镁合金MIG焊焊接工艺研究
|
摘要
本文在传统直流脉冲MIG焊的基础上,通过脉冲后处理电流和负半波电流的添加,分别采用直流脉冲MIG焊和交流脉冲MIG焊两种工艺实现了对镁合金AZ31B板材的良好焊接。焊后利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、万能拉伸试验机和显微硬度仪等设备对焊接接头的组织与性能进行了检测分析。采用高速摄像机对电弧及熔滴过渡形式作了分析和研究。实验结果表明:
1.在传统直流脉冲MIG焊基础上添加脉冲后处理电流,形成了所使用的直流脉冲MIG焊工艺。采用这种焊接工艺,可以实现镁合金的连续焊接,焊缝表面成形美观。其焊缝区晶粒和母材相比不仅得到细化,而且均匀。热影响区的晶粒大小与母材相比有所长大。但是焊接参数范围比较窄,焊接参数之间的匹配也不太容易。熔滴过渡形式,只能可以实现大滴过渡的熔滴过渡形式。其焊接接头平均抗拉强度为母材的96%,平均延伸率也可以达到母材的58%。
2.在传统直流脉冲MIG焊基础上不仅添加脉冲后处理电流,而且添加负半波电流,形成了交流脉冲MIG焊工艺。采用交流脉冲MIG焊工艺,焊接过程电弧更加稳定,焊缝表面成形美观。其焊缝区晶粒和母材相比不仅得到细化,而且均匀。热影响区的晶粒大小与母材相比有所长大。采用交流脉冲MIG焊工艺,其焊接参数范围不仅得到扩大,而且焊接参数之间的匹配也更容易。对焊接过程稳定性起最大作用的是脉冲后处理电流和负半波电流。通过这两个参数的调节,可以实现对焊丝的热输入精确控制。采用交流脉冲MIG焊可以实现大滴过渡和射滴过渡两种过渡形式。其焊接接头平均抗拉强度为母材的97%,平均延伸率也可以达到母材的78%,断面收缩率是母材的199%。
3.采用交流脉冲MIG焊工艺,对焊缝的变形和残余应力进行了研究。试验结果表明,平行于焊接方向呈现膨胀的趋势。垂直焊接方向呈现收缩的趋势,垂直于焊接方向上的变形量比平行于焊缝上的变形量要大的多。对于平行于焊接方向的残余应力,在焊缝上,引弧端和熄弧端仍然表现为压应力,与母材应力性质相同;焊缝中段表现为拉应力。在热影响区上,仍然表现为压应力。对于垂直于焊接方向的残余应力,引弧端和熄弧端垂直于焊接方向的残余应力全是压应力,焊缝区压应力有所释放。焊缝垂直平分线上,焊缝区具有较大的拉应力,热影响区压应力有所增加。
In present study, direct current (DC) pulsed MIG welding and alternating current (AC) pulsed MIG welding are developed by adding a pulse rework current and negative current, based on traditional DC pulsed MIG welding. AZ31B plates are welded with these two processes separately. The microstructure, mechanical property and hardness were investigated by the metal phase microscopy, scanning electron microscope, tensile testing machine and hardness instrument after welding. The detachment of droplets and arc shape is documented with high-speed-camera. The result shows below.
1. DC pulsed MIG welding that we used is formed by adding a pulse rework current based on traditional DC pulsed MIG welding. Continuous weld beads can be obtained. The range of parameters is still narrow, and the parameters can not match with each other easily. Globular transfer form can only be realized. The average ultimate tensile strength of weld beads is 96% of base metal and the average elongation is 58% of base metal.
2. AC pulsed MIG welding is formed by adding a pulse rework current and a negative current. A stable welding procedure and continuous joints can be obtained. When this process is used, not only the welding procedure is stable under a wide range of welding parameters, but also the parameters can be matched with each other easily. The most important factors for MIG welding are negative electrode (EN) ratio and pulse rework current Two metal transfer forms of globular and pulse transfer can be realized. The average ultimate tensile strength of weld beads is 97% of base metal; the average elongation is 78% of base metal; the average contraction is 199% of base metal.
3. The deformation and residual stress of weld bead are studied using AC pulsed MIG welding process. There are several results. The deformation paralleled to weld bead expands. The deformation perpendicular to weld bead shrinks. For the stress paralleled to weld direction on the weld bead, it is compression stress at arc side. It is tension stress at weld bead. For the stress perpendicular to weld direction, it is compression stress at arc side. For the stress on the midnormal line of weld, it is tension stress at weld bead and it is compression stress at HAZ.
1.在传统直流脉冲MIG焊基础上添加脉冲后处理电流,形成了所使用的直流脉冲MIG焊工艺。采用这种焊接工艺,可以实现镁合金的连续焊接,焊缝表面成形美观。其焊缝区晶粒和母材相比不仅得到细化,而且均匀。热影响区的晶粒大小与母材相比有所长大。但是焊接参数范围比较窄,焊接参数之间的匹配也不太容易。熔滴过渡形式,只能可以实现大滴过渡的熔滴过渡形式。其焊接接头平均抗拉强度为母材的96%,平均延伸率也可以达到母材的58%。
2.在传统直流脉冲MIG焊基础上不仅添加脉冲后处理电流,而且添加负半波电流,形成了交流脉冲MIG焊工艺。采用交流脉冲MIG焊工艺,焊接过程电弧更加稳定,焊缝表面成形美观。其焊缝区晶粒和母材相比不仅得到细化,而且均匀。热影响区的晶粒大小与母材相比有所长大。采用交流脉冲MIG焊工艺,其焊接参数范围不仅得到扩大,而且焊接参数之间的匹配也更容易。对焊接过程稳定性起最大作用的是脉冲后处理电流和负半波电流。通过这两个参数的调节,可以实现对焊丝的热输入精确控制。采用交流脉冲MIG焊可以实现大滴过渡和射滴过渡两种过渡形式。其焊接接头平均抗拉强度为母材的97%,平均延伸率也可以达到母材的78%,断面收缩率是母材的199%。
3.采用交流脉冲MIG焊工艺,对焊缝的变形和残余应力进行了研究。试验结果表明,平行于焊接方向呈现膨胀的趋势。垂直焊接方向呈现收缩的趋势,垂直于焊接方向上的变形量比平行于焊缝上的变形量要大的多。对于平行于焊接方向的残余应力,在焊缝上,引弧端和熄弧端仍然表现为压应力,与母材应力性质相同;焊缝中段表现为拉应力。在热影响区上,仍然表现为压应力。对于垂直于焊接方向的残余应力,引弧端和熄弧端垂直于焊接方向的残余应力全是压应力,焊缝区压应力有所释放。焊缝垂直平分线上,焊缝区具有较大的拉应力,热影响区压应力有所增加。
In present study, direct current (DC) pulsed MIG welding and alternating current (AC) pulsed MIG welding are developed by adding a pulse rework current and negative current, based on traditional DC pulsed MIG welding. AZ31B plates are welded with these two processes separately. The microstructure, mechanical property and hardness were investigated by the metal phase microscopy, scanning electron microscope, tensile testing machine and hardness instrument after welding. The detachment of droplets and arc shape is documented with high-speed-camera. The result shows below.
1. DC pulsed MIG welding that we used is formed by adding a pulse rework current based on traditional DC pulsed MIG welding. Continuous weld beads can be obtained. The range of parameters is still narrow, and the parameters can not match with each other easily. Globular transfer form can only be realized. The average ultimate tensile strength of weld beads is 96% of base metal and the average elongation is 58% of base metal.
2. AC pulsed MIG welding is formed by adding a pulse rework current and a negative current. A stable welding procedure and continuous joints can be obtained. When this process is used, not only the welding procedure is stable under a wide range of welding parameters, but also the parameters can be matched with each other easily. The most important factors for MIG welding are negative electrode (EN) ratio and pulse rework current Two metal transfer forms of globular and pulse transfer can be realized. The average ultimate tensile strength of weld beads is 97% of base metal; the average elongation is 78% of base metal; the average contraction is 199% of base metal.
3. The deformation and residual stress of weld bead are studied using AC pulsed MIG welding process. There are several results. The deformation paralleled to weld bead expands. The deformation perpendicular to weld bead shrinks. For the stress paralleled to weld direction on the weld bead, it is compression stress at arc side. It is tension stress at weld bead. For the stress perpendicular to weld direction, it is compression stress at arc side. For the stress on the midnormal line of weld, it is tension stress at weld bead and it is compression stress at HAZ.
引文
[1]Nakata,Kazuhiro.Weldability of magnesium alloys[J].Journal of Light Metal Welding and Construction,2001,39:26-35.
[2]吕宜振.Mg-Al-Zn合金、性能、变形和断裂行为研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2001.
[3]陈振华等.镁合金[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[4]刘正,张奎,曾小勤.镁基轻质合金理论与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[5]ASM Speciality Handbook.Michael M.Avedesian,Hugh Baker:Magnesium and Magnesium alloys[M].Ohio:ASM International,1999.
[6]Robert E.Magnesium Alloys and TheirApplications[J].Light Metal Age,2001:54-58.
[7]Stolbov V I,EltSov V V.Repair of castings of magnesium alloys using three-phase arc[J].Welding Production,1984,31(2):52-53.
[8]Stolbov V I,Eltsov V V.Examination of the stress-strain state in repair welding casting defects in magnesium alloys using a thress-phase arc[J].Welding Production,1985,32(10):32-35.
[9]Stolbov V I,Eltsov V V,Potekhin Y P.Calculation of temperature distribution in repair welding magnesium castings using a three-phase arc[J].Welding Production,1985,32(9):43-47.
[10]Stern A,Munitz A.Partially melted zone microstructural characterization from gas tungsten-arc bead on plate welds of magnesium AZ91 alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science Letters,1999,18(11):853-855.
[11]Munitz A,Cotler C,Stern A.Mechanical properties and microstructure of gas tungsten arc welded magnesium AZ91D plates[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2001,302(1):68-73.
[12]Toshikatsu A,Hiroshi T.Some characteristics of TIG welded joints of AZ31magnesium alloy[J].Keikinzoku,1995,45(2):70-75.
[13]Tsujikawa M,Somekawa H,Higashi K et al.Fatigue of Welded Magnesium Alloy Joints[J].Materials Transactions,2004,45(2):419-422.
[14]HIRAGA Hitoshi,INOUE Takashi,et al.Effect of shielding gas and laser wavelength in laser welding of magnesium alloy sheet[J].Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu,2001,19(4):591-599.
[15]M.Marya,G.R.Edwards.Factors controlling the magnesium weld morphology in deep penetration welding by a CO laser[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2001,10(4):435-443.
[16]H.Zhao,T.DebRoy.Pore formation during laser beam welding of die-cast magnesium alloy AM60B-Mechanism and remedy[J].Welding Journal,2001,80(8):204-210.
[17]苗玉刚,刘黎明,赵杰等.变形镁合金熔焊接头组织特征分析[J].焊接学报,2003,24(2):63-66.
[18]Liu Li-ming,Miao Yu-gang,Song Gang,et al.Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Properties of Welded Joint in Magnesium Alloy[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2004,14(1):l-5.
[19]刘黎明,苗玉刚.镁合金焊接技术探索[A].汽车焊接国际论坛[C],2003,11:232-236.
[20]赵旭,宋刚,刘黎明.镁和钢异种金属熔焊接头微观组织分析[J].焊接学报,2006,27(12):53-56.
[21]柳绪静,刘黎明,王恒,宋刚.镁铝异种金属激光-TIG复合热源焊焊接性分析[J].焊接学报,2005,26(8):31-34.
[22]Liming Liu,Xujing Liu and Shunhua Liu.Microstructure of laser-TIG hybrid welds of dissimilar Mg alloy and Al alloy with Ce as interlayer[J].Scripta Materialia,2006,55:383-386.
[23]ThomasW M,Nicholas E D.Friction stirs welding for the transportation industries[J].Materials & Design,1997,18(4/6):269-273.
[24]Nicholas E D.Developments in the friction stir welding of metals.Proceedings of 6th International Conference Aluminum Alloys[J].Toyohashi,Japan,1998:139-151.
[25]Esparza J A,DavisW C,Murr L E.Microstructure property studies in friction-stir welded thixomolded magnesium alloy AM60[J].Journal of Materials Science,2003,38(5):941-952.
[26]Nagasawa T,OtsukaM.Structure and mechanical properties of friction stir weld joints of magnesium alloy AZ31[J].Tennessee,Nashville:TMS(The Materials,Metals &Materials Society),2000:383-38?.
[27]张华,林三宝,吴林等.镁合金AZ31搅拌摩擦接头的微观组织[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(6):1510-1513.
[28]Park S H C,Sato Y S,Kokawa H.Basal plane texture and flow pattern in friction stir weld of a magnesium alloy[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A:Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,2003,34A(4):987-994.
[29]Nakata K,Inoka S,Nagano Yet al.Weldability of friction stir welding of AZ91D magnesium alloy thixomolded sheet[J].Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals,2001,51(10):528-533.
[30]Park S H C,Sato Y S,Kokawa H et al.Improvement of mechanical properties in thixomolded Mg alloy AZ91D by friction stir welding[C].Proceedings of the International Conference:Trends in Welding Research.Columbus,Ohio:ASM,2002:267-272.
[31]Park S H C,Sato Y S,Kokawa H et al.Effect of micro-texture on fracture location in friction stir weld of Mg alloy AZ61 during tensile test[J].Scripta Marerialia,2003,49:161-166.
[32]M.Rethmeier and S.Wiesner.Characteristic features of MIG welding of magnesium alloys[J].Zeitschrift far Metallkunde,2001,92(3):281-285.
[33]H.Wohlfahrt,M.Rethmeier,Brunswick and Belkacem Bouaifi.Metal-inert gas welding of magnesium alloys[J].Welding and Cutting,2003,55(2):80-84
[34]M.Rethmeier,B.Kleinpeter,H.Wohlfahrt.MIG welding off magnesium alloys metallographic aspects[J].Welding In The World,2004,48(4):28-33.
[35]T.Ueyama and K.Nakata.Pulsed MIG welding of magnesium alloy[J].Kei Kinzoku Yosetsu,2004,42,203-213.
[36]刘金华,王文先,王一峰,崔泽琴.AZ31B镁合金TIG和MIG焊接接头组织性能比较分析[J].太原理工大学学报,2008,39:1-4.
[37]冯杰才,陈东高,谭兵等.AZ31激光-MIG复合热源焊接参数对焊缝形貌的影响[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2009,32(2):100-103.
[38]M.Gao,X.Y.Zeng,B.Tan and J.C.Feng.Sci.Study of laser MIG hybrid welded AZ31 magnesium alloy[J].Technol.Weld.Join.,2009,14(2):274-281.
[39]胡学安,徐道荣.镁合金的焊接方法及其工艺要素[J].轻金属加工技术,2006,34(8):11-12
[40]M.Suban and Janez Tusek:Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,143:430-437.
[41]P.K.Ghosh,L.Dorn,M.H(u|¨)bner and Y.K.Goyal.Arc characteristics and behaviour of metal transfer in pulsed current GMA welding of aluminium alloy[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2007,194:163-175.
[42]P.K.Ghosh,L.Dorn,S.Kulkarni and F.Hofmann.Arc characteristics and behaviour of metal transfer in pulsed current GMA welding of stainless steel[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2009,209,1262-1274.
[43]P.Praveena,M.J.Kangb and P.K.D.V.Yarlagadda.Drop transfer mode prediction in pulse GMAW of aluminum using statistical model[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2008,201:502-506.
[44]Danut Iordachescu,Luisa Quintino.Steps toward a new classification of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding[J].Journal of materials processing technology,2008,202:391-397.
[45]Liming Liu,Changfu Dong.Gas tungsten-arc filler welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy [J].Materials Letters,2006,60:2194-2197.
[46] Liu Liming, Wang Jifeng, Song Gang. Hybrid laser - TIG welding, laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2004, 381:129-133.
[47] I.A. Yakubtsov, B. J. Diak, C. A. Sager, B. Bhattacharya, W. D. MacDonald, M. Niewczas. Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and tensile deformation of Mg AZ80 alloy at room temperature[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2008, 496:247 - 255.
[48] L. M. Liu, G. Song, J. F. Wang and G. L. Liang, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2004, 14:552-554.
[49] Liu Liming, Miao Yugang, Song Gang, Liang Guoli. Effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of welded joint in magnesium alloy AZ31B [J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2004,14(1):88-92
[50] Su S F, Huang J C, Lin H K, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,2002,33: 1461-1473.
[51]钟群鹏,赵子华．断口学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社,2006．
[52] Altschuller B. A guide to GMA welding of aluminum [J]. Welding journal, 1998, (June) : 49 - 55.
[53] Dorling DV. Applying pulsed GMA welding to pipeline construction [J]. Welding journal, 1992, 71 (10):39-44.
[54] Nacey TJ. Fourth generation inverters add artificial intelligence to the control of GMA welding [J]. Welding journal, 1993,72(2):31 - 36.
[55] Yamamoto H, Harada S, Ueyama T. Improved current control makes inverters the power sources of choice. Welding journal, 1997, 76(2) :47 -49.
[56] Byrd Terry. Inverter power sources: an efficient alternative [J]. Welding journal, 1993, 72(1) :37- 42.
[57] Schiedermayer Mark. Improving the reliability of inverter based welding machines [J]. Welding journal, 1997, 76(2):51 - 52.
[58] C. H. Jennings and A. B. White: Welding Journal, 1941,20,427s-436s.
[59] Tong H, Era T, Ueyama T. Development of adaptive control system for alternating current pulsed metal inert gas welding parameters [J]. Sci. Technol. Weld. J., 2002, 7(6) :408-412.
[60] Ueyama T, Tong H, Harada S, Passmore R, Ushhio M. AC pulsed GMAW improves sheet metal joining[J]. Welding Journal, 2005, 84(2) :40 - 46.
[61] Jilong Ma and R. L. Apps. Analyzing metal transfer during MIG welding [J]. Welding and Metal Fabrication, 1983, 51:119 - 122.
[62] N. B. Potluri, P. K. Ghosh, Y. Srikant Reddy, Studies on weld metal characteristics and their influence on tensile and fatigue properties of pulse current GMA welded Al - Zn - Mg alloy[J]. Welding Journal, 1996, 75(2):62s - 70s.
[63]Tong H,Ueyama T,Harada S,Ushhio M.Quality and productivity improvement in aluminum alloy thin sheet welding using alternating current pulsed metal inert gas welding system[J].Sci.Technol.Weld.Join.,2001,6(4):203-208.
[64]Rakesh Kumar,Ulrich Dilthey,D.K.Dwivedi,P.K.Ghosh.Thin sheet welding of Al 6082 alloy by AC pulse-GMA and AC wave pulse-GMA welding[J].Materials and Design,2009,30:306-313.
[65]L.M.Liu,G.Song and M.S.Chi.Laser-tungsten inert gas hybrid welding of dissimilar AZ based magnesium alloys[J].Materials Science and Technology,2005,21(9):1078-1082.
[2]吕宜振.Mg-Al-Zn合金、性能、变形和断裂行为研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2001.
[3]陈振华等.镁合金[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[4]刘正,张奎,曾小勤.镁基轻质合金理论与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[5]ASM Speciality Handbook.Michael M.Avedesian,Hugh Baker:Magnesium and Magnesium alloys[M].Ohio:ASM International,1999.
[6]Robert E.Magnesium Alloys and TheirApplications[J].Light Metal Age,2001:54-58.
[7]Stolbov V I,EltSov V V.Repair of castings of magnesium alloys using three-phase arc[J].Welding Production,1984,31(2):52-53.
[8]Stolbov V I,Eltsov V V.Examination of the stress-strain state in repair welding casting defects in magnesium alloys using a thress-phase arc[J].Welding Production,1985,32(10):32-35.
[9]Stolbov V I,Eltsov V V,Potekhin Y P.Calculation of temperature distribution in repair welding magnesium castings using a three-phase arc[J].Welding Production,1985,32(9):43-47.
[10]Stern A,Munitz A.Partially melted zone microstructural characterization from gas tungsten-arc bead on plate welds of magnesium AZ91 alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science Letters,1999,18(11):853-855.
[11]Munitz A,Cotler C,Stern A.Mechanical properties and microstructure of gas tungsten arc welded magnesium AZ91D plates[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2001,302(1):68-73.
[12]Toshikatsu A,Hiroshi T.Some characteristics of TIG welded joints of AZ31magnesium alloy[J].Keikinzoku,1995,45(2):70-75.
[13]Tsujikawa M,Somekawa H,Higashi K et al.Fatigue of Welded Magnesium Alloy Joints[J].Materials Transactions,2004,45(2):419-422.
[14]HIRAGA Hitoshi,INOUE Takashi,et al.Effect of shielding gas and laser wavelength in laser welding of magnesium alloy sheet[J].Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu,2001,19(4):591-599.
[15]M.Marya,G.R.Edwards.Factors controlling the magnesium weld morphology in deep penetration welding by a CO laser[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2001,10(4):435-443.
[16]H.Zhao,T.DebRoy.Pore formation during laser beam welding of die-cast magnesium alloy AM60B-Mechanism and remedy[J].Welding Journal,2001,80(8):204-210.
[17]苗玉刚,刘黎明,赵杰等.变形镁合金熔焊接头组织特征分析[J].焊接学报,2003,24(2):63-66.
[18]Liu Li-ming,Miao Yu-gang,Song Gang,et al.Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Properties of Welded Joint in Magnesium Alloy[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2004,14(1):l-5.
[19]刘黎明,苗玉刚.镁合金焊接技术探索[A].汽车焊接国际论坛[C],2003,11:232-236.
[20]赵旭,宋刚,刘黎明.镁和钢异种金属熔焊接头微观组织分析[J].焊接学报,2006,27(12):53-56.
[21]柳绪静,刘黎明,王恒,宋刚.镁铝异种金属激光-TIG复合热源焊焊接性分析[J].焊接学报,2005,26(8):31-34.
[22]Liming Liu,Xujing Liu and Shunhua Liu.Microstructure of laser-TIG hybrid welds of dissimilar Mg alloy and Al alloy with Ce as interlayer[J].Scripta Materialia,2006,55:383-386.
[23]ThomasW M,Nicholas E D.Friction stirs welding for the transportation industries[J].Materials & Design,1997,18(4/6):269-273.
[24]Nicholas E D.Developments in the friction stir welding of metals.Proceedings of 6th International Conference Aluminum Alloys[J].Toyohashi,Japan,1998:139-151.
[25]Esparza J A,DavisW C,Murr L E.Microstructure property studies in friction-stir welded thixomolded magnesium alloy AM60[J].Journal of Materials Science,2003,38(5):941-952.
[26]Nagasawa T,OtsukaM.Structure and mechanical properties of friction stir weld joints of magnesium alloy AZ31[J].Tennessee,Nashville:TMS(The Materials,Metals &Materials Society),2000:383-38?.
[27]张华,林三宝,吴林等.镁合金AZ31搅拌摩擦接头的微观组织[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(6):1510-1513.
[28]Park S H C,Sato Y S,Kokawa H.Basal plane texture and flow pattern in friction stir weld of a magnesium alloy[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A:Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,2003,34A(4):987-994.
[29]Nakata K,Inoka S,Nagano Yet al.Weldability of friction stir welding of AZ91D magnesium alloy thixomolded sheet[J].Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals,2001,51(10):528-533.
[30]Park S H C,Sato Y S,Kokawa H et al.Improvement of mechanical properties in thixomolded Mg alloy AZ91D by friction stir welding[C].Proceedings of the International Conference:Trends in Welding Research.Columbus,Ohio:ASM,2002:267-272.
[31]Park S H C,Sato Y S,Kokawa H et al.Effect of micro-texture on fracture location in friction stir weld of Mg alloy AZ61 during tensile test[J].Scripta Marerialia,2003,49:161-166.
[32]M.Rethmeier and S.Wiesner.Characteristic features of MIG welding of magnesium alloys[J].Zeitschrift far Metallkunde,2001,92(3):281-285.
[33]H.Wohlfahrt,M.Rethmeier,Brunswick and Belkacem Bouaifi.Metal-inert gas welding of magnesium alloys[J].Welding and Cutting,2003,55(2):80-84
[34]M.Rethmeier,B.Kleinpeter,H.Wohlfahrt.MIG welding off magnesium alloys metallographic aspects[J].Welding In The World,2004,48(4):28-33.
[35]T.Ueyama and K.Nakata.Pulsed MIG welding of magnesium alloy[J].Kei Kinzoku Yosetsu,2004,42,203-213.
[36]刘金华,王文先,王一峰,崔泽琴.AZ31B镁合金TIG和MIG焊接接头组织性能比较分析[J].太原理工大学学报,2008,39:1-4.
[37]冯杰才,陈东高,谭兵等.AZ31激光-MIG复合热源焊接参数对焊缝形貌的影响[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2009,32(2):100-103.
[38]M.Gao,X.Y.Zeng,B.Tan and J.C.Feng.Sci.Study of laser MIG hybrid welded AZ31 magnesium alloy[J].Technol.Weld.Join.,2009,14(2):274-281.
[39]胡学安,徐道荣.镁合金的焊接方法及其工艺要素[J].轻金属加工技术,2006,34(8):11-12
[40]M.Suban and Janez Tusek:Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,143:430-437.
[41]P.K.Ghosh,L.Dorn,M.H(u|¨)bner and Y.K.Goyal.Arc characteristics and behaviour of metal transfer in pulsed current GMA welding of aluminium alloy[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2007,194:163-175.
[42]P.K.Ghosh,L.Dorn,S.Kulkarni and F.Hofmann.Arc characteristics and behaviour of metal transfer in pulsed current GMA welding of stainless steel[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2009,209,1262-1274.
[43]P.Praveena,M.J.Kangb and P.K.D.V.Yarlagadda.Drop transfer mode prediction in pulse GMAW of aluminum using statistical model[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2008,201:502-506.
[44]Danut Iordachescu,Luisa Quintino.Steps toward a new classification of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding[J].Journal of materials processing technology,2008,202:391-397.
[45]Liming Liu,Changfu Dong.Gas tungsten-arc filler welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy [J].Materials Letters,2006,60:2194-2197.
[46] Liu Liming, Wang Jifeng, Song Gang. Hybrid laser - TIG welding, laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2004, 381:129-133.
[47] I.A. Yakubtsov, B. J. Diak, C. A. Sager, B. Bhattacharya, W. D. MacDonald, M. Niewczas. Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and tensile deformation of Mg AZ80 alloy at room temperature[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2008, 496:247 - 255.
[48] L. M. Liu, G. Song, J. F. Wang and G. L. Liang, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2004, 14:552-554.
[49] Liu Liming, Miao Yugang, Song Gang, Liang Guoli. Effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of welded joint in magnesium alloy AZ31B [J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2004,14(1):88-92
[50] Su S F, Huang J C, Lin H K, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,2002,33: 1461-1473.
[51]钟群鹏,赵子华．断口学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社,2006．
[52] Altschuller B. A guide to GMA welding of aluminum [J]. Welding journal, 1998, (June) : 49 - 55.
[53] Dorling DV. Applying pulsed GMA welding to pipeline construction [J]. Welding journal, 1992, 71 (10):39-44.
[54] Nacey TJ. Fourth generation inverters add artificial intelligence to the control of GMA welding [J]. Welding journal, 1993,72(2):31 - 36.
[55] Yamamoto H, Harada S, Ueyama T. Improved current control makes inverters the power sources of choice. Welding journal, 1997, 76(2) :47 -49.
[56] Byrd Terry. Inverter power sources: an efficient alternative [J]. Welding journal, 1993, 72(1) :37- 42.
[57] Schiedermayer Mark. Improving the reliability of inverter based welding machines [J]. Welding journal, 1997, 76(2):51 - 52.
[58] C. H. Jennings and A. B. White: Welding Journal, 1941,20,427s-436s.
[59] Tong H, Era T, Ueyama T. Development of adaptive control system for alternating current pulsed metal inert gas welding parameters [J]. Sci. Technol. Weld. J., 2002, 7(6) :408-412.
[60] Ueyama T, Tong H, Harada S, Passmore R, Ushhio M. AC pulsed GMAW improves sheet metal joining[J]. Welding Journal, 2005, 84(2) :40 - 46.
[61] Jilong Ma and R. L. Apps. Analyzing metal transfer during MIG welding [J]. Welding and Metal Fabrication, 1983, 51:119 - 122.
[62] N. B. Potluri, P. K. Ghosh, Y. Srikant Reddy, Studies on weld metal characteristics and their influence on tensile and fatigue properties of pulse current GMA welded Al - Zn - Mg alloy[J]. Welding Journal, 1996, 75(2):62s - 70s.
[63]Tong H,Ueyama T,Harada S,Ushhio M.Quality and productivity improvement in aluminum alloy thin sheet welding using alternating current pulsed metal inert gas welding system[J].Sci.Technol.Weld.Join.,2001,6(4):203-208.
[64]Rakesh Kumar,Ulrich Dilthey,D.K.Dwivedi,P.K.Ghosh.Thin sheet welding of Al 6082 alloy by AC pulse-GMA and AC wave pulse-GMA welding[J].Materials and Design,2009,30:306-313.
[65]L.M.Liu,G.Song and M.S.Chi.Laser-tungsten inert gas hybrid welding of dissimilar AZ based magnesium alloys[J].Materials Science and Technology,2005,21(9):1078-1082.