创新视角下知识密集型服务业发展研究与政策启示
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摘要
伴随着知识经济时代的到来,服务业内出现了新型的产业——知识密集型服务业(Knowledge Intensive Business Service,简称KIBS),并引起了创新理论研究者的关注。知识密集型服务业是以知识为其它行业、企业(组织)或个人提供服务的产业,这个服务过程是知识的生产、传播和使用的过程;通过这个过程,知识实现增值;知识密集型服务业包括金融、保险、教育、咨询、信息、电信、物流配送、计算机软件与信息加工服务、研究开发测试服务、市场服务、商务组织服务和人力资源开发服务等知识含量高,需要一定专业技术水平以及科研水平的服务行业。其服务产品通常表现为咨询报告、技术方案、操作方法、计算机软件以及对工作、决策和行动的判断与建议。
近十年来,知识密集型服务业在发达国家得到了极大的发展,无论是在GDP贡献率还是在就业贡献率等方面都表现出强大的能力,成为发达国家主要的经济增长点。相比而言,我国知识密集型服务业的发展十分落后,这也导致了我国服务业发展的长期落后,甚至成为产业结构调整和经济增长方式转变的瓶颈。知识经济时代,创新成为经济成长的动力。所以,对如何促进我国知识密集型服务业创新和发展的研究具有深刻的意义。
本文分析和阐述了知识密集型服务业的创新机制,包括创新特性、创新来源、创新驱动力、创新障碍以及在创新系统中的作用。通过国内外知识密集型服务业发展现状的对比,发现我国KIBS发展存在的严重不足。继而通过对发达国家促进KIBS发展的创新政策的研究,提出提升我国KIBS创新发展能力的政策建议。
With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, the new service industry—Knowledge Intensive Business Service (KIBS),is emerged. And the innovation activities of KIBS are coming into the research field of innovation theory. KIBS is such a knowledge-based industry that provides services for other industries, enterprises (organizations)or persons. Service process is the process of knowledge producing, transferring and using; in the process, knowledge brings about value. KIBS are these industries including finance, insures, the education, consultation, information, telecom, the provided and delivered material flow, computer software and information processed and served, research and develop and test service, market service, commercial affair organization service and content relatively high knowledge with human resources development, needing certain professional engineering level and service industries of the scientific research level. The products of KIBS are usually consulting report, technological programme, operating methods, computer software and judgments and suggestions on work, making policy and action.
Over the past decade, Knowledge Intensive Business Service has been developing fast in developed countries and showing a strong ability to the GDP value-added and employment. It can be said, KIBS has become a major economic growth point in developed countries. In contrast, the development of China's knowledge intensive service sector has been lagging far behind which led to the long time lagging behind of the service industry and the bottleneck of the industrial structure adjustment and economic growth pattern. On knowledge-based economy times, innovation becomes the main force of economic growth. Therefore, it is deeply significant to research on how to promote innovation and development of KIBS.
The thesis analyzes and elaborates innovative mechanisms, including the innovative features, innovative sources, driving force for innovation, innovation barriers and the role of innovation systems of knowledge-intensive business service. Through the domestic and international comparison of the status quo, we can find the seriously insufficient in the development of KIBS of China. Based on the deeply insight into the innovation policies which were used to promote the innovation and development of KIBS of developed countries, the paper proposes several policy advices which committed to improve the performance of innovation of KIBS.
近十年来,知识密集型服务业在发达国家得到了极大的发展,无论是在GDP贡献率还是在就业贡献率等方面都表现出强大的能力,成为发达国家主要的经济增长点。相比而言,我国知识密集型服务业的发展十分落后,这也导致了我国服务业发展的长期落后,甚至成为产业结构调整和经济增长方式转变的瓶颈。知识经济时代,创新成为经济成长的动力。所以,对如何促进我国知识密集型服务业创新和发展的研究具有深刻的意义。
本文分析和阐述了知识密集型服务业的创新机制,包括创新特性、创新来源、创新驱动力、创新障碍以及在创新系统中的作用。通过国内外知识密集型服务业发展现状的对比,发现我国KIBS发展存在的严重不足。继而通过对发达国家促进KIBS发展的创新政策的研究,提出提升我国KIBS创新发展能力的政策建议。
With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, the new service industry—Knowledge Intensive Business Service (KIBS),is emerged. And the innovation activities of KIBS are coming into the research field of innovation theory. KIBS is such a knowledge-based industry that provides services for other industries, enterprises (organizations)or persons. Service process is the process of knowledge producing, transferring and using; in the process, knowledge brings about value. KIBS are these industries including finance, insures, the education, consultation, information, telecom, the provided and delivered material flow, computer software and information processed and served, research and develop and test service, market service, commercial affair organization service and content relatively high knowledge with human resources development, needing certain professional engineering level and service industries of the scientific research level. The products of KIBS are usually consulting report, technological programme, operating methods, computer software and judgments and suggestions on work, making policy and action.
Over the past decade, Knowledge Intensive Business Service has been developing fast in developed countries and showing a strong ability to the GDP value-added and employment. It can be said, KIBS has become a major economic growth point in developed countries. In contrast, the development of China's knowledge intensive service sector has been lagging far behind which led to the long time lagging behind of the service industry and the bottleneck of the industrial structure adjustment and economic growth pattern. On knowledge-based economy times, innovation becomes the main force of economic growth. Therefore, it is deeply significant to research on how to promote innovation and development of KIBS.
The thesis analyzes and elaborates innovative mechanisms, including the innovative features, innovative sources, driving force for innovation, innovation barriers and the role of innovation systems of knowledge-intensive business service. Through the domestic and international comparison of the status quo, we can find the seriously insufficient in the development of KIBS of China. Based on the deeply insight into the innovation policies which were used to promote the innovation and development of KIBS of developed countries, the paper proposes several policy advices which committed to improve the performance of innovation of KIBS.
引文
陈宪.2005.国际服务贸易—原理·政策·产业[M].立信会计出版社.
陈兴淋等. 2005.我国知识服务业发展状况及其对策研究[J].华东经济管理, 19(5).
冯锋等.2008.国际现代服务业创新政策研究与启示[J].未来与发展,(5).
高汝熹.2004.知识服务业--都市经济第一支柱产业[M].上海交通大学出版社.
何旭德.2007.中国服务业发展报告2006[M].社会科学文献出版社.
胡鞍钢.2003.建立世界最大的知识密集型社会[N ].湖北日报网络版, 10 - 22.
胡景岩.2007.对服务贸易发展有关问题的思考[J].国际经济合作, (4): 4-8.
江小涓.2008.服务全球化与服务外包:现状、趋势及理论分析[M].人民出版社.
李红.2005.知识密集型服务业特征剖析[J].情报杂志,(8).
李江帆.1990.第三产业经济学[M].广东人民出版社.
李京.2005.全球直接投资转向服务业:相关的对策[J].国际经济合作, (1): 47-49.
李美云.2007.服务业的产业融合与发展[M].经济科学出版社.
刘顺忠.2005.对创新系统中KIBS的研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,(4).
蔺雷,吴贵生.2007.服务创新[M].清华大学出版社.
人民网.2007.国际现代服务业发展现状与趋势[EB/OL]. http://www.peopledaily.com.cn.
人民网.2007.我国现代服务业发展趋势及国际比较[EB/OL].http://www.022net.com.
尹继佐.2004年上海经济发展蓝皮书-创新城市[M].上海:社会科学院出版社.
王静.2008.中国知识密集型服务业就业效应测度研究[J].中国科技论坛,(3).
王萍.2004.中国服务贸易国际竞争力比较[J].中国统计,(8).
魏江,Mark Boden等.2004.知识密集型服务业与创新[M].科学出版社.
魏江,沈璞.2006.知识密集型服务业创新范式初探[J].科研管理,(1).
魏江,陶颜,王琳.2007知识密集型服务业的概念和分类研究[J].中国软科学,(1).
徐冠华. 2006.加快我国现代服务业发展的思考和建议[J].中国科学院院刊,(1).
殷凤.2007.世界服务贸易发展趋势与中国服务贸易竞争力研究[M]//何旭德.中国服务经济报告2006.经济管理出社.
张金成,陶峻.2005.知识密集型服务企业的知识创新体系[J].中国流通经济,(4).
张文忠.1999.大城市服务业区位理论及其实证研究[J].地理研究.
郑志海.2002.入世与服务业市场开放[M].北京:中国对外经济贸易出版社.
中国科技发展战略研究小组.2006.中国科技发展研究报告2005～2006[R].北京:科学出版社.
中国统计局.2007.国内生产总值产业构成[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn .
中国网.2008.全球服务贸易规模[EB/OL].http://www.china.com.cn.
中国网.2007.体制改革与创新:促进中国服务业快速有序发展的重要动力[EB/OL].http://www.china.com.cn.
Aranda D.A.,Molina-Fernandez LM. 2002.Determinants of Innovation Through A Knowledge-Based Theory Lens[J]. Industrial Management Data Systems, Wembley, 2002.
Alic, J. 2001.“Postindustrial Technology Policy,”Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp. 873-889.
Andreas.2005.Strotmann Determinants of Innovative Activity in Newly Founded Knowledge Intensive Business Service Firms,Discussion Paper,July.
Antonelli,C.1998.Localized Technological Change,New Information Technology and the Knowledge Based Economy:The European Evidence[J].Journal of Evolutionary Economics, (8):177—198.
Bilder beek et al.1998.Service in innovation:Knowledge Intensive Business Service(KIBS) as Co-producer of Innovation[EB/OL].http://les.man.ac.uk/PREST/Research/si4s.html.
Cowan, R. Soete, L. and Tchervonnaya, O. 2001. "Knowledge Transfer and the Services Sector in the Context of the New Economy", Merit Infonomics Research memorandum series, Maastricht..
Den Hertog and Rob Bildbeek.2000.The New Knowledge Infrastructure:The Role of Technology -Based Knowledge Intensive Business Services in National Innovation Systems[EB/OL] http://les.man.ac.uk/PREST/Research/si4s.ht1.
Den Hertog P.2001.Knowledge Intensive Business Services As Co-Producers of Innovation[J]. Dialogic,Utrecht,The Netherlands.
Djellah, F. and Gallouj, F. (1998)"Innovation in service industries in France: results of a postal survey", report for the European Commission DG XII TSER-SI4S project, France.
Faiz Gallouj.1998.Innovation in Services and the Reverse Product Cycle,SI4S project[EB/OL]. http://les.man.ac.uk/PREST/Research/si4s.html.
Fiscca,R.,Gianola,A.2003.Network Analysis of Knowledge-Intensive services[C].IMP Conference , Lugano(CH),4th-6th September,Work-in-Progress Paper.
Howells, J. 2000."Services and Systems of Innovation", in B. Andersen, J. Howells, R. Hull, I.Miles and J. Roberts (eds.), Knowledge and Innovation in the New Service Economy Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, and Brookfield, United States, pp. 215-228.
Innovation and Productivity in Services.2001[O].OECD ,Paris . Innovation and Knowledge-Intensive Service Activities Executive Summary.2006.OECD [EB/OL].http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/14/36274476.pdf[2007-1-14].
Innovation and knowledge-intensive service activity.2006.[EB/OL].http://www.oecd.org. J. Hauknes.1998.Services in innovation–Innovation in services: SI4S Final report, SI4SSynthesis Paper S1, STEP Group.
Jeremy Howells.2001."The Nature of Innovation in Services", Innovation and Productivity in Services, OECD 2001.
Johanna Nahlinder.2002.Innovation in KIBS: State of the Art and Conceptualizadons[EB/OL]. www.tema.liu.se/tema-t/sirp/pdf/wp2002-244.pdf.
Keeble,D.1976.Industrial location and planning in the United Kingdom[M]London:Methuen. Kong-Rae lee.2003.Knowledge Intensive Service Activities(KISA)in Korea's Innovation System [R].OECD Report.
Kuusisto,J.,Meyer,M.2003.Insight into services and innovation in the knowledge intensive economy [EB/OL].http://www.tekes.fi/julkaisut/insights.pdf.
Kuusisto, J. 2000. "The Determinants of Service Capability in Small Manufacturing Firms", PhD thesis, Kingston University Small Business Research Centre, Kingston, United Kingdom.
Martin,T. 2001."Innovation in Services and the Knowledge Economy the Interface between Policy Makers and Enterprises: A Business Perspective", Innovation and Productivity in Services, OECD,Paris, pp.119-133.
Miles et.al.1995.Knowledge-Intensive Business Services:Users,Carriers and Sources of Innovation [R].EIMS Publication No.15,Luxembourg, www.cordis.lu/eims/src/eims-15.htm.
Miles I.2001.Service Innovation:A configuration of Innovation Studies[O]. PREST, University of Manchester. Discussion Paper Series Paper 01-05 .
Muller,E.,Zenker,A.2001.Business services and as actors of knowledge transformation:the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems.Research Policy,30:1501～1516.
Pearson R.1997. Towards An Historical Model of Services Innovation:The Case of the Insurance Industry [J]. Economics Historical Review,(2): 1700-1914.
Poh-Kam Wong, Zi-Lin He.2002.The impacts of knowledge interaction with manufacturing clients on KIBS firms innovation behaviour[M].Helsinki :United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Promoting Innovation in Services. Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy[O]. DSTI/STP/TIP(2004)4/FINAL, Oct. 2005.
Strambach,S.2001.Innovation Processes and the Role of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS)[EB/OL]www.unimarburg.de/geographie/HPGeo/personal/strambach/strambach.htm.
Sundbo, Gallouj.1998.Innovation in services, SI4S Project synthesis, Work package 3/4, 8. The Service Economy.2000.[O]. Business and Industry Policy Forum Series, OECD.
陈兴淋等. 2005.我国知识服务业发展状况及其对策研究[J].华东经济管理, 19(5).
冯锋等.2008.国际现代服务业创新政策研究与启示[J].未来与发展,(5).
高汝熹.2004.知识服务业--都市经济第一支柱产业[M].上海交通大学出版社.
何旭德.2007.中国服务业发展报告2006[M].社会科学文献出版社.
胡鞍钢.2003.建立世界最大的知识密集型社会[N ].湖北日报网络版, 10 - 22.
胡景岩.2007.对服务贸易发展有关问题的思考[J].国际经济合作, (4): 4-8.
江小涓.2008.服务全球化与服务外包:现状、趋势及理论分析[M].人民出版社.
李红.2005.知识密集型服务业特征剖析[J].情报杂志,(8).
李江帆.1990.第三产业经济学[M].广东人民出版社.
李京.2005.全球直接投资转向服务业:相关的对策[J].国际经济合作, (1): 47-49.
李美云.2007.服务业的产业融合与发展[M].经济科学出版社.
刘顺忠.2005.对创新系统中KIBS的研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,(4).
蔺雷,吴贵生.2007.服务创新[M].清华大学出版社.
人民网.2007.国际现代服务业发展现状与趋势[EB/OL]. http://www.peopledaily.com.cn.
人民网.2007.我国现代服务业发展趋势及国际比较[EB/OL].http://www.022net.com.
尹继佐.2004年上海经济发展蓝皮书-创新城市[M].上海:社会科学院出版社.
王静.2008.中国知识密集型服务业就业效应测度研究[J].中国科技论坛,(3).
王萍.2004.中国服务贸易国际竞争力比较[J].中国统计,(8).
魏江,Mark Boden等.2004.知识密集型服务业与创新[M].科学出版社.
魏江,沈璞.2006.知识密集型服务业创新范式初探[J].科研管理,(1).
魏江,陶颜,王琳.2007知识密集型服务业的概念和分类研究[J].中国软科学,(1).
徐冠华. 2006.加快我国现代服务业发展的思考和建议[J].中国科学院院刊,(1).
殷凤.2007.世界服务贸易发展趋势与中国服务贸易竞争力研究[M]//何旭德.中国服务经济报告2006.经济管理出社.
张金成,陶峻.2005.知识密集型服务企业的知识创新体系[J].中国流通经济,(4).
张文忠.1999.大城市服务业区位理论及其实证研究[J].地理研究.
郑志海.2002.入世与服务业市场开放[M].北京:中国对外经济贸易出版社.
中国科技发展战略研究小组.2006.中国科技发展研究报告2005～2006[R].北京:科学出版社.
中国统计局.2007.国内生产总值产业构成[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn .
中国网.2008.全球服务贸易规模[EB/OL].http://www.china.com.cn.
中国网.2007.体制改革与创新:促进中国服务业快速有序发展的重要动力[EB/OL].http://www.china.com.cn.
Aranda D.A.,Molina-Fernandez LM. 2002.Determinants of Innovation Through A Knowledge-Based Theory Lens[J]. Industrial Management Data Systems, Wembley, 2002.
Alic, J. 2001.“Postindustrial Technology Policy,”Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp. 873-889.
Andreas.2005.Strotmann Determinants of Innovative Activity in Newly Founded Knowledge Intensive Business Service Firms,Discussion Paper,July.
Antonelli,C.1998.Localized Technological Change,New Information Technology and the Knowledge Based Economy:The European Evidence[J].Journal of Evolutionary Economics, (8):177—198.
Bilder beek et al.1998.Service in innovation:Knowledge Intensive Business Service(KIBS) as Co-producer of Innovation[EB/OL].http://les.man.ac.uk/PREST/Research/si4s.html.
Cowan, R. Soete, L. and Tchervonnaya, O. 2001. "Knowledge Transfer and the Services Sector in the Context of the New Economy", Merit Infonomics Research memorandum series, Maastricht..
Den Hertog and Rob Bildbeek.2000.The New Knowledge Infrastructure:The Role of Technology -Based Knowledge Intensive Business Services in National Innovation Systems[EB/OL] http://les.man.ac.uk/PREST/Research/si4s.ht1.
Den Hertog P.2001.Knowledge Intensive Business Services As Co-Producers of Innovation[J]. Dialogic,Utrecht,The Netherlands.
Djellah, F. and Gallouj, F. (1998)"Innovation in service industries in France: results of a postal survey", report for the European Commission DG XII TSER-SI4S project, France.
Faiz Gallouj.1998.Innovation in Services and the Reverse Product Cycle,SI4S project[EB/OL]. http://les.man.ac.uk/PREST/Research/si4s.html.
Fiscca,R.,Gianola,A.2003.Network Analysis of Knowledge-Intensive services[C].IMP Conference , Lugano(CH),4th-6th September,Work-in-Progress Paper.
Howells, J. 2000."Services and Systems of Innovation", in B. Andersen, J. Howells, R. Hull, I.Miles and J. Roberts (eds.), Knowledge and Innovation in the New Service Economy Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, and Brookfield, United States, pp. 215-228.
Innovation and Productivity in Services.2001[O].OECD ,Paris . Innovation and Knowledge-Intensive Service Activities Executive Summary.2006.OECD [EB/OL].http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/14/36274476.pdf[2007-1-14].
Innovation and knowledge-intensive service activity.2006.[EB/OL].http://www.oecd.org. J. Hauknes.1998.Services in innovation–Innovation in services: SI4S Final report, SI4SSynthesis Paper S1, STEP Group.
Jeremy Howells.2001."The Nature of Innovation in Services", Innovation and Productivity in Services, OECD 2001.
Johanna Nahlinder.2002.Innovation in KIBS: State of the Art and Conceptualizadons[EB/OL]. www.tema.liu.se/tema-t/sirp/pdf/wp2002-244.pdf.
Keeble,D.1976.Industrial location and planning in the United Kingdom[M]London:Methuen. Kong-Rae lee.2003.Knowledge Intensive Service Activities(KISA)in Korea's Innovation System [R].OECD Report.
Kuusisto,J.,Meyer,M.2003.Insight into services and innovation in the knowledge intensive economy [EB/OL].http://www.tekes.fi/julkaisut/insights.pdf.
Kuusisto, J. 2000. "The Determinants of Service Capability in Small Manufacturing Firms", PhD thesis, Kingston University Small Business Research Centre, Kingston, United Kingdom.
Martin,T. 2001."Innovation in Services and the Knowledge Economy the Interface between Policy Makers and Enterprises: A Business Perspective", Innovation and Productivity in Services, OECD,Paris, pp.119-133.
Miles et.al.1995.Knowledge-Intensive Business Services:Users,Carriers and Sources of Innovation [R].EIMS Publication No.15,Luxembourg, www.cordis.lu/eims/src/eims-15.htm.
Miles I.2001.Service Innovation:A configuration of Innovation Studies[O]. PREST, University of Manchester. Discussion Paper Series Paper 01-05 .
Muller,E.,Zenker,A.2001.Business services and as actors of knowledge transformation:the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems.Research Policy,30:1501～1516.
Pearson R.1997. Towards An Historical Model of Services Innovation:The Case of the Insurance Industry [J]. Economics Historical Review,(2): 1700-1914.
Poh-Kam Wong, Zi-Lin He.2002.The impacts of knowledge interaction with manufacturing clients on KIBS firms innovation behaviour[M].Helsinki :United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Promoting Innovation in Services. Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy[O]. DSTI/STP/TIP(2004)4/FINAL, Oct. 2005.
Strambach,S.2001.Innovation Processes and the Role of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS)[EB/OL]www.unimarburg.de/geographie/HPGeo/personal/strambach/strambach.htm.
Sundbo, Gallouj.1998.Innovation in services, SI4S Project synthesis, Work package 3/4, 8. The Service Economy.2000.[O]. Business and Industry Policy Forum Series, OECD.