东亚经济一体化主导问题研究
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摘要
本文利用国际政治经济学(IPE)方法,以主导问题为切入口探讨东亚经济一体化问题。
     作为铺挚,绪论对选题、概念、文献与理论分析框架等问题进行基本的简略陈述。国际经济学有关理论表明,国际区域一体化通过成员国之间的互利合作,将有助于各国谋取经济福利,并能促进有关政治安全目标的实现。但东亚为什么不能切实实现符合各国经济福利诉求和政治安全需要的地区经济一体化?东亚经济一体化迟滞是不是主导之争造成的呢?
     主导问题是实现东亚经济一体化的关键问题之一。然而,怎样才能将属于权力竞争范畴的国际主导与归属国际合作范式的经济一体化这两种看似冲突的研究变量纳入同一理论架构,又不至于因“水火不容”而产生理论悖论?什么样的主导模式不至于背离国际一体化的合作逻辑?本文通过对既有理论的“淘金”,提出了国际一体化的“大国和平主导”的观点,并希望以此来阐释本文选题的相关问题。
     第二章主要对权力、制度对东亚经济一体化主导问题的作用与影响进行讨论。国际关系研究有两种主要取向:一是以市场失灵为核心;二是以权力关系为焦点。前者主张以制度提供信息,用制度保障合作,这是国际关系中的新自由制度主义取向。后者主张权力是制定规则的基础并决定结果,这是国际关系的现实主义取向。本文首先把权力与制度作为核心变量,并将东亚经济一体化主导问题放入权力与制度构建的理论坐标,力图澄清权力与制度对于东亚经济一体化主导问题的影响与制约。在对国际一体化的权力、制度与主导相关问题进行了一般性的简略的理论分析后,文章对权力关系作用下的东亚经济一体化主导之争,以及制度机制对东亚经济一体化主导问题的影响进行了分析,认为东亚地区的制度缺失是制约地区经济一体化主导问题的重要因素,而东亚经济一体化也需要通过强大的主导力量才能推动制度创设。因而,东亚经济一体化不但有一个严肃的主导问题,也面临一个机制创设问题,二者构成密切互动的因果关系。
     第三章对东亚经济一体化主导问题中的几个突出因素进行了讨论。东亚地区具有经济政治多样性,地区政治关系呈现复杂化与“政治破碎带"特征,使东亚国际关系又具有典型的“外部干预性”特征,因而,东亚经济一体化主导问题就与美国等外部因素形成某种敏感关系,只有消化了美国因素,才能解决东亚经济一体化主导问题。由于地区大国中国和日本在东亚经济格局中具有独特的地位和重要影响,使中日关系成为东亚经济一体化的重要变量;然而,近期以来,中日关系中“斗嘴的巨人”现象凸现了某种“主导情节”,中同竞争与“不合作”造成的互相制约构成了核心国家主导性“缺失”难题,因而造成了东盟主导的“悖论”。东盟作为中小国家组成的国际组织,面临能力不足的“尴尬”,在地区经济一体化进程中难以发挥“引擎”作用。东亚地区“安全困境”与民族主义等因素也对东亚经济一体化主导问题形成制约。
     第四章和第五章主要对东亚一体化“大国和平主导”进行了理论分析。国家能力是决定一国在竞争中能否获胜的主要手段,国际一体化推演了某种“大国主导”的逻辑。然而,“大国主导”这种能力主要不在强制性方面,而在于说服与施惠的能力,它与某种国际威望相伴而生,并为追随者所认同与接受。国际一体化主要基于合作的主导模式,重视主导的道义与制度规范的作用,将使主导大国的强制倾向受到制约。大国将更多地利用协商甚至实惠的手段来取得主导地位。国际一体化需要相应的国际制度机制作为保障,国际一体化的“大国主导”是一种“直接主导”而非“霸权主导”。由于国际制度机制是国际一体化的重要变量,“大国主导”打上了深深的“制度烙印”,加之,大国需要对中小国家做出和平与安全承诺,大国还需要通过自身在经济政治资源方面的绝对优势提供诸如安全、市场等“国际公共产品”,并对小国因经济一体化做出调整付出的代价做出补偿,来换取小国的政治支持。因此,成功的国际一体化主导模式应该是一种“大国和平主导”模式,欧洲一体化的“法德核心”是“大国和平主导”的典型案例。国际一体化不但演绎了“大国和平主导”的逻辑,也有一种内在的“大国和平主导”需求。
     “大国和平主导”观点为阐释东亚经济一体化主导问题提供了一种有益的理论视角。实际上,东亚“区域化”历史进程中的演绎了某种大国主导的逻辑,日本作为“雁阵模式”的主导者与中国作为“东亚产业链”的“轴心”,在东亚地区整合中发挥了一定的大国主导作用。毫无疑问,“大国和平主导”也许能够为解决日渐显现的东亚主导问题提供思路,也能为解开中日关系“症结”提供一剂良方。未来东亚经济一体化对大国和平主导有一种必然的内在需求。
     东亚经济一体化需要“大国和平主导”,那么,东亚地区哪些国家能够担当这样的角色呢?通过对东亚经济一体化主导问题的初步理论分析,本文得出这样的基本结论:中国和日本最有可能成为主导国,中日合作主导是最好的主导模式。中国是东亚疆域最大的国家,也是东亚最大的市场,又是东亚经济的“发动机”,中国参与并主导东亚经济一体化进程,符合历史发展逻辑。由于主导地区一体化能够获得政治经济收益,中国主导符合中国利益。
     基于日本作为世界经济大国的经济科技实力,它能够在提供资金技术等方面发挥其主导性。而且,日本在地区经济一体化问题上已经表现出一定积极动向,中国应该采取与日本合作的主导战略,通过东亚的“法德核心”来推动东亚经济一体化进程。东亚经济一体化需要在中日积极合作的基础上,通过创设一定的地区制度来实现。
This dissertation discusses East Asian economic integration by focusing on leadership issue in an IPE perspective.
     As foreshadows, the Introduction gives a brief narration on the selection of the subject, key definitions, relevant theories, and analytical framework. The theory of IPE makes it clear, through mutually beneficial cooperation among members, the international regional integration will contribute to each nation's seeking after their economic interests respectively, and will further the achievement of relevant political security end. However, why hasn't East Asia realistically achieved such end so far? Is the rivalry of leadership the main cause of the lag in East Asian integration?
     Leadership issue is one of the key elements of realizing the integration among East Asia economies. But, how can we put the two study variables which seem to collide with each other into the same theoretical framework since international leadership issue and economic integration are departed in different domain, one in rivalry, the other in cooperation, not to fall into a theoretical paradox? What kind of leadership model does not deviate from the logic of cooperation in international integration? This dissertation advances an idea of "Power Peaceful Leadership" in international integration, and intends to adopt this theory to discuss relevant issues.
     In Chapter Two, the author mainly discusses the influences and effects of powers and institution on leadership issue in East Asian economic integration. The study on international relation has two main trends: one is centered on market dysfunction, the other focuses on power relations. The former suggests that systems supply with information and guarantee cooperation. This is a trend of Neo-Constitutionalism in the international relation. The latter thinks that power is the base in formulating rules and determining the results. This is a trend of Realism in the international relation. This dissertation first looks power and institution as the core variables. Then it brings leadership issue in East Asian economic integration into the theoretical coordinate of power and institution. The author strives to clarify its influences and restrictions on leadership issue in East Asian economic integration. After a briefly analysis of power, institution and leadership in international integration, the author expounded not only the leadership rivalry in East Asian economic integration by the function of the power relations, but also the influences of the institution and mechanism on leadership issue in East Asian economic integration. The author concluded that the lack of institution in East Asia is the key factor which restricts the leadership issue in the regional economic integration. East Asian economic integration needs big power to promote the creation of institution. Thus there exists not only serious leadership issue, but also the creation of institution as well, both construct interdependent relation.
     Chapter Three discusses several prominent elements referring to the leadership issue in East Asian economic integration. East Asian region possesses economic and political diversity, and the regional political relations appear to be complicated. It has the symptom of "Political Scattering". This causes the international relation in East Asia characteristics of "Outward Interruption". Therefore, the leadership issue of East Asian economic integration has a certain sensitive relation with some external elements such as the USA. Accordingly, only handle these external elements appropriately, especially that of the USA, can the leadership problem be solved. Because the regional powers such as China and Japan possess special status and vital influence in the setup of East Asian economies, the Sino-Japanese relation thus becomes the important variable in East Asian economic integration. However, the phenomenon of "Bickering Giants" in Sino-Japanese relation recently protrudes certain "Leadership Complex". The competition between China and Japan, the restriction of each other caused by the "non-cooperation" come to the lack of core nations' leadership, which causes the "paradox" of the leadership of ASEAN. As an international organization formed by medium-size and small-size nations, ASEAN is in a dilemma: to take the leading role of East Asian economic integration is beyond its capability, and it can't become the engine in the integration. In East Asia, the elements such as "Dilemma Security" and nationalism and so on also restrict the leadership issue of East Asian economic integration.
     Chapter Four and Five mainly analyze the "Power Peaceful Leadership" in East Asian economic integration in theoretical dimension. The capability of one nation is the chief element that determines whether one nation can win in international competition. International integration deduces certain logic of "Power Dominance". However, the capability of "Powers Dominance" does not mean its compulsion, but the capability of persuasion and offering benefits, which is accompanied by some international prestige, recognized and accepted by its followers. Chiefly based on cooperative leadership model, international integration attaches importance to the moral of leadership and the function of institution norms. It will restrict the preference of compulsion. Powers will depend on the means of consulting or offering benefits to gain the leadership status. The "Power Peaceful Leadership" in the International integration is not "Hegemony Dominance", but "Direct Leadership", which needs corresponding with international regime. Because international institution and regime are important variables in the international integration, the "Power Peaceful Leadership" has a deep "Institution Brand". Besides, in order to win small-size nations' political support, it is necessary for powers to make promises of peace and security to them, to offer international "Public Goods" such as security, market and so on, through its own predominant economic and political resources, to compensate for the cost which the small-size nations has paid for the economic integration. From this dimension, a successful leadership model of international integration should be a "Power Peaceful Leadership" model, as "France-Germany Core" in European economic integration, which is a typical case of the "Power Peaceful Leadership". In a Word, international integration not only deduces the logic of the "Power Peaceful Leadership", but implicates an inherent necessity of it.
     The "Power Peaceful Leadership" supplies us a useful theoretical perspective to interpret the leadership issue of East Asian economic integration. In fact, some logic of the "Power Peaceful Leadership" has been shown during the process of "Regionalization" in East Asia. For example, as the dominance in the "Geese Model", Japan plays a power leadership role in a certain sense in the East Asian regional integration, so does China as the axis of the East Asian industrial chain. Doubtless, the "Power Peaceful Leadership" will probably afford us a useful thinking to solve the problems in East Asian integration. And it will give us a much better method to deal with the crux of Sino-Japanese relationship. The integration of East Asian economies has an intrinsic necessity to the "Power Peaceful Leadership".
     The integration of East Asian economies needs the "Power Peaceful Leadership", which nation in East Asia can play this kind of role? By analyzing the leadership issue in East Asian economic integration, this dissertation can draw such a conclusion: China and Japan have the probability to become leading countries. Sino-Japanese cooperation will be the best leadership model. China is the largest countries in territory in East Asia, with the largest market. Also being the "engine" of East Asian Economy, China participates in and takes the lead of the process and it conforms to the logic of the historical development.
     Based on its economic and technological strength, Japan can show its leading capability by affording capital and technology. What's more, Japan has manifested somewhat activeness. China should take a strategy to cooperate with Japan to push the process of East Asian economic integration by East Asian "France-Germany Core". Only by creating some regional regimes can East Asian economic integration be achieved, on the basis of Sino-Japanese active cooperation.
引文
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    [64] [美]布兰德利·沃麦克(Brantly Womack):《可持续的国际领导权:来自968-1885年中越关系的经验教训》[J],宋鸥译,载于《史学集刊》,2004年第1期,第3-14页。
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    [82] [新加坡]《海峡时报》[N],2001年9月26日:International Herald Tribune,December 19,2001.转引自林利民:《亚太地缘政治格局的演变与中国》[A],傅梦孜主编:《亚太战略场——世界主要力量的发展与角逐》[M],时事出版社,2002年版,第378页。
    [83] 对东亚一体化或其它形式的经济合作的许多文章都有这样类似的阐述和意蕴。
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    [92] [美]罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》[M],杨宇光等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2003年,第391-394页。
    [93] Walter Mattli,The Logic of Regional Integration:Europe and Beyond[M],(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1999),Chaoter 3.
    [94] Oran Young,International Governance:Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society[M], (Ithaca,NY:Comell University Press,1994),p.89.
    [95] Raino Malnes,"'Leader'and'Entrepreneur'in International Negotiations:A conceptual Analysis"[J],European Journal of International Relations,(No.1,1995),pp.93-94.
    [96] 约瑟夫·奈强调制度的价值,正是这些价值鼓励了其他国家,规约和限制它们以主导国家所预期的方式调节自身行为,主导国在讨价还价的情形下就可以不需要使用代价较高的强制手段,或者“硬权力”。参见,Joseph Nye,Bound to Lead:The Changing Nature of American Power[M],(New York:Basic Books,1990),pp.31-32.
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    [59] [美]阿瑟·斯坦:《协调与合作:无政府世界中的制度》,大卫·鲍德温主编:《新现实主义和新自由主义》[M],肖欢容译,浙江人民出版社,2001年版,第29-52页。
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    [68] 罗伯特·基欧汉最初认可机制的非正式与非政府成分,显然在这里被剔除出去,他由此重新强调了国家的地位和国际政治权力的作用。
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    [131] 此种观点认为,机制是一种霸权的结果。即便他国有“搭便车”行为的现象,但是,霸权国却既有支撑机制的相应资源,也拥有迫使他国加入并致力于机制维持的权力,只要霸权能 够持续,而且霸权在机制中维持着一定的利益,那么,机制就会持续下去。机制的重组与废弃在这样的情形下发生,要么是权力分配发生变化,要么是霸权国利益偏好有所改变。然而,当霸权处于静态时,机制的霸权稳定论不能解释跨领域的变化。参见Robert Gilpin,War and change in world politics, (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press1981); C. P. Kindleberger, "Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public-Goods, and Free Rides", International Studies Quarterly [J], (vol.25, No.2, 1981), pp.242-254; Kindleberger & Charles Poor, The world in depression, 1929-1939, History of the world economy in the twentieth century, v. 4. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); D. Snidal, "Coordination Versus Prisoners-Dilemma: Implications for International Cooperation and Regimes" [J], American Political Science Review, (Vol.79, No.4, 1985), pp.923-942.
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    [40] 参见向宇博士论文第84页。
    [41] 刘阿明、朱明权:《关于建立东亚共同体的儿点思考》[J],《国际问题研究》,2006年,第1期,第54页。
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    [44] 伍贻康:《东亚一体化发展态势和内外条件的点评》[J],载《当代亚太》,2006年第1期,第3页。
    [45] 季年芳:《东盟在东亚经济合作中的主导作用及制约因素》[J],载《东南亚纵横》,2003年12月,第68页。
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    [47] 参见向宇博士论文,第108页。
    [48] 宋晓东:《东亚区域经济合作主导力量分析》[J],载于《经济师》,2005年,第11期,第88-89页。
    [49] Philip L.Kelly把“破碎带”定义为“主要大国强烈地意识到是其国家利益所在,因而进行竞争的地区。”See, "Escalation of Regional Conflict:Testing the Shatterbelt Concept"[J], Political Geography Quarterly,April 1986,161-180.
    [50] 张春旺:《论东亚经济一体化的困境与出路》[J],《改革与战略》,2006年,第7期,第17-19页。
    [51] See Robert Keohane & Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence [M], (Boston: Little Brown, 1977).
    [52] James E. Dougherty & Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories of International Relations [M], (5~(th) ed.), (Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 2001), p530.
    [53] Andrew Moravcsik, "Negotiating the Single Europ n Act," in Robert O. Keohane and Stanley Hoffmann, eds., The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change [C],(Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1991).
    [54] 孙峰华、刘养洁:《21世纪的“海洋破碎带”》[J],《人文地理》,2002年,第6期,第71-76页。
    [55] 张锡镇:《东亚地区一体化中的中—日—东盟三角关系之互动》[J],《东南亚研究》2003 年第5期,第31页。
    [56] 庞中英:《东亚地区主义的进展与其问题——能否打破现实主义的思维牢笼》[J],载《东南亚研究》,2003年,第3期,第6页。
    [57] 东亚社会经济生活中的“国家政府主导模式”,与西方普遍推崇的“自由经济模式”相比,包含了更多的国家政治因素。
    [58] M. Smith, "Region and Regionalism" [A], B. White, R. Little & M. Smith, Issues in World Politics [M]. Macmillan Press Ltd.. 1997. p.77.
    [59] [美]罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》[M],杨宇光等泽,上海:上海人民出版社2003年版,第378页。
    [60] John H. Herz, "Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma" [J], World Politics, (No.l,January, 1950), pp.157-180.
    [61] 日本等国有利用美国制约中国的战略图谋,此处用“特洛伊木马”直截了当表述中国应有的担忧,这当然不利于东亚一体化建设。
    [62] Nichlas T. Spykman & Abbi A. Rollins, "Geography and Foreign Policy" [J], American Political Science Review, (Jun, 1939).
    [63] David Lamoton, "Think Again: China" [J], Foreign Policy, (Soring 1998), pp. 13-27.
    [64] 美国《时代周刊》1993年5月31日刊文指出,按国际货币基金组织使用购买力平价方法计算,2010年中国经济总量将超过日本,2020年超过美国。
    [65] Nicholas Kfistof, "The Rise of China" [J], Foreign Affairs, (Vol. 72, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1993),p.65.
    [66] Richard Bernstein & Ross Munro, The Coming Conflict with China [M], (New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1997).
    [67] 日本防卫大学教授村井友秀1990年在《诸君月刊》上发表的《论中国这个潜在威胁》的文章,就鼓吹这种观点。
    [68] Denny Roy, "The China Threat Issue"[J],Asian Survey,Vol.36,No.8,1996,pp.761-762.
    [69] 宋林飞:《东亚区域经济合作七个关键问题探讨》[J],《当代亚太》,2002年,第8期,第18页。
    [70] 这里,“整合”即我们指的“一体化”,是integration的另一种汉语翻译;“轴心”指的是能够带动一体化的“主导者”。见朱乃新:《东亚经济区域化:“轴心”的缺失与重构》[J],《当代亚太》,2004年,第11期,第33-36页。
    [71] 彭述华:《试析东亚经济一体化的内部制约因素——国际政治经济视角》[J],载《国际论坛》,2006年,第4期,第51页。
    [72] [英]安东尼·D.史密斯:《民族主义》[M],叶江译,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年第1版,第1页。
    [73] E. J. Hobsbawn, Nation and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality [M], (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p.19.
    [74] 李寅铨:《关于民族主义的伦理思考》[J],载于《理论学习》,2003年第10期,第10页。
    [75] Ronald Beiner, Theorizing Nationalism [M], (New York: State University of New York Press, 19991), p.13.
    [76] Ernest Gellner, Nationalism [M], (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1997), p.13.
    [77] Ernest Gellner, Nation and Nationalism [M], (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), p.55.
    [78] 刘樊德:《民族主义与亚洲地区合作》[J],载《当代亚太》,2003年,第2期,第26-32页。
    [79] 任东波:《民族主义与区域主义——论后冷战时代东北亚安全观念建构的双重困境》,[J]《东北亚论坛》,2005第5期,第16-20页。
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    [81] 参见张立文:《和合与东亚意识》[M],华东师范大学出版社,2001年版。
    [82] See J. K. Fairbank, China's World Order[M], (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968).
    [83] 可参见黄枝连著:《天朝礼治体系研究》[M],北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992年版。
    [84] [日]宾下武志:《东亚国际体系》[A],山本吉宣主编:《国际政治理论》,王志安译, 上海三联书店,1993年版:此外,何芳川:《华夷秩序论》,《北京大学学报》[J],1996年第6期,第41页。
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    [87] 复旦大学石源华教授在《中国对外关系史》课程授课的过程,提出了此种观点。
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    [89] [美]希瑞尔·布莱克编:《比较现代化》,上海译文出版社,1996年版,第560页。
    [90] Bruce Russett, Harvey Sarr, David Kinsella, World Politics: The Menu for Choice [M], (Beijing: Peking University Press, 2003), pp.49-50.
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    [93] Byung-Joon Ahn, "The Rise of China and the Furore of East Asian Integration", Asia-Pacific Review [J], (Vol.11, No.2, 2004), p.18.
    [94] Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe [M], (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958),p.16.
    [95] David Lake, International Political Economy, [M] (2~(nd) ed)., (New York: ST Martin's Press,1991), p.68.
    [1] 管清友:《以平常心看中国综合国力第六,不要大国心态膨胀》[N],《国际先驱导报》,2006年1月16日。
    [2] See Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics [M], (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979); also see Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War [M], (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).
    [3] See Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power politics [M], (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001).
    [4] O. Aranha (of Brazil), 16 September 1947, UN General Assembly Verbatim Record of the Plenary Meetings,Second Session,1947,p.4.转引自,[英]马丁·怀特著:《权力政治》,宋爱群译,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年版,第7页。
    [5] Martin Wight, Power Politics, Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad, eds.[M], (Harmondsworth: Pengguin, 1978), p.30.
    [6] Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society—A Study of Order in World Politics [M], 2~(nd) ed., (Mary Bull,2002),p.207;也可参见中文本:赫德利·布尔:《无政府社会:世界政治秩序研究》[M],张小明译,世界知识出版社,2003年版,第171页。
    [7] 尽管英法德都属于欧洲大国,但欧洲一体化由“法德核心”主导,而英国却由于其外交政策原因未能参与并主导前期的欧洲一体化就是例证。
    [8] Takashi Terada, "Directional leadership in institution-building: Japan's approaches to ASEAN in the establishment of PECC and APEC" [J], The Pacific Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2001.
    [9] Raino Malnes, "'Leader' and 'Entrepreneur' in International Negotiations: A conceptual Analysis" [J], European Journal of lnternational Relations, (No.1, 1995), pp.93-94.
    [10] [美]罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》[M],杨宁光等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2003年,第391-394页。
    [11] Walter Mattli, The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond [M], (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1999), Chapter 3.
    [12] Oran Young, International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society [M],(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), p.89.
    [13] Ralno Malnes, "'Leader' and 'Entrepreneur' in International Negotiations: A conceptual Analysis" [J], European Journal of International Relations, (No.1, 1995), pp.93-94.
    [14] 约瑟夫·奈强调制度的价值,正是这些价值鼓励了其他国家,规约和限制它们以主导国家所预期的方式调节自身行为,主导国在讨价还价的情形下就可以不需要使用代价较高的强制手段,或者“硬权力”。参见,Joseph Nye,Bound to Lead:The Changing Nature of American Power [M], (New York: Basic Books, 1990), pp. 31-32.
    [15] 贸易创造效应主要指区域内成员相互间由于交易成本下降与贸易限制的取消,国内高成本产品为区域内其他成员低成本商品所替代,以往受数量和关税限制的国内低成本商品出口扩大,从而给区域内进出口双方都带来更多的贸易机会和经济利益。贸易转移效应指原有区域外国家之间的贸易往来,由于区域内交易成本的降低可能为区域内部成员之间的贸易所取代,这有利于区域内成员的贸易潜能的发挥与贸易能力的提高。市场扩张效应指贸易规模扩大所产生的生产和流通的规模效益,以及因此而带来的产业集聚效果。促进竞争效应指区域统一市场的形成将促进区域内行业竞争,从而提高生产效率。
    [16] See Amitai Etzioni, Political Unification: A Comparative Study of Leaders and Forces [M],(New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1965).
    [17] See Amitai Etzioni, Political Unification Revisited: On Building Supranational Communities[M], (Lexington Books, 2001).
    [18] Wilfred J. Either: "The New Regionalism" [J], The Economic Journal, vol. 108, July, 1998,pp.1149-1161.
    [19] See Samuel Huntington, "Why International Primacy Matters" [A], In Sean M. Lynn Jones & Steven E. Millers, The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace [C], (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1991), pp.307-322.
    [20] 当然,这种权力完全不同于传统的以军事实力为核心的权力。在当代,经济因素已经不再是“低级政治”,它通过世界政治的“地壳运动”而日渐隆起,成为国际政治图景中不能忽视的核心景观。
    [21] Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Relations [M], (New York: Random House, 1979),pp.97-99.
    [22] Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration [M], (Houndsmills: MacMillan, 2000),p.132.
    [23] See Jeffrey Hart, "Dominance in International Politics" [J], International Organization, (30, Spring 1976).
    [24] [美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后——世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》[M],苏长和等译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第39页。
    [25] 向宇:《论地区合作中领导应具备的条件》[J],载《安徽师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2005年,第4期,第387-388页。
    [26] Albert O. Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade [M], (Berkley: University of California Press, 1996), p16.
    [27] A. F. K. Organski, World Politics [M], (New York: Alfred Akonpf, Inc., 1958), pp.101-102.
    [28] 也就是说,国家间关系也是权力的一部分。一国拥有财富、资源、人口和军事力量等实体性因素并不必然导致它拥有权力。因为不同的国家间关系的状况往往取决于各国影响力的使用,一个国家虽拥有实力,但不去把它变成影响力,不去对国家间关系发生作用,其实力就不能真正成为国际关系中的政治权力。
    [29] M. Campbell Smith (trans.), On Perpetual Peace [M], (London: Sonnenschein, 1903), p.156.
    [30] Martin Wight, Power Politics [M], Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad, eds., (Harmondsworth: Pengguin,1978),p.30,144;引文参见:O.Aranha(of Brazil),16 September 1947,UN General Assembly Verbatim Record of the Plenary Meetings,Second Session,1947,p,4.
    [31] Lord Acton,Lectures on Modern History [M],(London:Macmillan,1952),p.51.
    [32] 克利·卡德拉的这本著作是在其1996年获奖的论文基础上改写的,此书被“美国政治科学协会”评为2001年最佳图书。Kelly M.Kadera,The Power-Conflict Story:A Dynamic Model of Interstate Rivalry[M],(Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2001).
    [33] 国际主导竞争是否天然具有冲突性?卡德拉的“乌龟与野兔”(Tortoise and hare)转换模型表明,快速崛起的挑战者(野兔)超过先前的强大却发展缓慢的强国(乌龟),但“野兔”随之而来的衰落却又使稳健的“乌龟”赢得了主动。“大卫与高列斯”(David and Goliath)转换模型表明,一个持续稳定成长的挑战者(大卫)能够持久地取代不断衰落的先前强盛者(高列斯)。既有的权力转移理论认为,挑战者比主导大国更具好斗和冲突性,卡德拉根据自己的权力竞争模型认为,“公牛与小虫”及“乌龟与野兔”模型更具冲突性,而“大卫与高列斯”模型却不是这样。
    [34] Martin Wight, Power Politics [M], Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad, eds.,(Harmondsworth: Pengguin, 1978), p. 289.
    [35] 方壮志:《区域领导者与区域经济一体化》[J],《世界经济》,2002年,第12期,第58页。
    [36] 朱乃新:《东亚经济区域化:“轴心”的缺失与重构》[J],载《当代亚太》,2004年,第11期,第33-36页。
    [37] James Baker, "A new partnership: framework for the future"[R], a speech addressed at TheAsian Society, (New York, 26 June, 1989); See Takashi Terada, "Directional leadership in institution-building: Japan's approaches to ASEAN in the establishment of PECC and APEC", The Pacific Review, (Vol. 14, No. 2, 2001), pp.199.
    [38] John Rothgeb, Jr., Defining Power: Influence and Force in the Contemporary International System [M], (New York: Macmillan, 1993), p.29.
    [39] Charles P. Kindleberger, Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy", International Studies Quarterly [J], (Vol. 25, No.2, June 1981).
    [40] Charles P. Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929-1939 [M], (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), p.307.
    [41] [美国]约瑟夫·M·格里科:《无政府状态和合作的限度:对最近自由制度主义的现实主义评论》[A],载大卫·A.鲍德温主编:《新现实主义和新自由主义》[M],肖欢容译,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2001年版。
    [42] [美国]罗伯特·基欧汉著:《霸权之后——世界政治经济中的合作与纠纷》[M],苏长和等译,上海:上海人民出版,2001年,第91页。
    [43] Stephen D. Krasner, "State Power and the Structure of International Trade" [A], in Jeffry A. Freden, and David. A. Lake, International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Powers and Wealth, 4~(th) ed., (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000), p.19.
    [44] David Easton, The Political System [M], (New York: Knopf, 1959), pp. 129-131.
    [45] David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life [M], (New York: Jone Wiley and Sons, 1965), p.284.
    [46] 中国学者阎学通就持此种观点,见阎学通:《中国崛起的可能选择》[J],载《战略与管理》,1995年第6期,第11-14页。
    [47] 历史上美国的“孤立主义”可以被视为大国无意国际主导的经典案例。
    [48] 方壮志:《区域领导者与区域经济一体化》[J],《世界经济》,2002年,第12期。
    [49] [美]罗伯特·吉尔平:《全球政治经济学:解读国际经济秩序》[M],杨宇光等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2003年,第391-394页。
    [50] 巴瑞·布赞(Barry Buzan)、奥利·维夫(oIe Waever)、迪·怀尔德(Jaap De Wilde):《新安全论》[M],朱宁译,浙江人民出版社,2003年版,导论部分,第16页。
    [51] 巴瑞·布赞(Barry Buzan)、奥利·维大(Ole Waever)、迪·怀尔德(Jaap De Wilde):《新安全论》[M],朱宁译,浙江人民出版社,2003年版,导论部分,第17页。
    [52] Norman D.Palmer,The New Regionalism in Asia and the Pacific[M],(KY.:Lexington Book,1991),p.388.
    [53] Richard N.Cooper,The Economics of Interdependence:Economic Policy in the Atlantic Community[M],(New York:Mcgraw-Hill,1968).
    [54] Michael J.Mazarr, "Acting like a Leader", Survival[J],(Vol.44, Winter2002-2003),pp.107-120.
    [55] 参见向宇博士论文,第27-31页。
    [56] 参见苏长和:《全球公共问题与国际合作:一种制度分析》[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2000年版。
    [57] Hedley Bull,The Anarchical Society—A Study of Order in World Politics[M],(Mary Bull,2002),p.208.
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    [65] 约瑟夫·奈强调制度的价值,正是这些价值鼓励了其他国家,规约和限制它们以主导国家所预期的方式调节自身行为,主导国在讨价还价的情形下就可以不需要使用代价较高的强制手段,或者“硬权力”。参见,Joseph Nye,Bound to Lead:The Changing Nature of American Power [M], (New York: Basic Books, 1990), pp. 31-32.
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    [72] 2001年5月18日,日本内阁会议通过了经济产业省的该年度《通商白皮书》,该白皮书第一次明确指出:以日本为领头雁的东亚经济“雁行发展”时代业已结束,代之而起的是“以东亚为舞台的大竞争时代”,即“后雁阵模式”或“群马模式”时代。
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    [83] 讨论国际合作的文献颇丰,较有影响的有:Michael Taylor,The Possf6ility of Cooperation [M],(cambridge universiIy Press,1987);Joseph Grieco,Cooperation Among Nations[M], (Ithaca,NY:ComeU University Press,1990);Kenneth A.Oye,ed.,Cooperation Under Anarchy[M],(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1986);Helen Milner, "Interuational Theories of Cooperation Among Nalions:Strengths and weaknesses"[J],Worid Politics,(Vol.44,April 1992);等等。
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    [92] 包括中国学者在内的许多人认为,东盟在主导东亚一体化进程,甚至中国官方文件都认同东盟在东亚地区合作中的主导地位。
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    [101] 其中日本出资500亿美元,中国、中国香港地区、新加坡和中国台湾地区共同出资500亿美元。
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    [104] 这实际上反映了东亚敏感的地区主导权问题。日本有充任地区主导者的冲动,但是,它缺乏作为主导者奉献精神。
    [105] Randall C.Henning, "East Asian Financial Cooperation"[A],Policy Analvses in International Economics,No.68,Institute for International Economics,Washington,DC.2002.
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    [109] 张大林:《浅析日本回归亚洲的战略》[J],载《国际问题研究》,1994年,第1期。
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    [114] See White Paper on International Trade, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 1991, 1996, 1998, Japan.
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    [116] See Inoguchi, Takashi ed., Japan's Asian Policy [M], (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2002).
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    [121] 参见吴心伯:《东亚的逻辑》[J],载《世界知识》,2003年,第7期,第26-27页。
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    [124] William Overholt, China: TheN ext Economic Superpower? [M], (London: Weidenfeld &Nicolson, 1993).
    [125] "Does China seek strategic dominance in Asia, requiring stepped-up U.S. countermeasures to maintain its predominance in the region?", see Reframing China Policy: The Carnegie Debates, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=854&&prog=zch
    [126] Byung-Joon Ahn, "The Rise of China and the Future of East Asian Integration" [J], Asia-Pacific Review, (Vol.11, No.2, 2004), p.27.
    [127] Eng Chuan Ong: "Anchor East Asian Free Trade In ASEAN", The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2003.
    [128] Chung Min Lee, "China's Rise, Asia's Dilemma" [J], The National Interest, Fall 2005,pp.88-89.
    [129] Chung Min Lee, "China's Rise, Asia's Dilemma" [J], The National Interest, Fall 2005, p.89.
    [130] Dick K. Nanto& Radha Sinha, "China: a Major Economic Power?" [J], Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2001, p.361.
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    [132] Morton Abramowitz & Stephen Bosworth, "Adjusting to the New Asia" [J], in Foreign Affairs, (July/August 2003), pp. 119-131.
    [133] Nicholas D. Kdstol, "Chinaps Rise" [J], Foreign Affairs, (Vol.72, No.5, Nov./Dec. 1993), p.59.参见,朱锋:《“中国崛起”与“中国威胁”》[J],载《美国研究》,2005年,第3期,第33页。
    [134] Dick K. Nanto& Radha Sinha, "China: a Major Economic Power?" [J], Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2001, pp.345-372; An earlier version of this article was published as a CRS Report, Dick K. Nanto & Radha Sinha, China's Emergence as a Major Economic Power: Implications for U.S. Interests, CRS Report RL30757, The Library of Congress, Washington DC, 20 November, 2000.
    [135] Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" [J], Foreign Affairs, September/October 1999, pp.24-36.
    [136] Gerald Segal, "Does China Matter?" [J], Foreign Affairs, September/October 1999, p.24.
    [137] 章百家:《改变自己,影响世界——20世纪中国外交基本线索刍议》[J],载《中国社会科学》,2002年第1期。
    [138] 参见,胡鞍钢、门洪华:《经济一体化进程中的中美日战略关系》,载于《中共天津市委党校学报》[J],2006年第1期,第53页。
    [139] 吴建民:《中国崛起于东亚经济合作》[J],载于《外交评论-外交学院学报》,2005年第6期,第21-23页。
    [140] Morton Abramowitz & Stephen Bosworth, "Adjusting to the New Asia"[J],Foreign Affairs, July/August 2003.
    [141] 参见吴心伯:《东亚的逻辑》[J],载《世界知识》,2003年,第7期,第26-27页。
    [142] 苏浩:“地缘重心与世界政治的支点”[J],载于《现代国际关系》2004年,第4期,第59页。
    [143] 周子衡:《中国经济发展的地缘战略与东亚经济一体化》[J],载于《世界经济与政治》,2004年,第2期,67-72页。
    [144] “新三角贸易”是这样一种情形,即东亚地区以中国市场为轴心,中国的邻国以原材料和中间产品出口到中国市场,经过有“世界工厂”之称的中国生产加工,然后再将成品销往欧美和世界其他地区。东亚地区各国经济通过中国市场受益。
    [145] Kathie Krumm and Homi Kharas, East Asia Integrates: A Trade Policy Agenda for Shared Growth[R],(Washington D.C.:The World Bank,2003,),pp.i-xxxiv.
    [146] 庞中英:《“新亚洲”呼之欲出》[J],载《世界知识》,2003年第18期,第62页。
    [147] 张蕴岭:《东亚合作与中国——东盟自由贸易区的建设》[A],载于陈乔之主编:《东亚区域经济合作研究》[M],中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第75页。
    [148] 尽管东亚区域经济合作与东亚一体化是两个完全不同的东西,区域经济合作笼统又宽泛,不是具有学理意义的理论概念,而一体化却有相对确切的理论界定;但地区经济合作与地区经济一体化却有内在的必然联系。
    [149] 参考李靖宇、韩建新:《论中国对东亚大市场成长的主导效应》[J],载于《中国发展》,2003年第4期,第21-26页。
    [150] 方壮志:《区域领导者与区域经济一体化》[J],载于《世界经济》,2002年第12期,第59-60页。
    [151] 中国市场对东亚和世界经济的作用是有目共睹的。东亚形成了以中国为核心的“产业链”,中国是东亚乃至世界经济的“发动机”这样的提法随处可见。中国是东亚地区的“市场提供者”这样的提法,见东北财经大学2005年优秀硕士论文,袁晓南:《东亚经济一体化及中国的作用》一文,作者利用了这样的提法。
    [152] 据预测,中国从东亚其它经济体的进口将逐年增加,2010年将达到2354.31亿美元,2020年将达至4501.84亿美元;见李晓、李俊久:《论人民币亚洲化》[J],载《世界经济》,2004年,第2期。
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    [158] 环境制约包括美国主导的国际体系因素,在东亚地区主要表现为美日、美韩等同盟体系。
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    [1] 有人早就提出过有关中国在东亚一体化进程中的主导作用的问题,见刘金:《经济一体化理论与实践的启示》,载于《世界经济研究》,2002年第3期,第25-28页;方壮志:《区域领导者与区域经济一体化》,载于《世界经济》,2002年第12期,第55-60页。但是,他们都没有进行较为充分的论证。
    [2] 以国外为例,具有代表性的著作有雅格布森(Harold Jacobson)和奥克森伯格(Michael Oksenberg)于1990年出版的《中国与国际货币基金组织、世界银行和关税及贸易总协定》一书,该书集中分析了中国参与这些国际经济制度的国内动力以及中国在这些国际经济制度中的经济行为。[2]伊克诺米(Elizabeth Economy)和奥克森伯格编撰的《中国融入世界:进程与展望》,江忆恩(hlastair lain Johnston)与罗斯(Robert Ross)的《与中国接触》两本论文集是最为全面的研究著作。萨缪尔·金(Samuel Kim)的著述也广泛涉及中国与国际制度的关系问 题。See Samuel Kim, "China's International Organizational Behavior" [A], in Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh, eds., Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice [M], (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1994), pp.401-434; SamuelKim, "China and the United Nations", in Economy and Oksenberg, eds., China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects, pp.42-89; Samuel S. Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
    [3] "Will China lead the Pacific century?" [J], The Economist, March 23~(rd), 2005.
    [4] 引自 The National Institute for Defence Studies of Japan, East Asian Strategic Review 2005, (The Japan Times), p.47.
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