云南横断山地区高山姬鼠（Apodemus chevrieri）能量对策的适应性研究
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摘要
本论文以分布于云南西部横断山地区的高山姬鼠为研究对象,从野外实验和实验室驯化两个方面,个体、器官、细胞和激素四个水平,对其能量对策的适应性调节进行研究,为探讨横断山区小型哺乳动物的生理生态适应特征提供一些科学依据。
本论文主要分为六部分：
1、高山姬鼠消化道形态的季节动态
2、高山姬鼠身体能值的适应性调节
3、高山姬鼠体温调节和肺皮失水的季节性差异
4、高山姬鼠冷诱导和运动诱导最大代谢率
5、温度对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征和血清瘦素的影响
6、血清瘦素对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征的影响
主要结果
1、高山姬鼠消化道形态的季节变化特征如下：
高山姬鼠消化道总长以6月份最长,3月份最短,季节之间差异极显著。不同季节间,高山姬鼠消化道总含内容物重,总去内容物重,总干重均有极显著差异。胃,小肠,大肠含内容物重、去内容物重、干重均有极显著差异,盲肠含内容物重、干重没有显著差异,去内容物重有显著变化。除大肠热值没有显著差异外,其它各消化器官热值均有极显著差异。不同季节间小肠长度差异显著,大肠、盲肠长度有极显著差异。
2、高山姬鼠身体能值的适应性调节
高山姬鼠体重、酮体重、身体能值均以6月份最大,3月份最小,季节之间差异极显著。实验室饲养30d组体重显著高于野外采集组,酮体重、身体能值极显著大于野外采集组。冷驯化42d体重低于实验室饲养组,酮体重、身体能值与正常条件下实验室饲养组之间有极显著差异,冷驯化组的酮体重和身体能值极显著低于实验室饲养组。
3、高山姬鼠体温调节和肺皮失水的季节性差异
不同季节中,高山姬鼠的夏季体重、体温、EHL／HP、EHL／RMR极显著高于冬季。冬季高山姬鼠的热中性区为20～27.5℃,夏季为22.5-27.5℃,冬季基础代谢率、热传导、干燥热传导、蒸发失水量、EHL／EW显著高于夏季。在季节性环境中,高山姬鼠通过降低体重、体温,增加产热来适应冬季低温；同时通过降低肺皮蒸发失水量、降低蒸发热散失占总产热的比率等途径适应冬季干燥缺水的环境。
4、高山姬鼠冷诱导和运动诱导的最大代谢率
冬季的BMR、NST极显著高于夏季,MMR显著高于夏季。冷诱导的最大代谢率显著高于运动诱导的最大代谢率,两种诱导方式条件下的基础代谢率没有显著差异。
5、温度对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征和血清瘦素的影响
冷驯化过程中,高山姬鼠的体重、体温、血清瘦素含量下降,28d后达到最趋于稳定。同时,25℃RMR、NST显著增加,肝脏、BAT相对重量,肝脏总蛋白含量、线粒体蛋白含量、状态Ⅲ、状态Ⅳ呼吸均出现不同程度的增加,28d后达到最大值后趋于稳定。
6、冷驯化过程中血清瘦素对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征的影响：
在冷驯化过程中下,血清瘦素含量和体重、体温成极显著正相关关系,和BMR、NST、EI成极显著负相关关系。瘦素可能参与了冷诱导的体重、体温降低,食物摄入增加,同时参与了产热的调节。结论：
综上所述,高山姬鼠产热特征、体温调节模式、消化道和身体能值的调节特征很可能反映了横断山地区小型啮齿动物该地区年温差小、日温差大,干湿季节分明的独特环境特征的适应模式,即冬季和冷驯化条件下体重、体温、蒸发失水量、身体能值等降低,而BMR、NST、MMR增加；同时,身体能值和消化道形态存在季节性调节。说明高山姬鼠在季节性环境或在冷胁迫条件下,能够降低体重,减少能量的绝对需要,降低体温,以减少维持体温恒定的能量,并同时增加能量摄入、增强产热能力等途径适应环境温度的变化。此外,还通过调节保水和失水的能力,适应环境中水资源的变化。
Apodemus chevrieri in Hengduan mountains region of Yunnan was our research objects. Their energy strategies were studied in fields and in lab from the individual, organs, cells and hormones levels to provide basic data about adaptive characteristics in physiological ecology of small mammals in this region.
This thesis consists of six parts:
1、Seasonal variations of the digestive tract morphology in Apodemus chevrieri
2、Accommodation of Body Energy Contents in Apodemus chevrieri
3、Seasonal variations of body temperature regulation and evaporative water loss in Apodemus chevrieri
4、Maximal metabolic rates during forced exercise and cold exposure in Apodemus chevrieri
5、The Effect of temperature on energy metabolism, thermogenesis and serum leptin concentration in Apodemus chevrieri
6、Effects of leptin on energy metabolism, thermogenesis in Apodemus chevrieri under cold acclimation
The results were outlined as follows:
1 The results indicated that the organ (stomach, small intestine, large, intestine and caecum) of Apodemus chevrieri had significant seasonal variations. Each index of stomach, small intestine and large intestine was higher in June and September, as well as the weight without contents and dry weight of caecum.The length and weight with contents of caecum were higher in March and November. In order to maintain the normal physiological function, Apodemus chevrieri adjusted the morphology of digestive tract during seasonal circumstances.
2 The results indicated that the body energy contents of Apodemus chevrieri had seasonal variations and acquits fast adaptive characters in different disposals. The energy contents were the largest in June, and the smallest in March. In the cold acclimation, the energy contents had significant decrease, and in the condition of lab-breeding, the figure increased notability.
3 The results indicated that body mass, body temperature, EHL/HP and EHL/RMR of Apodemus chevrieri in summer were significantly higher than those in winter. The thermal neutral zone(TNZ) in winter was 20.5～27.5℃and was 22.5～27.5℃in summer. Basal metabolic rates(BMR), thermal conductance (C), dry thermal conductance, evaporative water loss(EWL) and EHL/EW were higher in winter. Apodemus chevrieri have low body temperature, high levels of basal metabolic rate in winter, high levels of total thermal conductance and high levels of evaporative water loss in summer.
4 The results indicated that BMR, NST and MMR of Apodemus chevrieri in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. MMR which induced by cold-exposure was significantly higher than induced by forced exercise, while BMR had not significantly difference between the two methods.
5 Results showed that the body mass, body temperature and serum leptin concentration of Apodemus chevrieri had reduced during 28 days and kept stable after reached the lowest level. IE, BMR, NST increased significantly, the total protein content and mitochondrial protein content in liver, relative mass of liver and BAT,stateⅢand stateⅣof mitochondrial respiration of liver were increased respectively during cold-exposure. After the 28d, each index reached to the highest level and then kept stable.
6 In the course of cold acclimation, there was significant positive correlation between serum leptin concentration and body weight, body temperature, respectively. and there was significant negative correlation between serum leptin concentration and BMR, NST, El. Leptin may be involved in the reducing body mass, body temperature, increasing EI, and in the production of heat.
Conclusions:
In summery, thermogenic characteristics, thermoregulatory styles and the accommodation of digestive tract and body energy contents of Apodemus chevrieri is likely to reflect the adaptation Model in small rodents in the Hengduan Mountains region.In the seasonal environment or cold stress conditions, Apodemus chevrieri could reduce the absolute need for energy by reducing body mass, body temperature, increase energy intake and thermogenic capacity, In addition, Apodemus chevrieri had the ability of regulating the water and water loss of the ability to adapt to environmental changes in water resources.
本论文主要分为六部分：
1、高山姬鼠消化道形态的季节动态
2、高山姬鼠身体能值的适应性调节
3、高山姬鼠体温调节和肺皮失水的季节性差异
4、高山姬鼠冷诱导和运动诱导最大代谢率
5、温度对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征和血清瘦素的影响
6、血清瘦素对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征的影响
主要结果
1、高山姬鼠消化道形态的季节变化特征如下：
高山姬鼠消化道总长以6月份最长,3月份最短,季节之间差异极显著。不同季节间,高山姬鼠消化道总含内容物重,总去内容物重,总干重均有极显著差异。胃,小肠,大肠含内容物重、去内容物重、干重均有极显著差异,盲肠含内容物重、干重没有显著差异,去内容物重有显著变化。除大肠热值没有显著差异外,其它各消化器官热值均有极显著差异。不同季节间小肠长度差异显著,大肠、盲肠长度有极显著差异。
2、高山姬鼠身体能值的适应性调节
高山姬鼠体重、酮体重、身体能值均以6月份最大,3月份最小,季节之间差异极显著。实验室饲养30d组体重显著高于野外采集组,酮体重、身体能值极显著大于野外采集组。冷驯化42d体重低于实验室饲养组,酮体重、身体能值与正常条件下实验室饲养组之间有极显著差异,冷驯化组的酮体重和身体能值极显著低于实验室饲养组。
3、高山姬鼠体温调节和肺皮失水的季节性差异
不同季节中,高山姬鼠的夏季体重、体温、EHL／HP、EHL／RMR极显著高于冬季。冬季高山姬鼠的热中性区为20～27.5℃,夏季为22.5-27.5℃,冬季基础代谢率、热传导、干燥热传导、蒸发失水量、EHL／EW显著高于夏季。在季节性环境中,高山姬鼠通过降低体重、体温,增加产热来适应冬季低温；同时通过降低肺皮蒸发失水量、降低蒸发热散失占总产热的比率等途径适应冬季干燥缺水的环境。
4、高山姬鼠冷诱导和运动诱导的最大代谢率
冬季的BMR、NST极显著高于夏季,MMR显著高于夏季。冷诱导的最大代谢率显著高于运动诱导的最大代谢率,两种诱导方式条件下的基础代谢率没有显著差异。
5、温度对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征和血清瘦素的影响
冷驯化过程中,高山姬鼠的体重、体温、血清瘦素含量下降,28d后达到最趋于稳定。同时,25℃RMR、NST显著增加,肝脏、BAT相对重量,肝脏总蛋白含量、线粒体蛋白含量、状态Ⅲ、状态Ⅳ呼吸均出现不同程度的增加,28d后达到最大值后趋于稳定。
6、冷驯化过程中血清瘦素对高山姬鼠能量收支、产热特征的影响：
在冷驯化过程中下,血清瘦素含量和体重、体温成极显著正相关关系,和BMR、NST、EI成极显著负相关关系。瘦素可能参与了冷诱导的体重、体温降低,食物摄入增加,同时参与了产热的调节。结论：
综上所述,高山姬鼠产热特征、体温调节模式、消化道和身体能值的调节特征很可能反映了横断山地区小型啮齿动物该地区年温差小、日温差大,干湿季节分明的独特环境特征的适应模式,即冬季和冷驯化条件下体重、体温、蒸发失水量、身体能值等降低,而BMR、NST、MMR增加；同时,身体能值和消化道形态存在季节性调节。说明高山姬鼠在季节性环境或在冷胁迫条件下,能够降低体重,减少能量的绝对需要,降低体温,以减少维持体温恒定的能量,并同时增加能量摄入、增强产热能力等途径适应环境温度的变化。此外,还通过调节保水和失水的能力,适应环境中水资源的变化。
Apodemus chevrieri in Hengduan mountains region of Yunnan was our research objects. Their energy strategies were studied in fields and in lab from the individual, organs, cells and hormones levels to provide basic data about adaptive characteristics in physiological ecology of small mammals in this region.
This thesis consists of six parts:
1、Seasonal variations of the digestive tract morphology in Apodemus chevrieri
2、Accommodation of Body Energy Contents in Apodemus chevrieri
3、Seasonal variations of body temperature regulation and evaporative water loss in Apodemus chevrieri
4、Maximal metabolic rates during forced exercise and cold exposure in Apodemus chevrieri
5、The Effect of temperature on energy metabolism, thermogenesis and serum leptin concentration in Apodemus chevrieri
6、Effects of leptin on energy metabolism, thermogenesis in Apodemus chevrieri under cold acclimation
The results were outlined as follows:
1 The results indicated that the organ (stomach, small intestine, large, intestine and caecum) of Apodemus chevrieri had significant seasonal variations. Each index of stomach, small intestine and large intestine was higher in June and September, as well as the weight without contents and dry weight of caecum.The length and weight with contents of caecum were higher in March and November. In order to maintain the normal physiological function, Apodemus chevrieri adjusted the morphology of digestive tract during seasonal circumstances.
2 The results indicated that the body energy contents of Apodemus chevrieri had seasonal variations and acquits fast adaptive characters in different disposals. The energy contents were the largest in June, and the smallest in March. In the cold acclimation, the energy contents had significant decrease, and in the condition of lab-breeding, the figure increased notability.
3 The results indicated that body mass, body temperature, EHL/HP and EHL/RMR of Apodemus chevrieri in summer were significantly higher than those in winter. The thermal neutral zone(TNZ) in winter was 20.5～27.5℃and was 22.5～27.5℃in summer. Basal metabolic rates(BMR), thermal conductance (C), dry thermal conductance, evaporative water loss(EWL) and EHL/EW were higher in winter. Apodemus chevrieri have low body temperature, high levels of basal metabolic rate in winter, high levels of total thermal conductance and high levels of evaporative water loss in summer.
4 The results indicated that BMR, NST and MMR of Apodemus chevrieri in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. MMR which induced by cold-exposure was significantly higher than induced by forced exercise, while BMR had not significantly difference between the two methods.
5 Results showed that the body mass, body temperature and serum leptin concentration of Apodemus chevrieri had reduced during 28 days and kept stable after reached the lowest level. IE, BMR, NST increased significantly, the total protein content and mitochondrial protein content in liver, relative mass of liver and BAT,stateⅢand stateⅣof mitochondrial respiration of liver were increased respectively during cold-exposure. After the 28d, each index reached to the highest level and then kept stable.
6 In the course of cold acclimation, there was significant positive correlation between serum leptin concentration and body weight, body temperature, respectively. and there was significant negative correlation between serum leptin concentration and BMR, NST, El. Leptin may be involved in the reducing body mass, body temperature, increasing EI, and in the production of heat.
Conclusions:
In summery, thermogenic characteristics, thermoregulatory styles and the accommodation of digestive tract and body energy contents of Apodemus chevrieri is likely to reflect the adaptation Model in small rodents in the Hengduan Mountains region.In the seasonal environment or cold stress conditions, Apodemus chevrieri could reduce the absolute need for energy by reducing body mass, body temperature, increase energy intake and thermogenic capacity, In addition, Apodemus chevrieri had the ability of regulating the water and water loss of the ability to adapt to environmental changes in water resources.
引文
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