22(11): 1613-1625.
85.Rosegrant,M.W., and R. Gazmuri Schleyer. 1994. Tradable Water rights: Experiences in Reforming Allocation Policy. Arlington,VA.,U.S.A, Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the Near East(ISPAN).
86.Runge,C.Ford. 1981. Common Property Externalities: Isolation, Assurance, and Resource Depletion in a Traditional Grazing Context, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(4):595-606.
87.Runge,C.Ford.. 1984. Strategic Interdependence in Models of Property Rights. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66:807-813.
88.Runge,C.Ford. 1986. Common Property and Collective Action in Economic Development, World Development. 14(5): 623-635.
89.Ruttan, Vernon W. 1978. Induced Institutional Change, in Induced Innovation: Technology, Institutions, and Development, Edited by Hans P. Binswanger and Verson w. Ruttan, PP.327-357, Bltimore,: Johns Hopkens University Press.
90.Sagardoy,J.A. 1994. Lessons Learned from Irrigation Management Transfer Programs. Paper presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
91.Savas,E.S. 1994. Lessons from the Privatization Movement, Opening Speech, Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
92.Schmidt, P. 1976. On the Statistical Estimation of Parametric Frontier Production Functions, Review of Economics and Statistics, 58,238-239.
93.Schmidt, P. 1986. Frontier Production Functions, Econometric Reviews, 4, 289-328.
94.Schultz,T.W. 1968.Institutions and the Rising Economic Value of Man. American Journal of Agriculture Economic, 50.
95.Shah,T. 1985. Transforming Ground Water Markets into Powerful Instruments of Small Farmer Development: Lessons from the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Network Paper 11d. London: Overseas Development Institute.
96.Shah,T. 1989. Efficiency and Equity Impacts of Groundwater Markets: A Review of Issues, Evidence and Policies. Anand, India: Institute of Rural Management.
97.Shah,T. 1991. Water Markets and Irrigation Development in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 46(3): 335-348.
98.Shah,T. 1993. Groundwater Markets and Irrigation Development: Political Economy and Practical Policy. Bombay, India: Oxford University Press.
99.Shah,T. 1994. Groundwater Markets: An Overview and New Questions. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates Over Groundwater Markets in India, ed. M.Moench.Gujarat,India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
100. Shah,T.,Ballabh., V. Dobrial, K. and Talati,J. 1994. Turnover of State Tubewells to Farmer Cooperatives: Assessment of Gujarat's Experience, India. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
101. Shanan,L. and Berkowicz,S. Forthcoming. 1995. Locally Managed Irrigation in Isreal: Policies, Planning and Performance. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
102. Shankar,K. 1992. Dynamics of Groundwater Irrigation. New Delhi: Segment Books.
103. Soenarno. 1994. The Small-scale Irrigation Turnover Program in Indonesia. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
104. Srivastava, L.P. and Brewer, J.D. 1994. Irrigation Management Transfer at Paliganj, Bihar, India. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation No.7. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
105. Stevenson,R.E. 1980. Likelihood Functions for Generalized Stochastic Frontier Estimation, Journal of Econometrics, 13,57-66.
106. Strosser,P., and M.Kuper. 1994. Water Markets in the Fordwah/Eastern Sadiqia Area: An Answer to Perceived Deficiencies in Canal Water Supplies, IIMI Working Paper No.30. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
107. Strosser,P., and R.Meinzen-Dick. 1994. Groundwater Markets in Pakistan: An Analysis of Selected Issues. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Ed. M.Moench. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
108. Svendsen,M. and Vermillion,D.1994. Irrigation Management Transfer in the Columbia Basin: Lessons and International Implications. Research Monograph. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
109. Timmer, C.P.1971. Using a Probabilistic Frontier Function to Measure Technical Efficiency,Journal of Political Econorny, 79,776-794.
110. Vermillion,D.L. and Garces-Restrepo,C.1994.Irrigation Management Transfer in Colombia: A Pilot Experiment and Its Consequences, Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. No.5. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
111. Water and Power Development Authority. 1990.Trading of Canal and Tubewell Water for Irrigation Purposes. Lahore,Pakistan: WAPDA.
112. Wells,L.T. 1973. Economic Man and Engineering Man: Choice Technology in a Low Wage ountry, Public Policy 21, No.3,319-342.
113. White, Andy.1995.Conceptual Framework: Performance and Evolution of Property Rights and Collective Action,(MP11). IFPRI: Washington,D.C..
114. Wilkins-Wells,J., Molden,D..J.，Pradhan,P. and Rajbhandari,S.P. 1994. Developing Share Systems for Sustainable Water Users' Associations in Nepal. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
115. Wood,G.D. 1995. Private Provision after Public Neglect: Opting Out with Pumpsets in North Bihar. Center for Development Studies Occasional Paper 01/95.Bath,U.K, University of Bath.
116. Woodhouse,P. and Ndiaye,I. 1990. Structural Adjustment and Irrigated Food Farming in Africa: The 'Disengagement' of the State in the Senegal Rivet Valley. Development Policy and Practice Working Paper No.20. Manchester, UK: The Open University.
117. World Bank. 1984. Public and Private Tubewell Performance: Emerging Issues and Options. Pakistan Subsector Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
118. World Bank. 1993. Water Resources Management: A World Bank Policy Paper. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
119. Yoder, R. 1994. Locally Managed Irrigation Systems: Suggestions for Management Transfer. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R. China, September 20-24,1994.
2．陈雷，杨广欣，深化小型水利工程产权制度改革加快农村水利事业发展，中国农村水利水电，1998(6)．
3．陈美章，陈大勇，源头活水的涌动：绥化地区“五小”水利工程产权改造，中国水利，1994(7)．
4．陈小江，陈东明，唐瑾，夏海霞，岳梦华，河南农村水利产权制度改革，中国水利，1997(12)．
5．陈学仁，姜开鹏，股份合作制植入农村水利后的成效、影响与趋势，中国水利，1994(7)。
6．程殿龙，杨为忠，股份制的威力：邯郸市采用股分制建设抗旱工程的调查，中国水利，1997(9)．
7．程能力，谁投资、谁所有、谁得益，中国水利，1995(2)．
8．大卫．莫沃克，《牛津法律大辞典》，光明日报出版社，1988．
9．道格拉斯．C．斯，经济史中的结构变迁，上海三联书店，上海人民出版社1994年出版．
10．丁金水，改国家投资为多渠道集资，宝丰县水利建设蓬勃发展，中国水利，1984(2)．
11．董军海，张英林，广宗县农民入股打井是个好办法，中国水利，1994(1)．
12．樊钢，两种改革成本与两种改革方式，经济研究，1992(1)．
13．樊运达，改革投资办法，走群众办水利的道路，中国水利，1989(11)
14．冯广志，张汉松，国外“用水户参与灌溉管理”及我国开展该项工作的建议，中国农村水利与小水电，1997(2)．
15．冯开文，一场诱致性制度变迁，中国农村经济，1998(7)．
16．冯玉禄，股份经济：经济体制改革突破口，中国水利，1997(12)．
17．顾浩，水：跨世纪发展的战略问题，中国水利，1998(3)．
18．郭卓然，李国正，略论小型水利工程产权制度改革，中国农村水利水电，1998(1)．
19．国务院研究室调查组，制度创新是调动农民水利建设积极性的关键：山东费县小型农田水利家庭经营责任制的调查，中国农村经济，1998(7)．
20．河北省南水北调中线工程建设开发筹备处，《南水北调中线工程河北省段情况介绍》，1999．
21．河北省水利厅，《河北省水利统计年鉴》，1999．
22．黄季焜，Scott Rozelle，迈向二十一世纪的中国粮食经济，中国农业出版社1998年出版．
23．黄永基，保护淡水资源：《中国21世纪议程》重要内容之一，中国水利，1995(3)．
24．金晓辉，我国水资源现状与利用，科技日报，1997(8／26)．
25．孔泾源，中国农村土地制度：变迁过程的实证分析，经济研究，1992(2)．
26．林毅夫，制度、技术与中国农业发展，上海三联出版社，上海人民出版社1994年出版。
27．刘昌明，何希吾等著，中国21世纪水问题方略，科学出版杜1996年出版．
28．刘世锦，中国经济改革的推进方式及其中的公共选择问题，经济研究，1993(10)．
29．刘文，水价改革函待解决的问题及措施，中国水利，1997(1)．
30．马思，人力资本与制度创新：延安调查后的思考，经济研究，1993(8)．
31．苗壮，制度变迁中的改革战略选择问题，经济研究，1992(10)．
32．乔方彬，黄季焜和Scott Rozelle，林地产权和林业的发展，农业经济问题，1998(7)．
33．邱沛，关键在于依法收费，中国水利，1995(1)．
34．水利部，国家计委21世纪初期水利发展战略研究课题组，21世纪初期中国水利发展战略研究(提要)，1999．
35．水利部南京水文水资源研究所，中国水利水电科学研究院水资源研究所，21世纪中国水供求，中国水利水电出版社1999年出版．
36．水利部农村水利司，新中国农田水利史略(1949—1998)，中国水利水电出版社1999年出版．
37．水利电力部水利水电规划设计院，中国水资源利用，水利电力出版社1989年出版．
38．水利电力部水文局，中国水资源评价，水利电力出版社1987年出版．
39．宋明宝、陈正虎，在分户经营条件下如何搞好农田水利基本建设，中国水利，1986(6)．
40．汪丁丁，从“交易费用”到博弈均衡，经济研究，1995(9)．
41．王满秋，户管小水利办法好，中国水利，1987(10)．
42．杨建斌，论农户兴办水利事业的积极作用及引导方略，中国水利，1992(8)，
43．张春园，农业干旱缺水趋势不可逆转，普及节水灌溉技术迫在眉睫，中国水利，1997(12)，
44．张文臣，莱芜兴起水利股份制热，中国水利，1993(5)．
45．张五常，经济组织和交易成本，见《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典》，经济科学出版社1992年出版．
46．郑万城，一种适应农村联产承包管水的好形式，中国水利，1983(6)．
47．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1991．
48．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1995．
49．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1996，
50．《中国水利年鉴》，水利电力出版社，1997．
51．《中国统计年鉴》，中国统计出版社，1999．
1. Afriat,S.N. 1972. Efficiency Estimation of Production Functions, International Economic Review, 13,568-598.
2. Ahmed,Q.F. 1993. Socialization of Minor Irrigation: A Strategy for Growth with Equity. in Groundwater Irrigation and the Rural Poor Options for Development in the Gangetic Basin, ed.F.Kahnert and G.Levine. Washington,D.C. World Bank.
3.Aigner, D.J., C.A.K Lovell and P. Schmidt. 1977. Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models, Joumal of Econometrics, 6,21-37.
4.Aigner,D. J., and S.F. Chu. 1968. On Estimating the Industry Production Function, American Economic Review, 58,826-839.
5.Alchian,A.A. 1950. Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory. Journal of Political Economy, 58:211-222
6.Alchian,A.A., and Demsetz, Harold. 1973. The property Right Paradigm, Journal of Economic History, 16:16-27.
7.Baland,Jean-Marie, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. 1993. A Multi-disciplinary Analysis of Locallevel Management of Environmental Resources, A Report Prepared for the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
8.Bardhan,Pranab.1993a. Analytic of the Institutions of Informal Cooperation in Rural Development, World Development, 24(4): 633-639.
9.Bardhan,Pranab.1993b. Symposium on Management of Local Commons, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(4): 87-92.
10.Battese,G.E., T.J.Coelli and T.C.Colby.1989. Estimation of Frontier Production Functions and the Efficiencies of Indian Farms Using Panel Data From ICRISAT's Village Level Studies, Journal of Quantitative Economics, 5,327-348.
11.Battese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1988. Prediction of Firm-Level Technical Efficiencies with a Generalized Frontier Production Function and Panel Data, Journal of Econometrics, 38,387-399.
12.Bartese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1992. Frontier Productions, Technical Efficiency and Panel Data: With Application to Paddy Farmers in India, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3,153-169.
13.Battese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1993. A Stochastic Frontier Production Function Incorporating a Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects, Working Papers in Econometrics and Applied Statistics, No.69, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armadillo.
14.Battese,G.E.,and T.J.Coelli. 1995. A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data, Empirical Economics, 20,325-332.
15.Bauer, P.W. 1990. Recent Developments in the Econometric Estimation of Frontiers, Journal of Econometrics, 46,39-56.
16.Boserup,E. 1981. Population Growth and Technological Change: A Study of Long-term Trends., University of Chicago Press.
17.Bromley,Daniel W.,ed. 1992. Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice and Policy, San Francisco: International Center for Self-Governance.
18.Brown, Lester and Halweil, Brian. 1998. China's Water Shortage Could Shake World Grain Markets. Worldwatch Institute, Washington D.C..
19.Bruce,J.W., and S.E.Migot-Adholla. Eds. 1993. Searching for land tenures security in Africa, Dubuque,IA: Kendall/Hunt.
20.Chambers,R.,N.C.Saxena, andT. Shah. 1989. To the Hands of the Poor: Water and Trees. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press and IBH Publishing Co.
21.Charnes,A.,W.W. Cooper and E.R. hodes. 1978. Measuring the Efficiency of Decision-Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2,429-444.
22.Chaudhry,M.A., and R.A.Young. 1990. Privatizing Public Irrigation Tubewells in Pakistan: An Appraisal of Alternatives. Pakistan Development Review 29(1): 33-58.
23.Chen,Xueren and Renbao Ji. 1994. Overview of Irrigation Management Transfer in China, Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24, 1994.
24.Coase,R. 1960. The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics. 3.
25.Demsetz, H. 1969. Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint. Journal of Law and Economics, 12:1-22.
26.Demsetz, H. 1988. Ownership, Control, and the Firm. Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1988.
27.Demsetz,Harold. 1967. Toward a theory of Property Rights. American Economic Review 57:347-359.
28.Farley,Peter J. 1994. Privatization of Irrigation Schemes in New Zealand. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. No.2. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI.
29.Farrel,M.J. 1957. The Measurement of Productive Etficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, CXX, Part 3,253-290.
30.Forsund, F.R., C.A.K. Lovell and P. Schmidt. 1980. A Survey of Frontier Production Functions and of Their Relationship to Efficiency Measurement, Journal of Econometrics, 13,5-25.
31.Fredericksen,H.D. 1994. Considerations in the Transfer of Responsibilities for Services in the Water Resources Sector. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
32.Freeman,D.M.,M.K.Lowdermiik, and A.C. Early. 1978. Farm Irrigation Constraints and Farmers' Responses: Comprehensive Field Survey in Pakistan. Fort Collins, Colo.,U.S.A.: Colorado State University.
33.Furubom,Eirik G., and Svetozar Peiovich. 1972. Property Rights and Economic Theory: A Survey of Recent Literature. 10: 1137-1162.
34.Gazmuri,R.S. 1994. Chilean Water Policy. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. No.3. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
35.Gerards,J.L.M.H. 1994. Irrigation Service Fee in Indonesia: Towards Irrigation Comanagement with Water Users Associations through Contributions, Voice, Accountability, Discipline and Plain Hard Work. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
36.Greene, W.H.1993.The Econometric Approach to Efficiency Analysis in Fried, H.O., C.A.K. Lovell and S.S. Schmidt (Eds.), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, Oxford University Press, New York, 68-119.
37.Greene, W.H. 1990. A Gamma-distributed Stochastic Frontier Model, Journal of Econometrics, 46,141-164.
38.Hayami,Y., and V.W. Ruttan. 1985. Agricultural Development: An International Perspective. Revised Edition. Baltimore, Md.,U.S.A.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
39.Huang, Jikun, Mark Rosegrant and Scott Rozelle. 1995. Public Investment, Technological Changes and Reform: A Comprehensive Accounting of Agricultural Growth in China. Working Paper, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C.
40.IFPRI Team. 1995. Land Tenure and Forest Resource Management in Selected Areas of Asia and Africa, Report of an International Workshop. IFPRI: Washington,D.C..
41.International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 1997. Impacts of Irrigation Management Transfer: A Review of the Evidence, Research Report No.11.
42.International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Gmbh & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO). 1999. Transfer of Irrigation Management Services-Guidelines, Rome.
43.International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO). 1995. Irrigation Management Transfer., FAO, United Nations, Rome.
44.Janakarajan,S. 1994.Trading in Groundwater: A Source of Power and Accumulation. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
45.Johnson,S.H.III., Vermillion,D.L, Svendsen,M., Wang Xinyuan., Zhang Xiying and Mao Xuesen. 1994. Institutional, Management and Performance Changes in Two Irrigation Districts: A Case Study from Hebei Province, P.R.China. Paper presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
46.Johnson,S.H.III., 1995. Selected Experiences with Irrigation Management Transfer: Economic Implications. Forthcoming Water Resources Development.
47.Kahnert,F., and Levine,eds., 1994. Groundwater Irrigation and the Rural Poor: Options for Development in the Gangetic Basin. Washington,D.C.: World Bank.
48.Kirk, Michel. 1994. Land Tenure Change in Livestock Production System: Animal Research and Development. Volumn 39, 1994.
49.Kloezen,W.H, 1994. Changing Pillows for a Headache? Financing Participatory Irrigation Management in Sri Lanka. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
50.Kolavalli,S. and Raju,K.V. 1994. Turnover of Public Tubewells by Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
51.Kolavalli,S., and D.L.Chicoine. 1989. Groundwater Markets in Gujarat, India. Water Resources Development 5(1): 38-44.
52.Kolavalli,S., and L.K.Atheeq. 1990. Groundwater Utilization in Two Villages in West Bengal. Ahmedabad, India: Center for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management.
53.Kooprnans,T.C. 1951. An Analysis of Production as an Efficient Combination of Activities. In T.C.Koopmans.(Ed.) Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, Monograph No.13,Wiley, New York.
54.Krueger,Anne O. 1974. The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society. American Economic Review, 64:291-303.
55.Kumbhakar, S.C., S.Ghosh and J.T. Mcguckin. 1991. A Generalized Production Frontier Approach for Estimating Determinants of Inefficiency in U.S. Dairy Farms, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 9, 279-286.
56.Lewis,W. Arthui. 1955. The Theory of Economic Growth, London: George Allen & Urwin.
57.Lin,Justin Yifu. 1988. Rural Factor Markets in China after the Household Responsibility Reform. Forthcoming in Economic Development and Cultural Change.
58.Lipton,Michael. 1968. The Theory of the Optimizing Peasant, Journal of Development Studies, 4:327-351.
59.Lodge,George. C., and Ezra F. Vogel,eds. 1987. Ideology and National Competitiveness: An Analysis of Nine Countries, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School.
60.Lonsway,K. and Amadou,A. 1994. The Transfer of Irrigation Management to Farmer Organizations in Niger. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R. China, September 20-24,1994.
61.Lovell,C.A.K 1993. Production Frontiers and Productive Efficiency. In Fried, H.O., C.A.K. Lovell and S.S.Schmidt(Eds.), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, Oxford University Press, New York,3-67.
62.Malik,S.M., and P. Strosser. 1993. Management of Private Tubewells in a Conjunctive Use Environment: A Case Study in the Mananwala Distributor Command Area, Punjab, Pakistan. IIMI Working Paper No.27. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
63.Meeusen,W and J.van den Broeck. 1977. Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error. International Economic Review, 18,435-444.
64.Meinzen-Dick,R. 1995. Adequacy and Timeliness of Irrigation Supplies under Conjunctive Use in the Sone Irrigation System, Bihar. In Strategic Change in Indian Irrigation, ed. M.Svendsen and A.Gulati. New Delhi,India:McMillan.
65.Meinzen-Dick,R. 1996. Groundwater Markets in Pakistan: Participation and Productivity, Research Reports 105, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington,D.C.
66.Menchaca,J.C.M. and Torregrosa,M.L 1994. Social Aspects of the Irrigation District Transfer. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Managernent Transfer, Wuhan, P.R. China, September 20-24,1994.
67.Moench,M.,ed. 1994. Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, and Natural Heritage Institute.
68.Morley,S.A. and G.W. Smith. 1977. Limited Search and the technology Choices of Multinational Firms in Brazil, The Quarterly Journal of Economic Review, 18,435-444.
69.Musa,I.K. 1994. Irrigation Management Transfer in Nigeria: A Case of Financial Sustainability for Operation, Maintenance and Management. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
70.Nangju,D. 1994. The Strategies of Irrigation Management in Nepal. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
71.National Engineering Services, Pakistan. 1991. Contribution of Private Tubewells in the Development of Water Potential, Final Report. Lahore, Pakistan: Ministry of Planning and Development.
72.North Douglass C. 1990. Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
73.North,Douglass C. and Robert Thomas. 1973. The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A System: A theoretical Model, Journal of Economic History (December).
74.Nugent,Jeffrey B. 1993. Between State, Markets, and Households: A Neoinstitufional Analysis of Local Organizations and Institutions, World Development,21(4):623-632.
75.Otsuka, Keirijo. 1995. Land Tenure and Forest Resource Management in Sumatra Analysis Issues and Research Policy for Extensive Survey. (MP11) IFPRI: Washington D.C.
76.Palacios-Velez,E.1994. Performance of Water Users' Associations in the Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation Districts in Mexico. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
77.Palmer-Jones,R. 1994. Groundwater Markets in South Asia: A Discussion of Theory and Evidence. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Ed. M.Moench. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
78.Pitt, M.M., and L-F.Lee. 1981. Measurement and Sources of Technical Inefficiency in the Indonesian Weaving Industry, Journal of Development Economics, 9,43-64.
79.Rasmussen,L.N., and Ruth Meinzen-Dick. 1994. Local Organization for Natural Resource Management: Lessons from Theoretical and Empirical Literature. Mimeo, International Food Policy Research Institute.
80.Reifschneider,D., and R.Stevenson. 1991. Systematic Departures from the Frontier: A Framework for the Analysis of Firm Inefficiency, International Economic Review, 32,715-723.
81.Renfro,R.Z.H. 1982. Economics of Local Control of Irrigation Water in Pakistan: A Pilot Study, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.,U.S.A.
82.Renfro,R.Z.H. and E.W. Sparling, 1986. Private Tubewell and Canal Water Trade on Pakistan Punjab Watercourses. In Irrigation Investment Technology and Management Strategies for Development, Ed. E.W. Easter. Boulder,Colo., U.S.A.: Westview Press.
83.Richmond J. 1974. Estimating the Efficiency of Production, International Economic Review, 15,515-521.
84.Rosegrant, M.W., and H.P.binswanger. 1994. Markets in Tradable Water Rights: Potential for Efficiency Gains in Developing Country Water Resource Allocation, World Development 22(11): 1613-1625.
85.Rosegrant,M.W., and R. Gazmuri Schleyer. 1994. Tradable Water rights: Experiences in Reforming Allocation Policy. Arlington,VA.,U.S.A, Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the Near East(ISPAN).
86.Runge,C.Ford. 1981. Common Property Externalities: Isolation, Assurance, and Resource Depletion in a Traditional Grazing Context, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(4):595-606.
87.Runge,C.Ford.. 1984. Strategic Interdependence in Models of Property Rights. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66:807-813.
88.Runge,C.Ford. 1986. Common Property and Collective Action in Economic Development, World Development. 14(5): 623-635.
89.Ruttan, Vernon W. 1978. Induced Institutional Change, in Induced Innovation: Technology, Institutions, and Development, Edited by Hans P. Binswanger and Verson w. Ruttan, PP.327-357, Bltimore,: Johns Hopkens University Press.
90.Sagardoy,J.A. 1994. Lessons Learned from Irrigation Management Transfer Programs. Paper presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
91.Savas,E.S. 1994. Lessons from the Privatization Movement, Opening Speech, Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
92.Schmidt, P. 1976. On the Statistical Estimation of Parametric Frontier Production Functions, Review of Economics and Statistics, 58,238-239.
93.Schmidt, P. 1986. Frontier Production Functions, Econometric Reviews, 4, 289-328.
94.Schultz,T.W. 1968.Institutions and the Rising Economic Value of Man. American Journal of Agriculture Economic, 50.
95.Shah,T. 1985. Transforming Ground Water Markets into Powerful Instruments of Small Farmer Development: Lessons from the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Network Paper 11d. London: Overseas Development Institute.
96.Shah,T. 1989. Efficiency and Equity Impacts of Groundwater Markets: A Review of Issues, Evidence and Policies. Anand, India: Institute of Rural Management.
97.Shah,T. 1991. Water Markets and Irrigation Development in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 46(3): 335-348.
98.Shah,T. 1993. Groundwater Markets and Irrigation Development: Political Economy and Practical Policy. Bombay, India: Oxford University Press.
99.Shah,T. 1994. Groundwater Markets: An Overview and New Questions. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates Over Groundwater Markets in India, ed. M.Moench.Gujarat,India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
100. Shah,T.,Ballabh., V. Dobrial, K. and Talati,J. 1994. Turnover of State Tubewells to Farmer Cooperatives: Assessment of Gujarat's Experience, India. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
101. Shanan,L. and Berkowicz,S. Forthcoming. 1995. Locally Managed Irrigation in Isreal: Policies, Planning and Performance. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
102. Shankar,K. 1992. Dynamics of Groundwater Irrigation. New Delhi: Segment Books.
103. Soenarno. 1994. The Small-scale Irrigation Turnover Program in Indonesia. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
104. Srivastava, L.P. and Brewer, J.D. 1994. Irrigation Management Transfer at Paliganj, Bihar, India. Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation No.7. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
105. Stevenson,R.E. 1980. Likelihood Functions for Generalized Stochastic Frontier Estimation, Journal of Econometrics, 13,57-66.
106. Strosser,P., and M.Kuper. 1994. Water Markets in the Fordwah/Eastern Sadiqia Area: An Answer to Perceived Deficiencies in Canal Water Supplies, IIMI Working Paper No.30. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
107. Strosser,P., and R.Meinzen-Dick. 1994. Groundwater Markets in Pakistan: An Analysis of Selected Issues. In Selling Water: Conceptual and Policy Debates over Groundwater Markets in India. Ed. M.Moench. Gujarat, India: VIKSAT, Pacific Institute, Natural Heritage Institute.
108. Svendsen,M. and Vermillion,D.1994. Irrigation Management Transfer in the Columbia Basin: Lessons and International Implications. Research Monograph. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
109. Timmer, C.P.1971. Using a Probabilistic Frontier Function to Measure Technical Efficiency,Journal of Political Econorny, 79,776-794.
110. Vermillion,D.L. and Garces-Restrepo,C.1994.Irrigation Management Transfer in Colombia: A Pilot Experiment and Its Consequences, Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation. No.5. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IIMI.
111. Water and Power Development Authority. 1990.Trading of Canal and Tubewell Water for Irrigation Purposes. Lahore,Pakistan: WAPDA.
112. Wells,L.T. 1973. Economic Man and Engineering Man: Choice Technology in a Low Wage ountry, Public Policy 21, No.3,319-342.
113. White, Andy.1995.Conceptual Framework: Performance and Evolution of Property Rights and Collective Action,(MP11). IFPRI: Washington,D.C..
114. Wilkins-Wells,J., Molden,D..J.，Pradhan,P. and Rajbhandari,S.P. 1994. Developing Share Systems for Sustainable Water Users' Associations in Nepal. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R.China, September 20-24,1994.
115. Wood,G.D. 1995. Private Provision after Public Neglect: Opting Out with Pumpsets in North Bihar. Center for Development Studies Occasional Paper 01/95.Bath,U.K, University of Bath.
116. Woodhouse,P. and Ndiaye,I. 1990. Structural Adjustment and Irrigated Food Farming in Africa: The 'Disengagement' of the State in the Senegal Rivet Valley. Development Policy and Practice Working Paper No.20. Manchester, UK: The Open University.
117. World Bank. 1984. Public and Private Tubewell Performance: Emerging Issues and Options. Pakistan Subsector Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
118. World Bank. 1993. Water Resources Management: A World Bank Policy Paper. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
119. Yoder, R. 1994. Locally Managed Irrigation Systems: Suggestions for Management Transfer. Paper Presented at the International Conference on Irrigation Management Transfer, Wuhan, P.R. China, September 20-24,1994.