施肥对土壤养分转化及利用规律的影响
摘要
近年来,粮食生产采用粗放式耕作,施肥缺乏科学性和合理性。本文采用室内盆栽培养和田间试验相结合的研究方法,以玉米、小麦为供试作物,研究了不同施肥处理对土壤氮磷养分转化的影响及其高产土壤的供肥潜力、合理施肥量、作物养分利用规律等,这对揭示土壤养分转化机理、探索提高肥料利用率和作物产量的施肥技术提供重要理论支撑。得到的主要结论如下:
1、磷对不同玉米幼苗生长及根际磷转化的影响结果表明,与高磷相比,低磷降低玉米的株高、总绿叶面积、地上部干重和磷含量、根干重和磷含量,增加了根冠比,降低土壤pH值,促进土壤磷酸酶活性,减少细菌数量和速效磷含量。与非根际土比,根际土的pH和速效磷含量均降低,细菌和放线菌数量均增加,与供磷水平无关。玉米的生物量和磷含量均与根长、根表面积、根际土的pH、细菌数量间呈显著正相关,而与根干重无关,说明根系形态、土壤pH、细菌数量是影响土壤磷素转化和植株高效吸收的重要因素。与冀单28比,蠡玉16具有优势株高、总绿叶面积、植株干重和磷含量,较大的根长、根表面积、根冠比和较多的细菌数量。
2、氮素形态对玉米根际氮磷转化的影响结果表明,与缺氮比,尿素和铵氮处理增加玉米绿叶面积、植株干重,降低根干重、根冠比、根长、根表面积,提高玉米氮磷钾吸收量。同一氮素形态,与非根际比,根际土的pH降低、磷酸酶和脲酶活性提高,土壤速效磷减少,铵氮和硝氮含量增加;细菌和放线菌数量增加。不同氮素形态中,铵氮处理的玉米总绿叶面积、植株和根干重、根长、根表面积较大,氮磷钾吸收较高,根际pH较低,磷酸酶和脲酶活性较强,土壤速效磷、铵氮和硝氮含量较大。田间试验结果也表明,铵氮处理的玉米产量较其它处理显著增加,尿素次之,硝氮略有降低。说明铵氮有利于玉米生长、促进根系氮磷养分的活化、吸收和利用。
3、在土壤有机质19.2 g/kg,碱解氮40.4 mg/kg,速效磷37.3 mg/kg,速效钾141.7 mg/kg条件下,土壤中的磷可以满足玉米—小麦一个轮作周期的需要,土壤氮、钾则要按作物需要每季合理施用。玉米—小麦—玉米3茬作物总产量表现出CK、PK、NK、NP处理较NPK处理产量分别降低29.8%、16.4%、11.0%、18.5%。
NPK(1)对玉米产量及其构成因素的优化效应明显大于NPK(2)和NPK(3)处理,产量达10783.2 kg/hm~2。三茬作物总产量表现为NPK(1)处理较NPK(2)、NPK(3)处理分别提高9.0%、23.2%。
4、随着玉米生长,不同施肥处理的各土层土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、速效磷和钾含量呈“波浪型”变化。随着土壤深度的加深,0~60cm土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量逐渐下降,由于氮的淋失,在90cm处有回升趋势;土壤速效磷钾养分随着土壤深度的增加逐渐减少。
综上所述,从土壤养分供应种类和形态、作物遗传特性、合理施肥技术等方面进行调控均可以增加作物产量,提高作物的养分利用效率,这对实现资源持续利用有重要指导意义。
In resent years, coarse tillage methods were extensively adopted, the phenomenon of unreasonable and unscientific fertilizer application was frequently happened. In the thesis, methods of field experiments and pot culture were used to study effects of different fertilizer treatments on the soil N, P and K nutrient inversion, soil supply fertilization potential, reasonable fertilization amount and crops nutrient utilization rules in the high yield soil. These were very important to provide scientific theory support for soil nutrient coversion mechanism, and explore the fertilization technology of improving fertilizer utilization efficiency and crop’s production. The main results were as followed:
1. The results about the effects of phosphorus on the seedling growth and P conversion in the rhziosphere soil showed that compared with the high-P level, the height, total green leaf areas, shoot and root dry weight of two maize in low P level were reduced, while the ratio of root to shoot in dry weight increased. Moreover, soil pH was reduced, the phosphatase activity increased, numbers of bacteria and available P content lessened. Compared with non-rhziosphere, pH and available P content in rhziosphere were reduced while numbers of bacteria and actinomycete increased,but no related with P levels. Plant biomass and P content were positively related with root length,root surface area and bacteria number,while had no correlation with dry weight of root. Therefore, root morphology, pH and bacteria number in rhziosphere were the main factors affected plant growth. Compared with Jidan28 cultivar,Liyu 16 had higher height, total green leaf areas, dry weight and P content. Larger root length, root surface area, ratio of root to shoot, and more bacteria number.
2. The results about the effects of different N forms on the N and P conversion in the rhziosphere soil showed that compared with the N deficiency treatment, total green leaf areas, plant dry weight in the urea and NH_4~+-N treatments were increased, while root dry weight, the ratio of root to shoot in dry weight, root length and surface area were reduced. Moreover, N, P and K content of maize were enhanced. Compared with non-rhziosphere in the same N form of soil, pH was decreased, phosphatase and urease activities were improved, but available P were reduced, contents of NH_4~+-N and NO3—N, numbers of bacteria and actinomycete were increased. Compared with other N forms, NH_4~+-N treatment had the highest total green leaf areas, larger dry weight and NPK nutrient content in plant and root, greater root length and surface area, lessener soil pH, stronger phosphatase and urease activity and more available nutrient content of N, P and K in soil. The field experiment also proved the similar results were as bellow. NH_4~+-N treatment was better, urea treatment was lesser and NO_3~--N treatment was the worst. It showed that NH_4~+-N was propitious to maize growth, nutrient activation of root, absorption and utilization of nutrient of N, P and K.
3、P in soil could meet the needs of maize-wheat as a rotation cycle, N、K was needed for every season with rational fertilization under the soil conditions of organic matter 19.2 g/kg, available N 40.4 mg/kg, available P 37.3 mg/kg, available K 141.7 mg/kg. Three crop productions of maize-wheat-maize indicated that compared with NPK treatment, the treatments of CK, PK, NK and NP decreased 29.8%, 14.9%, 11.0%, 18.5%, resepectively. Yield and it’s constitute factors of NPK (1) treatment was positively better than that of NPK (2) and NPK (3) treatments. Yield of NPK (1) reached 10783.2 kg/hm~2. Three crop productions of maize-wheat-maize indicated that compared with NPK (2) and NPK (3) treatments, the yield of NPK (1) treatment was increased 9.0% and 23.2%, resepectively.
4、With the grow of maize of different fertilization treatments, NH_4~+-N, NO_3~--N, available P and K content were waved in each soil layer. Among the 0~60 cm soil depth, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N content gradually decreased,while appeared rising at the depth of 60-90 cm because of N leaching losses. Available P, K content of soil straightly reduced with the soil depth in the vertical distribution.
To sum up, the control technologies, such as the soil nutrient kinds and forms, crop genetic characteristics and rational fertilization, can regulate to increase crop production and nutrient using efficiency. It is also significantly important for the realization of resource sustainable.
1、磷对不同玉米幼苗生长及根际磷转化的影响结果表明,与高磷相比,低磷降低玉米的株高、总绿叶面积、地上部干重和磷含量、根干重和磷含量,增加了根冠比,降低土壤pH值,促进土壤磷酸酶活性,减少细菌数量和速效磷含量。与非根际土比,根际土的pH和速效磷含量均降低,细菌和放线菌数量均增加,与供磷水平无关。玉米的生物量和磷含量均与根长、根表面积、根际土的pH、细菌数量间呈显著正相关,而与根干重无关,说明根系形态、土壤pH、细菌数量是影响土壤磷素转化和植株高效吸收的重要因素。与冀单28比,蠡玉16具有优势株高、总绿叶面积、植株干重和磷含量,较大的根长、根表面积、根冠比和较多的细菌数量。
2、氮素形态对玉米根际氮磷转化的影响结果表明,与缺氮比,尿素和铵氮处理增加玉米绿叶面积、植株干重,降低根干重、根冠比、根长、根表面积,提高玉米氮磷钾吸收量。同一氮素形态,与非根际比,根际土的pH降低、磷酸酶和脲酶活性提高,土壤速效磷减少,铵氮和硝氮含量增加;细菌和放线菌数量增加。不同氮素形态中,铵氮处理的玉米总绿叶面积、植株和根干重、根长、根表面积较大,氮磷钾吸收较高,根际pH较低,磷酸酶和脲酶活性较强,土壤速效磷、铵氮和硝氮含量较大。田间试验结果也表明,铵氮处理的玉米产量较其它处理显著增加,尿素次之,硝氮略有降低。说明铵氮有利于玉米生长、促进根系氮磷养分的活化、吸收和利用。
3、在土壤有机质19.2 g/kg,碱解氮40.4 mg/kg,速效磷37.3 mg/kg,速效钾141.7 mg/kg条件下,土壤中的磷可以满足玉米—小麦一个轮作周期的需要,土壤氮、钾则要按作物需要每季合理施用。玉米—小麦—玉米3茬作物总产量表现出CK、PK、NK、NP处理较NPK处理产量分别降低29.8%、16.4%、11.0%、18.5%。
NPK(1)对玉米产量及其构成因素的优化效应明显大于NPK(2)和NPK(3)处理,产量达10783.2 kg/hm~2。三茬作物总产量表现为NPK(1)处理较NPK(2)、NPK(3)处理分别提高9.0%、23.2%。
4、随着玉米生长,不同施肥处理的各土层土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、速效磷和钾含量呈“波浪型”变化。随着土壤深度的加深,0~60cm土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量逐渐下降,由于氮的淋失,在90cm处有回升趋势;土壤速效磷钾养分随着土壤深度的增加逐渐减少。
综上所述,从土壤养分供应种类和形态、作物遗传特性、合理施肥技术等方面进行调控均可以增加作物产量,提高作物的养分利用效率,这对实现资源持续利用有重要指导意义。
In resent years, coarse tillage methods were extensively adopted, the phenomenon of unreasonable and unscientific fertilizer application was frequently happened. In the thesis, methods of field experiments and pot culture were used to study effects of different fertilizer treatments on the soil N, P and K nutrient inversion, soil supply fertilization potential, reasonable fertilization amount and crops nutrient utilization rules in the high yield soil. These were very important to provide scientific theory support for soil nutrient coversion mechanism, and explore the fertilization technology of improving fertilizer utilization efficiency and crop’s production. The main results were as followed:
1. The results about the effects of phosphorus on the seedling growth and P conversion in the rhziosphere soil showed that compared with the high-P level, the height, total green leaf areas, shoot and root dry weight of two maize in low P level were reduced, while the ratio of root to shoot in dry weight increased. Moreover, soil pH was reduced, the phosphatase activity increased, numbers of bacteria and available P content lessened. Compared with non-rhziosphere, pH and available P content in rhziosphere were reduced while numbers of bacteria and actinomycete increased,but no related with P levels. Plant biomass and P content were positively related with root length,root surface area and bacteria number,while had no correlation with dry weight of root. Therefore, root morphology, pH and bacteria number in rhziosphere were the main factors affected plant growth. Compared with Jidan28 cultivar,Liyu 16 had higher height, total green leaf areas, dry weight and P content. Larger root length, root surface area, ratio of root to shoot, and more bacteria number.
2. The results about the effects of different N forms on the N and P conversion in the rhziosphere soil showed that compared with the N deficiency treatment, total green leaf areas, plant dry weight in the urea and NH_4~+-N treatments were increased, while root dry weight, the ratio of root to shoot in dry weight, root length and surface area were reduced. Moreover, N, P and K content of maize were enhanced. Compared with non-rhziosphere in the same N form of soil, pH was decreased, phosphatase and urease activities were improved, but available P were reduced, contents of NH_4~+-N and NO3—N, numbers of bacteria and actinomycete were increased. Compared with other N forms, NH_4~+-N treatment had the highest total green leaf areas, larger dry weight and NPK nutrient content in plant and root, greater root length and surface area, lessener soil pH, stronger phosphatase and urease activity and more available nutrient content of N, P and K in soil. The field experiment also proved the similar results were as bellow. NH_4~+-N treatment was better, urea treatment was lesser and NO_3~--N treatment was the worst. It showed that NH_4~+-N was propitious to maize growth, nutrient activation of root, absorption and utilization of nutrient of N, P and K.
3、P in soil could meet the needs of maize-wheat as a rotation cycle, N、K was needed for every season with rational fertilization under the soil conditions of organic matter 19.2 g/kg, available N 40.4 mg/kg, available P 37.3 mg/kg, available K 141.7 mg/kg. Three crop productions of maize-wheat-maize indicated that compared with NPK treatment, the treatments of CK, PK, NK and NP decreased 29.8%, 14.9%, 11.0%, 18.5%, resepectively. Yield and it’s constitute factors of NPK (1) treatment was positively better than that of NPK (2) and NPK (3) treatments. Yield of NPK (1) reached 10783.2 kg/hm~2. Three crop productions of maize-wheat-maize indicated that compared with NPK (2) and NPK (3) treatments, the yield of NPK (1) treatment was increased 9.0% and 23.2%, resepectively.
4、With the grow of maize of different fertilization treatments, NH_4~+-N, NO_3~--N, available P and K content were waved in each soil layer. Among the 0~60 cm soil depth, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N content gradually decreased,while appeared rising at the depth of 60-90 cm because of N leaching losses. Available P, K content of soil straightly reduced with the soil depth in the vertical distribution.
To sum up, the control technologies, such as the soil nutrient kinds and forms, crop genetic characteristics and rational fertilization, can regulate to increase crop production and nutrient using efficiency. It is also significantly important for the realization of resource sustainable.
引文
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