多级渗滤系统对西部小城镇农业径流污染拦截净化效果研究
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摘要
我国是一个多山的国家,山地面积占国土面积的三分之二,西南地区的比例更高,如四川和重庆地区的山地面积占到了97.46%。山地地貌的特殊性带来了山地生态环境的敏感性和脆弱性,水源地水质水量丰枯变化大,面源污染突出。本课题前期,已经开展了生物-生态的联合措施修复水源地补给河水的试验,试验过程发现,雨季面源污染的冲击作用影响了修复的稳定性。
本文立足于减轻生物-生态修复的冲击负荷,保护水源地补给河流,针对工程设计要素,依据生态多样性理论,构建多级渗滤系统拦截削减农业径流污染。基于对特征汇水区域农业面源污染的调研和径流监测,研究了系统对农业径流污染的处理效能与特性,分析了污染物负荷、水力负荷、植物等因素对污染物去除率的影响。
通过对特征汇水区域径流监测发现:非雨季时,径流污染的CODMn、TN、TP含量较低;雨季,径流污染中CODMn、TN、TP超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)III类水质标准,部分指标超出V类水质类水质。污染物随时间变化幅度大,但污染高峰基本与降雨高峰及农田施肥季节一致。
多级渗滤系统运行结果表明,系统对进水水质水量变化有较好的适应性,对SS、CODMn、NH4+-N、TN和TP具有较好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为80%、35%、78%、37%、48%。随着渗滤系统级数的增加,各污染物浓度在沿程上逐渐降低,去除率在最后一级达到最大。系统对TN、NH4+-N、CODMn去除效率的增加不随着串联级数的增加而线性递增,呈逐渐平缓的趋势,但SS、TP去除率的增加在系统三级上没有出现明显减缓趋势。系统各级进出水浓度的回归分析结果表明,系统第一级对SS、CODMn、TP的去除效率最高,第二级对TN、NH4+-N的去除效率最高,第三级在进水浓度较低的情况下,NH4+-N、SS仍保持了较好的去除效果。从系统各级N、P去除特性的分析结果看,对N元素的去除,系统第一级以拦截颗粒态为主,第二、三级以溶解态去除为主,在对P元素的去除中,系统第一级对颗粒态与溶解态去除作用均较好,系统第二级以颗粒态的去除为主,第三级在对P去除率较低,溶解态与颗粒态的去除有均化现象。
从系统净水效果影响因素分析结果看,种植植物后,系统对SS、PN、PP、CODMn、DTN的去除率明显提高,NH4+-N、DTP去除率提高效果不明显;系统对SS、CODMn、PN、NH4+-N、DTN去除率随水力负荷的变化相似,在低、中水力负荷条件下去除率相差不大或略有升高,进入高水力负荷后,去除率有比较明显的降低,DTP去除率随水力负荷变化不明显;系统CODMn、NH4+-N、DTP的去除率随污染负荷的增大而升高,污染负荷对SS和DTN的去除影响不明显。
China is a mountainous country, and mountain area accounts for two thirds of land area, a higher proportion in the southwest, which is 97.46% in Sichuan and Chongqing area. The particularity of mountain area landform leads to sensitivity and vulnerability of ecological environment, with the quantity and quality of the water source fluctuating largely and non-point pollution being outstanding.
In our previous research, the test that biological-ecological restoration of joint measures to supply water to the river system had been carried out, in the course of which discovering that the non-point pollution impact in rainy season affected the stability of restoration.
On the basis of reducing the impact load of biological-ecological restoration and protecting water source to supply the river, considering engineering design elements, according to ecological diversity theory, the Multi-stage filtration system was built to abate agricultural runoff pollution in this paper; based on the investigation of agricultural nonpoint pollution and runoff monitoring in the characteristic catchment areas, the efficiency and characteristics of the system for agricultural runoff pollution treatment were studied, and the influences of pollutant load, hydraulic load, vegetation and other factors on the pollutant removal rate were investigated.
The runoff monitoring of characteristic catchment areas showed: in the non-rainy season, the concentration of CODMn,TN and TP in runoff pollution were lower; in the rainy season, the CODMn, TN and TP went beyond III class of Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB3838-2002), even exceeded V class in some time. The pollutant changed a lot with time, however, its loss was basically consistent to the time of rainfall peak and agricultural fertilization.
The result of the Multi-stage filtration system showed that it was well adaptive to variation of inflow quality and quantity and better removal effect for SS, CODMn, NH4 +-N, TN and TP, with the average removal rates were 80 %, 35%, 78%, 37%, 48% respectively. The concentration of various pollutants decreased gradually along the way with the increase of stages in filtration system, the removal rate reaching maximum at the last stage.
The removal rates of TN, NH4 +-N, CODMn increased steadily not linearly with the increase of stages, but the SS, TP removal rate of increase in the system, there is no significant slow down the trend along system. The regression analysis on inlet and outlet water load of system showed that removals of SS, CODMn and TP were at the highest level in the first stage, removals of TN, NH4 +-N were at the highest level in the second stage and in the third stage there was still a better removal efficiency of NH4 +-N ,SS even when the inlet water load was low.
The analysis on N, P removal characteristics of system showed that N was removed mainly in particulate state during the first stage, mainly removed in dissolved state during the second and third stage; the removal efficiency of particulate and dissolved P were both better during the first stage, P was removed mainly in particulate state during the second stage, and in the third stage, in the case of removal of P was low,particle states and dissolved states have equal contribution to removal of P.
The analysis on effect factors of water treatment showed that removals of SS, PN, PP, CODMn and DTN significantly increased, but NH4 +-N, DTP removal rate increased not markedly; the removal rates of SS, CODMn, PN, NH4 +-N and DTN similar with the hydraulic load. In conditions with low, average hydraulic load, the removal rates were similarly or increasing a little; with high hydraulic load, the removals of SS, CODMn, PN, NH4 +-N and DTN decreased significantly; DTP removal rate did not change with the hydraulic loading.CODMn, NH4 +-N and DTP removal rates increased with pollution load increasing, however,pollution load had no significant effect on the removals of the SS and DTN.
本文立足于减轻生物-生态修复的冲击负荷,保护水源地补给河流,针对工程设计要素,依据生态多样性理论,构建多级渗滤系统拦截削减农业径流污染。基于对特征汇水区域农业面源污染的调研和径流监测,研究了系统对农业径流污染的处理效能与特性,分析了污染物负荷、水力负荷、植物等因素对污染物去除率的影响。
通过对特征汇水区域径流监测发现:非雨季时,径流污染的CODMn、TN、TP含量较低;雨季,径流污染中CODMn、TN、TP超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)III类水质标准,部分指标超出V类水质类水质。污染物随时间变化幅度大,但污染高峰基本与降雨高峰及农田施肥季节一致。
多级渗滤系统运行结果表明,系统对进水水质水量变化有较好的适应性,对SS、CODMn、NH4+-N、TN和TP具有较好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为80%、35%、78%、37%、48%。随着渗滤系统级数的增加,各污染物浓度在沿程上逐渐降低,去除率在最后一级达到最大。系统对TN、NH4+-N、CODMn去除效率的增加不随着串联级数的增加而线性递增,呈逐渐平缓的趋势,但SS、TP去除率的增加在系统三级上没有出现明显减缓趋势。系统各级进出水浓度的回归分析结果表明,系统第一级对SS、CODMn、TP的去除效率最高,第二级对TN、NH4+-N的去除效率最高,第三级在进水浓度较低的情况下,NH4+-N、SS仍保持了较好的去除效果。从系统各级N、P去除特性的分析结果看,对N元素的去除,系统第一级以拦截颗粒态为主,第二、三级以溶解态去除为主,在对P元素的去除中,系统第一级对颗粒态与溶解态去除作用均较好,系统第二级以颗粒态的去除为主,第三级在对P去除率较低,溶解态与颗粒态的去除有均化现象。
从系统净水效果影响因素分析结果看,种植植物后,系统对SS、PN、PP、CODMn、DTN的去除率明显提高,NH4+-N、DTP去除率提高效果不明显;系统对SS、CODMn、PN、NH4+-N、DTN去除率随水力负荷的变化相似,在低、中水力负荷条件下去除率相差不大或略有升高,进入高水力负荷后,去除率有比较明显的降低,DTP去除率随水力负荷变化不明显;系统CODMn、NH4+-N、DTP的去除率随污染负荷的增大而升高,污染负荷对SS和DTN的去除影响不明显。
China is a mountainous country, and mountain area accounts for two thirds of land area, a higher proportion in the southwest, which is 97.46% in Sichuan and Chongqing area. The particularity of mountain area landform leads to sensitivity and vulnerability of ecological environment, with the quantity and quality of the water source fluctuating largely and non-point pollution being outstanding.
In our previous research, the test that biological-ecological restoration of joint measures to supply water to the river system had been carried out, in the course of which discovering that the non-point pollution impact in rainy season affected the stability of restoration.
On the basis of reducing the impact load of biological-ecological restoration and protecting water source to supply the river, considering engineering design elements, according to ecological diversity theory, the Multi-stage filtration system was built to abate agricultural runoff pollution in this paper; based on the investigation of agricultural nonpoint pollution and runoff monitoring in the characteristic catchment areas, the efficiency and characteristics of the system for agricultural runoff pollution treatment were studied, and the influences of pollutant load, hydraulic load, vegetation and other factors on the pollutant removal rate were investigated.
The runoff monitoring of characteristic catchment areas showed: in the non-rainy season, the concentration of CODMn,TN and TP in runoff pollution were lower; in the rainy season, the CODMn, TN and TP went beyond III class of Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB3838-2002), even exceeded V class in some time. The pollutant changed a lot with time, however, its loss was basically consistent to the time of rainfall peak and agricultural fertilization.
The result of the Multi-stage filtration system showed that it was well adaptive to variation of inflow quality and quantity and better removal effect for SS, CODMn, NH4 +-N, TN and TP, with the average removal rates were 80 %, 35%, 78%, 37%, 48% respectively. The concentration of various pollutants decreased gradually along the way with the increase of stages in filtration system, the removal rate reaching maximum at the last stage.
The removal rates of TN, NH4 +-N, CODMn increased steadily not linearly with the increase of stages, but the SS, TP removal rate of increase in the system, there is no significant slow down the trend along system. The regression analysis on inlet and outlet water load of system showed that removals of SS, CODMn and TP were at the highest level in the first stage, removals of TN, NH4 +-N were at the highest level in the second stage and in the third stage there was still a better removal efficiency of NH4 +-N ,SS even when the inlet water load was low.
The analysis on N, P removal characteristics of system showed that N was removed mainly in particulate state during the first stage, mainly removed in dissolved state during the second and third stage; the removal efficiency of particulate and dissolved P were both better during the first stage, P was removed mainly in particulate state during the second stage, and in the third stage, in the case of removal of P was low,particle states and dissolved states have equal contribution to removal of P.
The analysis on effect factors of water treatment showed that removals of SS, PN, PP, CODMn and DTN significantly increased, but NH4 +-N, DTP removal rate increased not markedly; the removal rates of SS, CODMn, PN, NH4 +-N and DTN similar with the hydraulic load. In conditions with low, average hydraulic load, the removal rates were similarly or increasing a little; with high hydraulic load, the removals of SS, CODMn, PN, NH4 +-N and DTN decreased significantly; DTP removal rate did not change with the hydraulic loading.CODMn, NH4 +-N and DTP removal rates increased with pollution load increasing, however,pollution load had no significant effect on the removals of the SS and DTN.
引文
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