压力蒸汽热处理对木材性能的影响及其机理
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摘要
木材热处理是目前木材物理改性领域的一个研究热点,通过在隔绝氧气的条件下将木材加热到200℃左右进行处理,可以显著地提高木材的尺寸稳定性与生物耐久性。此外,与化学改性材相比,热处理木材在使用过程中不会向环境释放有毒化学物质,因而被认为是一种环境友好的产品。
本文的研究重点在于比较在常压蒸汽条件下和在压力蒸汽条件下进行热处理的木材在物理、力学和加工性能上的差异,并通过对试材结构的化学分析与仪器分析揭示不同热处理材性能差异的内在机理。我们选取樟子松与柞木作为试验试材,得出以下结论:
在相同热处理温度条件下,压力蒸汽对木材材性的影响大于常压蒸汽。压力蒸汽热处理材的主要力学性能指标,如抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度、冲击韧性与硬度指标都低于常压蒸汽热处理材,但是统计分析的结果表明,两种试材在力学性能方面的差异多数并不显著。在木材的吸湿性和尺寸稳定性试验中,压力蒸汽热处理材的表现则优于常压蒸汽热处理材,试材在不同湿度条件下的平衡含水率更低,径弦向的湿胀率也更小。对两种不同热处理材进行的加工性能试验表明,压力蒸汽热处理材在切削加工过程中的刀体温度低于常压蒸汽热处理材,两者在加工面的表面质量上没有显著差异,但是压力蒸汽热处理材在加工过程中会有更多的细粉尘排放,因而需要配套更好的吸尘和防护设施。
通过化学分析与仪器分析对试材结构进行的比较研究表明,不同热处理材在热处理过程中主要化学物质的反应和降解程度各不相同。相对于常压蒸汽热处理材,压力蒸汽热处理材半纤维素的降解更加显著,而木素与抽提物的含量则高于常压蒸汽热处理材。红外光谱分析进一步证实了上述结论,同时还发现木素的结构经过热处理后也发生了变化,但是木素在热处理过程中的具体变化模式还需要进一步探索。
结合化学分析与仪器分析的结论,不难推断:压力蒸汽热处理材力学性能低于常压蒸汽热处理材是由于在压力蒸汽条件下木材的主要化学组分,特别是碳水化合物的分解更加明显,但是这种分解也导致木材中游离羟基数量的减少,使木材的吸湿性进一步变弱。另一方面,强度和吸湿性的进一步降低又是压力蒸汽热处理材在加工过程中功耗更小,排放粉尘更细的主要原因。
上述研究表明,压力蒸汽热处理的优势在于热处理材的尺寸稳定性更优,在能量消耗更低的同时保证了产品的表面加工质量。虽然压力蒸汽热处理进一步降低了木材的强度,但是这种差异很多在统计上并不显著。需要指出的是,通过热重-红外分析我们发现,只要木材的热处理温度低于200℃其内部化学组分的分解是比较有限的,而在这一过程中木材吸湿性降低和纤维素结晶区比例的增加等因素反而有助于热处理材强度的增加,这就是热处理材某些强度指标,如抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度高于常规对照材的原因。因此综合来说,压力蒸汽热处理材是一种具有实际应用前景的木材热处理产品。
Research on wood heat treatment is currently active in the field of wood physical modification. By means of heating wood up to around 200℃in inert atmosphere, significant improvement on dimensional stability and biological durability can be obtained. Besides, when used, heat-treated wood will not release any toxic substance to the environment, making it an environmentally friendly product compared to chemically modified wood.
In this paper, emphasis is put on the comparison of physical, mechanical and machining properties of heat-treated wood treated in atmospheric steam and pressurized steam, respectively. Chemical and instrument analysis have been performed to explore the underlying reasons for the property difference. Samples of Mongolian pine and Mongolian oak were chosen for the experiments, and results as follows were obtained:
At the same treatment temperature, pressurized steam exerted more influence on properties of wood than atmospheric steam. Samples treated in pressurized steam were inferior to those treated in atmospheric steam when mechanical properties, such as Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), compressive strength parallel to grain, dynamic fracture toughness and hardness, are considered. However, most of these differences were not statistically significant. Pressurized-steam-treated samples performed better in experiments on hygroscopicity and dimensional stability. Lower equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and less swelling in both radial and tangential directions were found compared to atmospheric-steam-treated samples. Machining experiments showed that, when samples treated in pressurized steam were milled, temperature of the blade was lower. The roughness of the processed surface of both kinds of heat-treated samples was statistically the same. However, samples treated in pressurized steam intended to emit more fine sawdust, asking for better dust collecting system and respiratory protection device.
Research on the change of wood structure was performed through chemical and instrument analysis. It was found that the main chemical components of samples treated in different pressure experienced different reaction and degradation. Hemicelluloses of samples treated in pressurized steam degraded more compared to samples treated in atmospheric steam. Meanwhile, the portion of lignin and extractives in the former was higher than in the latter. Those above were supported by the outcome of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Furthermore, the structure of lignin was found changed after heat treatment, although the exact pattern of the change needed further exploration.
From the results of chemical and instrument analysis, we concluded that the lower strength of pressurized-steam-treated samples was attributed to more intense degradation of its main chemical components, especially the carbohydrates. Such degradation also decreased the number of free hydroxyl groups in the wood, making it absorb less moisture. The lower strength and hygroscopicity, in turn, were responsible for less energy consumption and finer dust emission of pressurized-steam-treated wood during machining process.
Conclusions mentioned above showed that the benefit of pressurized steam heat treatment lied in better dimensional stability, less energy consumption during machining process and guaranteed surface quality of its products. Although pressurized steam made the strength of heat-treated wood even lower, in most cases, it was not statistically significant. What should be pointed out here is that, by means of thermogravimetry (TG)-FTIR analysis, we found that the degradation of wood components was limited if the treatment temperature was lower than 200℃. What's more, factors such as less hygroscopicity of wood and higher crystallinity of cellulose made positive contribution to the strength of wood. That's why some strength values like MOE and compressive strength parallel to grain of heat-treated samples were higher than the control ones. So, it can be concluded that pressurized-steam-treated wood has the potential of full scale application.
本文的研究重点在于比较在常压蒸汽条件下和在压力蒸汽条件下进行热处理的木材在物理、力学和加工性能上的差异,并通过对试材结构的化学分析与仪器分析揭示不同热处理材性能差异的内在机理。我们选取樟子松与柞木作为试验试材,得出以下结论:
在相同热处理温度条件下,压力蒸汽对木材材性的影响大于常压蒸汽。压力蒸汽热处理材的主要力学性能指标,如抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度、冲击韧性与硬度指标都低于常压蒸汽热处理材,但是统计分析的结果表明,两种试材在力学性能方面的差异多数并不显著。在木材的吸湿性和尺寸稳定性试验中,压力蒸汽热处理材的表现则优于常压蒸汽热处理材,试材在不同湿度条件下的平衡含水率更低,径弦向的湿胀率也更小。对两种不同热处理材进行的加工性能试验表明,压力蒸汽热处理材在切削加工过程中的刀体温度低于常压蒸汽热处理材,两者在加工面的表面质量上没有显著差异,但是压力蒸汽热处理材在加工过程中会有更多的细粉尘排放,因而需要配套更好的吸尘和防护设施。
通过化学分析与仪器分析对试材结构进行的比较研究表明,不同热处理材在热处理过程中主要化学物质的反应和降解程度各不相同。相对于常压蒸汽热处理材,压力蒸汽热处理材半纤维素的降解更加显著,而木素与抽提物的含量则高于常压蒸汽热处理材。红外光谱分析进一步证实了上述结论,同时还发现木素的结构经过热处理后也发生了变化,但是木素在热处理过程中的具体变化模式还需要进一步探索。
结合化学分析与仪器分析的结论,不难推断:压力蒸汽热处理材力学性能低于常压蒸汽热处理材是由于在压力蒸汽条件下木材的主要化学组分,特别是碳水化合物的分解更加明显,但是这种分解也导致木材中游离羟基数量的减少,使木材的吸湿性进一步变弱。另一方面,强度和吸湿性的进一步降低又是压力蒸汽热处理材在加工过程中功耗更小,排放粉尘更细的主要原因。
上述研究表明,压力蒸汽热处理的优势在于热处理材的尺寸稳定性更优,在能量消耗更低的同时保证了产品的表面加工质量。虽然压力蒸汽热处理进一步降低了木材的强度,但是这种差异很多在统计上并不显著。需要指出的是,通过热重-红外分析我们发现,只要木材的热处理温度低于200℃其内部化学组分的分解是比较有限的,而在这一过程中木材吸湿性降低和纤维素结晶区比例的增加等因素反而有助于热处理材强度的增加,这就是热处理材某些强度指标,如抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度高于常规对照材的原因。因此综合来说,压力蒸汽热处理材是一种具有实际应用前景的木材热处理产品。
Research on wood heat treatment is currently active in the field of wood physical modification. By means of heating wood up to around 200℃in inert atmosphere, significant improvement on dimensional stability and biological durability can be obtained. Besides, when used, heat-treated wood will not release any toxic substance to the environment, making it an environmentally friendly product compared to chemically modified wood.
In this paper, emphasis is put on the comparison of physical, mechanical and machining properties of heat-treated wood treated in atmospheric steam and pressurized steam, respectively. Chemical and instrument analysis have been performed to explore the underlying reasons for the property difference. Samples of Mongolian pine and Mongolian oak were chosen for the experiments, and results as follows were obtained:
At the same treatment temperature, pressurized steam exerted more influence on properties of wood than atmospheric steam. Samples treated in pressurized steam were inferior to those treated in atmospheric steam when mechanical properties, such as Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), compressive strength parallel to grain, dynamic fracture toughness and hardness, are considered. However, most of these differences were not statistically significant. Pressurized-steam-treated samples performed better in experiments on hygroscopicity and dimensional stability. Lower equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and less swelling in both radial and tangential directions were found compared to atmospheric-steam-treated samples. Machining experiments showed that, when samples treated in pressurized steam were milled, temperature of the blade was lower. The roughness of the processed surface of both kinds of heat-treated samples was statistically the same. However, samples treated in pressurized steam intended to emit more fine sawdust, asking for better dust collecting system and respiratory protection device.
Research on the change of wood structure was performed through chemical and instrument analysis. It was found that the main chemical components of samples treated in different pressure experienced different reaction and degradation. Hemicelluloses of samples treated in pressurized steam degraded more compared to samples treated in atmospheric steam. Meanwhile, the portion of lignin and extractives in the former was higher than in the latter. Those above were supported by the outcome of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Furthermore, the structure of lignin was found changed after heat treatment, although the exact pattern of the change needed further exploration.
From the results of chemical and instrument analysis, we concluded that the lower strength of pressurized-steam-treated samples was attributed to more intense degradation of its main chemical components, especially the carbohydrates. Such degradation also decreased the number of free hydroxyl groups in the wood, making it absorb less moisture. The lower strength and hygroscopicity, in turn, were responsible for less energy consumption and finer dust emission of pressurized-steam-treated wood during machining process.
Conclusions mentioned above showed that the benefit of pressurized steam heat treatment lied in better dimensional stability, less energy consumption during machining process and guaranteed surface quality of its products. Although pressurized steam made the strength of heat-treated wood even lower, in most cases, it was not statistically significant. What should be pointed out here is that, by means of thermogravimetry (TG)-FTIR analysis, we found that the degradation of wood components was limited if the treatment temperature was lower than 200℃. What's more, factors such as less hygroscopicity of wood and higher crystallinity of cellulose made positive contribution to the strength of wood. That's why some strength values like MOE and compressive strength parallel to grain of heat-treated samples were higher than the control ones. So, it can be concluded that pressurized-steam-treated wood has the potential of full scale application.
引文
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