桃花发育相关MADS box基因研究
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摘要
桃开花时间和花器官发育是重要农艺性状。桃开花时间有2层含义：其一是经过2到5年的幼年期生长过渡到生殖生长第一次开花；其二是具有开花能力的果树每年秋天分化花芽，然后花芽冬眠，次年开花，称为季节性开花。缩短果树到达第一次开花的时间对加快果树育种和生产具有实际意义。较长的幼年期严重影响桃属果树的品种选育、遗传改良和果树生产。寻找控制桃属植物季节性开花的遗传位点和基因有特别重要的应用价值：桃花的发育和最终产量密切相关。
前人对桃属果树及其他蔷薇科植物花发育的遗传位点有较多分析。由于像桃这样的木本植物生长周期长、遗传操作困难，对其花发育的分子遗传控制机制知之甚少。另一方面，近年模式植物花发育有大量研究，揭示出了一个由众多基因组成的调控网络，其中花器官特性基因MADS box基因是这个网络的关键节点，它们在开花时间、花器官发育和果实发育中有重要功能。这些基因在桃中的同源基因可能是控制桃花发育的重要候选基因。本研究从2个方面来研究它们：桃中花发育候选基因的克隆和功能鉴定，基因的分子标记发展和遗传定位并检测其位置是否与前人鉴定的开花时间和花器官发育的遗传位点重合。本研究得到如下结果：
1：通过EST搜索、RACE、同源克隆等方法共克隆8个具有完整编码区的MADS box基因，它们属于B、C、D、E四类花器官特性基因。
2：3个E(SEPALLATA)类基因PrpMADS2、PrpMADS5和PrpMADS7属于3个不同的亚分支，SOUTHERN分析表明3个基因在桃基因组中为单拷贝，它们集中在花和果实中表达，但表达模式各不相同。过表达PrpMADS2的拟南芥与野生型对照相比没有明显差异。在拟南芥中过表达PrpMADS5和PrpMADS7都能促进开花，但PrpMSDS7促进开花的功能更强。PrpMADS5和转录抑制子SRDX融合转化拟南芥可导致花器官发育异常，表明PrpMADS5在花器官发育中扮演重要功能。
3：系统进化分析表明PrpMADS4、PrpMADS8、PrpMADS9可能是拟南芥AG、SHP、STK的直向同源基因。PrpMADS10和PrpMADS11能是拟南芥PI和TM6的直向同源基因。在拟南芥中过表达PrpMADS4可模拟AG功能。
4：把PrpMADS2、PrpMADS4和PrpMADS5转化为高多态性的SSR标记，并将PrpMADS5定位在桃的第1连锁群上，PrpMADS2和PrpMADS4同在第5连锁群上。目前还没有发现它们与桃属植物开花时间和花器官发育遗传位点的联系。
此外本论文还讨论了利用基因内SSR标记和公共EST数据库挖掘控制重要农艺性状候选基因的途径。
我国有丰富的与桃花发育性状有关的遗传资源，我们的最终目的是找到控制这些重要遗传变异的分子基础并用于桃属果树的遗传改良。本文所克隆基因可能是解释这些变异的重要候选基因。
The knowledge of the genetic control of flowering time and floral organ development in peach may have a significant importance for fruit improvement in Prunus species. More than ten QTLs and major loci associated with blooming time and flower development were identified in Prunus species; however, the molecular factors that control these traits are largely unknown. In contrast, many genes known to control flowering time and floral organ formation have been identified and characterized in model plants, mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana, and a complex network has been established. In this network, floral organ identity genes, MADS box genes, play crucial roles. Assuming that a similar mechanism controls flower development in the model herbaceous and in Prunus species, we should be able to identify candidate key genes homologous with those of model plants and then associate them with the above mentioned traits.
In this paper we report the isolation of eight MADS box genes with complete coding region. Through analyses of their gene sequences and phylogeny it was revealed that they belonged to the distinct clades of the floral identity gene families.
PrpMADS2, PrpMADS5 and PrpMADS7, which belong to distinct SEP gene clades, appear as single copy genes in the peach genome and were found to preferentially express in flower organs and fruits. Arabidopsis transformants expressing 35S::PrpMADS2 were indistinguishable from wild type plants. Overexpression of PrpMADS5 led to earlier flowering. Through chimeric repressor silencing technology, PrpMADS5 was found to function in floral organ development. Expression of PrpMADS7 in Arabidopsis caused a dramatic attenuation of both juvenile and adult growth phases and, in severely affected plants, it led to flower formation immediately after the embryonic phase.
PrpMADS4、 PrpMADS8、 PrpMADS9、 PrpMADS10 and PrpMADS11 are the putative orthologues of AG、 SHP、 STK、 PI and TM6, respectively. Overexpressing PrpMADS4 in Arabidopsis demonstrate it can function like AGAMOUS.
Moreover, based on the sequence variations three SSR markers were developed for PrpMADS2, PrpMADS4 and PrpMADS5. PrpMADS2 and PrpMADS4 were assigned to the linkage group 5 and PrpMADS5 to the group 1. We could not find co-locolization between our MADS box genes and the loci reported that control flower development in peach.
前人对桃属果树及其他蔷薇科植物花发育的遗传位点有较多分析。由于像桃这样的木本植物生长周期长、遗传操作困难，对其花发育的分子遗传控制机制知之甚少。另一方面，近年模式植物花发育有大量研究，揭示出了一个由众多基因组成的调控网络，其中花器官特性基因MADS box基因是这个网络的关键节点，它们在开花时间、花器官发育和果实发育中有重要功能。这些基因在桃中的同源基因可能是控制桃花发育的重要候选基因。本研究从2个方面来研究它们：桃中花发育候选基因的克隆和功能鉴定，基因的分子标记发展和遗传定位并检测其位置是否与前人鉴定的开花时间和花器官发育的遗传位点重合。本研究得到如下结果：
1：通过EST搜索、RACE、同源克隆等方法共克隆8个具有完整编码区的MADS box基因，它们属于B、C、D、E四类花器官特性基因。
2：3个E(SEPALLATA)类基因PrpMADS2、PrpMADS5和PrpMADS7属于3个不同的亚分支，SOUTHERN分析表明3个基因在桃基因组中为单拷贝，它们集中在花和果实中表达，但表达模式各不相同。过表达PrpMADS2的拟南芥与野生型对照相比没有明显差异。在拟南芥中过表达PrpMADS5和PrpMADS7都能促进开花，但PrpMSDS7促进开花的功能更强。PrpMADS5和转录抑制子SRDX融合转化拟南芥可导致花器官发育异常，表明PrpMADS5在花器官发育中扮演重要功能。
3：系统进化分析表明PrpMADS4、PrpMADS8、PrpMADS9可能是拟南芥AG、SHP、STK的直向同源基因。PrpMADS10和PrpMADS11能是拟南芥PI和TM6的直向同源基因。在拟南芥中过表达PrpMADS4可模拟AG功能。
4：把PrpMADS2、PrpMADS4和PrpMADS5转化为高多态性的SSR标记，并将PrpMADS5定位在桃的第1连锁群上，PrpMADS2和PrpMADS4同在第5连锁群上。目前还没有发现它们与桃属植物开花时间和花器官发育遗传位点的联系。
此外本论文还讨论了利用基因内SSR标记和公共EST数据库挖掘控制重要农艺性状候选基因的途径。
我国有丰富的与桃花发育性状有关的遗传资源，我们的最终目的是找到控制这些重要遗传变异的分子基础并用于桃属果树的遗传改良。本文所克隆基因可能是解释这些变异的重要候选基因。
The knowledge of the genetic control of flowering time and floral organ development in peach may have a significant importance for fruit improvement in Prunus species. More than ten QTLs and major loci associated with blooming time and flower development were identified in Prunus species; however, the molecular factors that control these traits are largely unknown. In contrast, many genes known to control flowering time and floral organ formation have been identified and characterized in model plants, mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana, and a complex network has been established. In this network, floral organ identity genes, MADS box genes, play crucial roles. Assuming that a similar mechanism controls flower development in the model herbaceous and in Prunus species, we should be able to identify candidate key genes homologous with those of model plants and then associate them with the above mentioned traits.
In this paper we report the isolation of eight MADS box genes with complete coding region. Through analyses of their gene sequences and phylogeny it was revealed that they belonged to the distinct clades of the floral identity gene families.
PrpMADS2, PrpMADS5 and PrpMADS7, which belong to distinct SEP gene clades, appear as single copy genes in the peach genome and were found to preferentially express in flower organs and fruits. Arabidopsis transformants expressing 35S::PrpMADS2 were indistinguishable from wild type plants. Overexpression of PrpMADS5 led to earlier flowering. Through chimeric repressor silencing technology, PrpMADS5 was found to function in floral organ development. Expression of PrpMADS7 in Arabidopsis caused a dramatic attenuation of both juvenile and adult growth phases and, in severely affected plants, it led to flower formation immediately after the embryonic phase.
PrpMADS4、 PrpMADS8、 PrpMADS9、 PrpMADS10 and PrpMADS11 are the putative orthologues of AG、 SHP、 STK、 PI and TM6, respectively. Overexpressing PrpMADS4 in Arabidopsis demonstrate it can function like AGAMOUS.
Moreover, based on the sequence variations three SSR markers were developed for PrpMADS2, PrpMADS4 and PrpMADS5. PrpMADS2 and PrpMADS4 were assigned to the linkage group 5 and PrpMADS5 to the group 1. We could not find co-locolization between our MADS box genes and the loci reported that control flower development in peach.
引文
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