英诗的系统功能文体分析
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摘要
自从亚里士多德研究文体以来，文体一直是一个颇多争议的话题，主要涉及形式与意义的关系问题，方法论问题以及影响文体的因素等等。韩礼德的文体观较好地处理上述问题。他提出文体即‘意义潜势’或‘有动因的突出’，从功能角度诠释了文体的性质和文体的目的。
文体即意义潜势是基于‘语言功能理论’之上的。韩礼德认为语言具有三种纯理功能：作者／讲话者作为观察者的‘概念功能’，用以表达人们的社会经历和内心的心理经验，同时也表达事物之间的各种逻辑关系；作者／讲话者作为闯入者的‘人际功能’，旨在表达他的意见、态度、评价和他与听话者相对角色关系；和作者／讲话者作为语篇组织者的‘语篇功能’，他把概念功能和人际功能关联成为一个整体，共同在情景语境中起作用。这三种功能相互关联构成了‘意义潜势’；语篇正是作者或讲话者根据情景语境对‘意义潜势’作连续的选择而形成的。语言功能通过语域的三个变量(语场、基调和语式)向上与情景语境关联起来：同时，对语言功能的选择向下促动了对词汇语法系统的选择，从而形成了语法结构；对词汇语法系统的选择又促动了对音系或字系系统的选择，从而形成了音系或字系结构。所有这些选择都有可能对语篇的文体产生意义。
系统功能文体学家也把文体视作‘有动因的突出’。这种动因一为功能，一为情景语境。在情景语境的作用下，一种突出特征以‘失衡’或‘失协’的方式在语篇中得以前景化，获得文体价值。失衡和失协可以体现在语篇的各个层次中，从音系或字系层直至语义层。前者建立和强化常规，而后者则违反和破坏常规。与日常用语相比较，诗歌包涵着十分丰富的突出特征，本文较为详尽地列举了在英语诗歌中经常出现的突出特征。
最后，通过对丁尼生的一首小诗《鹰》全面的功能文体分析表明，系统功能文体学是一种可操作性强、实用性强的文体分析理论，它能够为语篇的文体分析提供客观标准，有效地使读者对语篇的主观理解在客观的标准之上。
Content: Since Aristotle studied style as form, it has been a hot issue of much debate, mainly concerning the relationship between form and meaning, the methodologies and the factors which have an influence on style. All these are properly solved by Halliday's stylistic theories. He has put forward style as 'meaning potential' or 'motivated prominence', expounding on the nature and goals of style from the functional perspective.
Style as meaning potential is based on 'functional theory of language', by which language performs three metafunctions: 'ideational' function, having the writer or speaker as an observer, which is used to express human social experience and inner psychological experience, and also express all kinds of logical relations between the entities; 'interpersonal' function, having the writer or speaker as an intruder, which aims to expressing his or her opinions, attitudes, evaluations and relative role relationships between him or her and the reader or hearer; and 'textual' function, having the writer or speaker as a text-forming organizer, which enables the other two become relevant with each other in the context. These three functions are interrelated and interlocked, forming the semantic level 'meaning potential'. It is from 'meaning potential' that the writer or speaker makes a consecutive selection to create a text according to the context of situation. On the one hand, language functions have an upward relation with the context of situation through three variables of register: field, tenor and mode: ideational is mainly determined by the field; interpersonal is determined by the tenor; and textual is mainly determined by the mode. On the other hand, the selection of language functions downward activates that of system of lexicogrammar, thus forming grammatical structure of a text; and, in turn, the selection of lexicogrammar activates that of phonological or graphological system, thus forming phonological or graphological structure. All these selections have a probability of contributing to the style of a text.
Systemic functional stylisticians also consider style as 'motivated prominence'. The factors of motivation are language functions and the context of situation. Under the activation of situation, a prominent feature in the form of deflection or incongruity will be foregrounded, thus obtaining its stylistic value. Deflection and incongruity are realized in every level of a text, from phonology or graphology up to semantics; the former establishes and intensifies the form, whereas the latter violates and destroys the norm. Compared with everyday language, poetry contains very resourceful prominent features which are enumerated in detail in this dissertation.
Finally, the relatively complete systemic functional analysis of Alfred Tennyson's 'The Eagle' is provided, which illustrates that systemic functional stylistics is a very operational and practical stylistic theory of analysis, presenting an objective standard for stylistic analysis of a text, and effectively making the reader's subjective comprehension based on the objective standard.
文体即意义潜势是基于‘语言功能理论’之上的。韩礼德认为语言具有三种纯理功能：作者／讲话者作为观察者的‘概念功能’，用以表达人们的社会经历和内心的心理经验，同时也表达事物之间的各种逻辑关系；作者／讲话者作为闯入者的‘人际功能’，旨在表达他的意见、态度、评价和他与听话者相对角色关系；和作者／讲话者作为语篇组织者的‘语篇功能’，他把概念功能和人际功能关联成为一个整体，共同在情景语境中起作用。这三种功能相互关联构成了‘意义潜势’；语篇正是作者或讲话者根据情景语境对‘意义潜势’作连续的选择而形成的。语言功能通过语域的三个变量(语场、基调和语式)向上与情景语境关联起来：同时，对语言功能的选择向下促动了对词汇语法系统的选择，从而形成了语法结构；对词汇语法系统的选择又促动了对音系或字系系统的选择，从而形成了音系或字系结构。所有这些选择都有可能对语篇的文体产生意义。
系统功能文体学家也把文体视作‘有动因的突出’。这种动因一为功能，一为情景语境。在情景语境的作用下，一种突出特征以‘失衡’或‘失协’的方式在语篇中得以前景化，获得文体价值。失衡和失协可以体现在语篇的各个层次中，从音系或字系层直至语义层。前者建立和强化常规，而后者则违反和破坏常规。与日常用语相比较，诗歌包涵着十分丰富的突出特征，本文较为详尽地列举了在英语诗歌中经常出现的突出特征。
最后，通过对丁尼生的一首小诗《鹰》全面的功能文体分析表明，系统功能文体学是一种可操作性强、实用性强的文体分析理论，它能够为语篇的文体分析提供客观标准，有效地使读者对语篇的主观理解在客观的标准之上。
Content: Since Aristotle studied style as form, it has been a hot issue of much debate, mainly concerning the relationship between form and meaning, the methodologies and the factors which have an influence on style. All these are properly solved by Halliday's stylistic theories. He has put forward style as 'meaning potential' or 'motivated prominence', expounding on the nature and goals of style from the functional perspective.
Style as meaning potential is based on 'functional theory of language', by which language performs three metafunctions: 'ideational' function, having the writer or speaker as an observer, which is used to express human social experience and inner psychological experience, and also express all kinds of logical relations between the entities; 'interpersonal' function, having the writer or speaker as an intruder, which aims to expressing his or her opinions, attitudes, evaluations and relative role relationships between him or her and the reader or hearer; and 'textual' function, having the writer or speaker as a text-forming organizer, which enables the other two become relevant with each other in the context. These three functions are interrelated and interlocked, forming the semantic level 'meaning potential'. It is from 'meaning potential' that the writer or speaker makes a consecutive selection to create a text according to the context of situation. On the one hand, language functions have an upward relation with the context of situation through three variables of register: field, tenor and mode: ideational is mainly determined by the field; interpersonal is determined by the tenor; and textual is mainly determined by the mode. On the other hand, the selection of language functions downward activates that of system of lexicogrammar, thus forming grammatical structure of a text; and, in turn, the selection of lexicogrammar activates that of phonological or graphological system, thus forming phonological or graphological structure. All these selections have a probability of contributing to the style of a text.
Systemic functional stylisticians also consider style as 'motivated prominence'. The factors of motivation are language functions and the context of situation. Under the activation of situation, a prominent feature in the form of deflection or incongruity will be foregrounded, thus obtaining its stylistic value. Deflection and incongruity are realized in every level of a text, from phonology or graphology up to semantics; the former establishes and intensifies the form, whereas the latter violates and destroys the norm. Compared with everyday language, poetry contains very resourceful prominent features which are enumerated in detail in this dissertation.
Finally, the relatively complete systemic functional analysis of Alfred Tennyson's 'The Eagle' is provided, which illustrates that systemic functional stylistics is a very operational and practical stylistic theory of analysis, presenting an objective standard for stylistic analysis of a text, and effectively making the reader's subjective comprehension based on the objective standard.
引文
1 Professor Zhang(1998a) assumes that the rhetorical mode belongs to tenor, exactly, interactional tenor because the rhetorical mode such as persuasive, expository, didactic, etc is subcategories of speech roles in the interpersonal metafunction.
2 Eggins(1994) assumes that the internal conjunction realizes textual meanings, not interpersonal meanings because it shows how the message is organized as a rhetorical event.
1) Birch, D. & O'Toole, M. Functions of Style[M]. London and New York: Pinter, 1988.
2) Butler, S. Systemic Linguistics: Theory and Applications[M]. London: Batsford Academic and Education, 1985.
3) Cummings, M. & Simmons, R. The language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to the Study of Literature[M]. England: Pergamon Press Ltd, 1983.
4) Eggins, S. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics[M]. London: Pinter, 1994.
5) Feng, Cuihua. English Rhetorical Options—A Handbook of English RhetoricalDEvices[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1995.
6) Feng, Zhongxin. Pragmastylistics of Dramatic Texts: The Play off the Stage [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2002.
7) Francis, G & Kramer-Dahl, A. Grammaticalizing the medical case history[C] in Language, Text and Context: Essays in Stylistics edited by Tolan, M. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
8) Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning,[M]. London: Edward Arnold/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and. Research Press, 1978/2001.
9) Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar(2nd ed.)[M]. London: Longman Group Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1994/2001.
10) Halliday, M. A. K Foreword in The language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to the Study of Literature by Cummings, M. & Simmons, R.. England: Pergamon Press Ltd, 1983.
11) Halliday, M. A. K Foreword and Poetry as Scientific Discourse: the nuclear sections of Tennyson's 'In Memoriam'[C] in Functions of Style edited by Birch, D. & O'Toole, M. London and New York: Pinter Publihers, 1988.
12) Halliday, M. A. K. The Notion of 'Context' in Language Education[C] in Text and Context in Functional Linguistics edited by Ghadessy, M. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999.
13) Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Cohesion in English[M]. Longdon: Longman, 1976.
14) Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Language, Context, and text: Aspects of Language in a Socio-semiotic perspective[M]. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1985.
15) Hasan, R. The analysis of one poem: theoretical issues in practice[C] in Functions of Style edited by Birch, D. & O'Toole, M. London and New York: Pinter Publihers, 1988.
16) Hu Zhuanglin & Jiang Wangqi. Linguistics: An Advanced Course Book[M]. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2002.
17) Leech, G. N. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry[M]. London: Longman/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1969/2001.
18) Leech, G. N. & Short, M. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose,[M]. London: Longman Group Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1981/2001
19) Richards, J. C., John Platt & Heidi Platt. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics[M]. London: Longman Group UK Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1992/2000.
20) Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar, [M]. London: 'Edward Arnold Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996/2000.
21) Trauth, G & Kazzazi, K. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Routledge/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996/2000.
22) Turner, G. M. Stylistics,[M]. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 1973.
23) Wang, Shouyuan. Essentials of English Stylistics[M]. Shanghai: Shandong: Shandong University Press, 2000.
24) Wales, K. A Dictionary of Stylistics[M]. London: Longman, 1989.
25) 戴凡．对一首诗的功能文体学分析[J]．外语与外语教学，2002(1)．
26) 侯维瑞．英语语体[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988．
27) 胡壮麟．理论文体学[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000．
28) 胡壮麟．功能主义纵横谈[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000．
29) 胡壮麟、朱永生、张德禄．系统功能语法概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1989．
30) 黄国文．语篇分析概要[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
31) 黄国文．功能语篇分析纵横谈[J]．外语与外语教学，2001(12)．
32) 黄任．英语修辞与写作[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996．
33) 秦秀白．文体学概论[M]．湖南：湖南教育出版社，1986．
34) 秦秀白．英语语体和文体要略[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002．
35) 李战子．话语的人际意义研究[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002．
36) 申丹．有关功能文体学的几点思考[J]．外国语，1997(5)．
37) 申丹．功能文体学再思考[J]．外语教学与研究，2002(5)．
38) 申丹．西方现代文体学百年发展历程[J]．外语教学与研究，2000(1)．
39) 张德禄．论话语基调的范围及体现[J]．外语教学与研究，1998(1)．
40) 张德禄，功能文体学[M]．山东：山东教育出版社，1998．
41) 张德禄．韩礼德功能文体学理论述评[J]．外语教学与研究，1999(1)．
42) 张建社．英语情态系统的体现和功能[J]．外语教学，2003(增刊)．
43) 朱永生，严世清．系统功能语言学多维思考[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001．
44) 朱永生．功能语言学对文体分析的贡献[J]．外语与外语教学，2001(5)．
2 Eggins(1994) assumes that the internal conjunction realizes textual meanings, not interpersonal meanings because it shows how the message is organized as a rhetorical event.
1) Birch, D. & O'Toole, M. Functions of Style[M]. London and New York: Pinter, 1988.
2) Butler, S. Systemic Linguistics: Theory and Applications[M]. London: Batsford Academic and Education, 1985.
3) Cummings, M. & Simmons, R. The language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to the Study of Literature[M]. England: Pergamon Press Ltd, 1983.
4) Eggins, S. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics[M]. London: Pinter, 1994.
5) Feng, Cuihua. English Rhetorical Options—A Handbook of English RhetoricalDEvices[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1995.
6) Feng, Zhongxin. Pragmastylistics of Dramatic Texts: The Play off the Stage [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2002.
7) Francis, G & Kramer-Dahl, A. Grammaticalizing the medical case history[C] in Language, Text and Context: Essays in Stylistics edited by Tolan, M. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
8) Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning,[M]. London: Edward Arnold/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and. Research Press, 1978/2001.
9) Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar(2nd ed.)[M]. London: Longman Group Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1994/2001.
10) Halliday, M. A. K Foreword in The language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to the Study of Literature by Cummings, M. & Simmons, R.. England: Pergamon Press Ltd, 1983.
11) Halliday, M. A. K Foreword and Poetry as Scientific Discourse: the nuclear sections of Tennyson's 'In Memoriam'[C] in Functions of Style edited by Birch, D. & O'Toole, M. London and New York: Pinter Publihers, 1988.
12) Halliday, M. A. K. The Notion of 'Context' in Language Education[C] in Text and Context in Functional Linguistics edited by Ghadessy, M. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999.
13) Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Cohesion in English[M]. Longdon: Longman, 1976.
14) Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Language, Context, and text: Aspects of Language in a Socio-semiotic perspective[M]. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1985.
15) Hasan, R. The analysis of one poem: theoretical issues in practice[C] in Functions of Style edited by Birch, D. & O'Toole, M. London and New York: Pinter Publihers, 1988.
16) Hu Zhuanglin & Jiang Wangqi. Linguistics: An Advanced Course Book[M]. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2002.
17) Leech, G. N. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry[M]. London: Longman/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 1969/2001.
18) Leech, G. N. & Short, M. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose,[M]. London: Longman Group Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1981/2001
19) Richards, J. C., John Platt & Heidi Platt. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics[M]. London: Longman Group UK Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1992/2000.
20) Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar, [M]. London: 'Edward Arnold Ltd/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996/2000.
21) Trauth, G & Kazzazi, K. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Routledge/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996/2000.
22) Turner, G. M. Stylistics,[M]. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 1973.
23) Wang, Shouyuan. Essentials of English Stylistics[M]. Shanghai: Shandong: Shandong University Press, 2000.
24) Wales, K. A Dictionary of Stylistics[M]. London: Longman, 1989.
25) 戴凡．对一首诗的功能文体学分析[J]．外语与外语教学，2002(1)．
26) 侯维瑞．英语语体[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988．
27) 胡壮麟．理论文体学[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000．
28) 胡壮麟．功能主义纵横谈[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000．
29) 胡壮麟、朱永生、张德禄．系统功能语法概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1989．
30) 黄国文．语篇分析概要[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
31) 黄国文．功能语篇分析纵横谈[J]．外语与外语教学，2001(12)．
32) 黄任．英语修辞与写作[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996．
33) 秦秀白．文体学概论[M]．湖南：湖南教育出版社，1986．
34) 秦秀白．英语语体和文体要略[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002．
35) 李战子．话语的人际意义研究[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002．
36) 申丹．有关功能文体学的几点思考[J]．外国语，1997(5)．
37) 申丹．功能文体学再思考[J]．外语教学与研究，2002(5)．
38) 申丹．西方现代文体学百年发展历程[J]．外语教学与研究，2000(1)．
39) 张德禄．论话语基调的范围及体现[J]．外语教学与研究，1998(1)．
40) 张德禄，功能文体学[M]．山东：山东教育出版社，1998．
41) 张德禄．韩礼德功能文体学理论述评[J]．外语教学与研究，1999(1)．
42) 张建社．英语情态系统的体现和功能[J]．外语教学，2003(增刊)．
43) 朱永生，严世清．系统功能语言学多维思考[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001．
44) 朱永生．功能语言学对文体分析的贡献[J]．外语与外语教学，2001(5)．