满足摩托车国Ⅲ排放标准的碳罐匹配技术研究
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摘要
近年来,我国摩托车工业飞速发展,2008年产销量突破2700万辆,出口突破800万辆,成为世界摩托车产业大国。与此同时,国内摩托车保有量也稳步增长,已突破8800万辆。如此庞大的数字背后,摩托车排放物对环境的污染越来越严重。国家已经颁布出台了《摩托车和轻便摩托车燃油蒸发污染物排放限值及测量方法》(GB 20998-2007)、《摩托车污染物排放限值及测量方法》(中国第三阶段,GB14622-2007),标准中明确规定两轮摩托车自2010年7月1日起严格执行国三及燃油蒸发标准,摩托车行业将面临严峻的挑战。目前,我国的摩托车行业现状是化油器式摩托车和电喷式摩托车共存,因此,从技术上解决好两种型式摩托车的燃油蒸发控制问题很有必要而且势在必行。
本文首先对化油器式摩托车燃油蒸发控制的发展状况进行了分析。分析表明,摩托车燃油蒸发控制的关键技术主要集中在活性碳罐的工作性能研究及优化、燃油蒸发控制系统与摩托车匹配技术研究。本文对影响活性碳罐工作性能的各种因素进行了研究,并对碳罐内部流场进行了仿真计算,通过对碳罐内部结果的优化来提高其工作能力,通过大量实验验证了提高碳罐工作性能的关键技术路线的正确性。
本文对摩托车进气系统的压力分布进行了模拟计算,得到了摩托车进气道系统压力分布规律。进气管内压力与曲轴转角的变化关系的获得为确定碳罐PCV阀开启时间,以及脱附效果提供了理论依据。根据计算及试验结果搭建了化油器式摩托车燃油蒸发控制系统,通过对系统进行国三排放试验、燃油蒸发控制试验,探索了摩托车燃油蒸发控制系统对排发动机排放的影响规律,研究表明该设计理论及燃油蒸发控制系统能够满足国三及燃油蒸发控制标准要求。
During resent years, along with the improvement of motorcycle industry, the produce and sale amount of the motorcycle exceed 27 million and the export amount exceed 8 million in 2008. At the same time, the number of retained motorcycle grew up steadily and reached 88 million. The number shows a fact that pollution of motorcycle discharge is deteriorating. The nation has promulgated《motorcycle and light motorcycle fuel evaporant emission limitvalue and texting methods》(GB 20998-2007)、《motorcycle fuel evaporant emission limitvalue and texting methods》(national third stages, GB 14622-2007), Which require two-wheel motorcycles implemented the Chinese Emission RegulationⅢstandards and fuel evaporative standards strictly since July 1,2010. The motorcycle industry will face serious challenges. Carburetor motorcycle and EFI motorcycle coexistence is the status quo of China's motorcycle industry. Therefore, solve the fuel evaporation control problems of two types of motorcycle is necessary and imperative.
First, fuel vapor control technology related issues of the carbureted motorcycle was described in the thesis. The research indicated that, the key technology of motorcycle evaporative emission control focus on the activated carbon canister's performance and matching evaporative emission control system to motorcycle.The effect factors of activated carbon canister's performance was studied, and has simulated the flow distribution inside the canister. The results were used to optimize canister's performance, a lot of experiments have verified the rationality of technical approaches.
Second, the simulation study was carried out on the pressure distribution of motorcycle intake system, and the distribution law of pressure was acquired. The intake pressure via engine crank angle has provided theoretical basis to determine the opening time of PCV valve and desorption effects. A fuel vapor control system model of carbureted motorcycle was bulit, which was based on calculations and test results.Through the Chinese Emission RegulationⅢtesting and fuel vapor control tests, the rules which evaporative emission control system affect the emissions has been studied, the research proved that:this design theory and the fuel vapor control system can meet the Chinese Emission RegulationⅢstandards and fuel vapor control standards.
本文首先对化油器式摩托车燃油蒸发控制的发展状况进行了分析。分析表明,摩托车燃油蒸发控制的关键技术主要集中在活性碳罐的工作性能研究及优化、燃油蒸发控制系统与摩托车匹配技术研究。本文对影响活性碳罐工作性能的各种因素进行了研究,并对碳罐内部流场进行了仿真计算,通过对碳罐内部结果的优化来提高其工作能力,通过大量实验验证了提高碳罐工作性能的关键技术路线的正确性。
本文对摩托车进气系统的压力分布进行了模拟计算,得到了摩托车进气道系统压力分布规律。进气管内压力与曲轴转角的变化关系的获得为确定碳罐PCV阀开启时间,以及脱附效果提供了理论依据。根据计算及试验结果搭建了化油器式摩托车燃油蒸发控制系统,通过对系统进行国三排放试验、燃油蒸发控制试验,探索了摩托车燃油蒸发控制系统对排发动机排放的影响规律,研究表明该设计理论及燃油蒸发控制系统能够满足国三及燃油蒸发控制标准要求。
During resent years, along with the improvement of motorcycle industry, the produce and sale amount of the motorcycle exceed 27 million and the export amount exceed 8 million in 2008. At the same time, the number of retained motorcycle grew up steadily and reached 88 million. The number shows a fact that pollution of motorcycle discharge is deteriorating. The nation has promulgated《motorcycle and light motorcycle fuel evaporant emission limitvalue and texting methods》(GB 20998-2007)、《motorcycle fuel evaporant emission limitvalue and texting methods》(national third stages, GB 14622-2007), Which require two-wheel motorcycles implemented the Chinese Emission RegulationⅢstandards and fuel evaporative standards strictly since July 1,2010. The motorcycle industry will face serious challenges. Carburetor motorcycle and EFI motorcycle coexistence is the status quo of China's motorcycle industry. Therefore, solve the fuel evaporation control problems of two types of motorcycle is necessary and imperative.
First, fuel vapor control technology related issues of the carbureted motorcycle was described in the thesis. The research indicated that, the key technology of motorcycle evaporative emission control focus on the activated carbon canister's performance and matching evaporative emission control system to motorcycle.The effect factors of activated carbon canister's performance was studied, and has simulated the flow distribution inside the canister. The results were used to optimize canister's performance, a lot of experiments have verified the rationality of technical approaches.
Second, the simulation study was carried out on the pressure distribution of motorcycle intake system, and the distribution law of pressure was acquired. The intake pressure via engine crank angle has provided theoretical basis to determine the opening time of PCV valve and desorption effects. A fuel vapor control system model of carbureted motorcycle was bulit, which was based on calculations and test results.Through the Chinese Emission RegulationⅢtesting and fuel vapor control tests, the rules which evaporative emission control system affect the emissions has been studied, the research proved that:this design theory and the fuel vapor control system can meet the Chinese Emission RegulationⅢstandards and fuel vapor control standards.
引文
[1]国家环保总局, GB 20998-2007,摩托车和轻便摩托车燃油蒸发污染物排放限值及测量方法。
[2]国家环保总局,GB14622-2007,摩托车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三阶段)。
[3]胡春明,谢辉,尧命发.摩托车电喷系统的匹配技术及其开发系统的研究.小型内燃机与摩托车.2002(2)：23-26.
[4]段保民,苏兴安,柳庆华.摩托车排气污染物排放第3阶段控制标准探讨.摩托车技术.2005(2)：21-25.
[5]王青,隋修武,凌雷.关于摩托车和轻便摩托车排放污染物的三项国家标准简介.摩托车技术.2002(8)：19-22.
[6]胡春明,谢辉,尧命发,等.摩托车电喷系统的匹配技术及其开发系统的研究.小型内燃机与摩托车.2002(2)：23-26.
[7]程勇,付铁强等.国产轻型汽油车蒸发排放现状与分析,汽车工程,2002
[8]国家质量技术监督局.GB/T14763-1993汽油车燃油蒸发污染物测量收集法。北京：中国标准出版社,1993.
[9]国家环境保护总局.HBC32-2004汽油车燃油蒸发污染物控制系统(装置).2004.
[10]Jeong Y.Kim and Rechardson, Study of Vapor Generation from Fuel System Components.SAE 952788.
[11]J.E.urbanic,E-S.Oswald,etc. Effect of Humid Purge Air on the Performance of Commercial Activated Carbon Used for Evaporative Emission Control.SAE 892039.
[12]H.R.Johson and R.S.Williams, Performance of Activated Carbon in Evaporative Loss Control Systems,SAE 902119.
[13]Detroit and Michigan, Studies on Carbon Canisters to Satisfy LEVII EVAP Regulation.SAE 2000-01-0733.
[14]D.J.Wiliams and D.B.Roberts,Adsorption Capacity of In-use Carbon canisters,Report to EPAV.October 1996.
[15]R.S.Joyce,Activated Carbon for Effective Control of Evaporative Losses,SAE Technical Paper Series 690086,Juanuary,1969.
[16]J.E.urbanic,E.S.Oswald,etc.Factors Affecting the Design and Breakthrough Performance of Evaporative Loss Control Systems for Current and Future Emission Standards.SAE 890621.
[17]高俊华、付铁强等,碳罐与汽车蒸发排放关系研究,中国汽车工程学会2003学术年会论文集,SAE-C2003P19,2003年10月.
[18]高俊华,付铁强等.碳罐性能的影响因素研究,汽车工程,2006年第2期.
[19]高继东,高俊华等.利用温度因素降低整车蒸发排放的研究,汽车工程,2006年第3期.
[20]习纲,郭晓潞,王振锁,等.小型汽油发动机管理系统的某些特殊功能应用.摩托车技术.2005(10)：14-17.
[21]陈文义,张伟.流体力学.天津：天津大学出版社.2004：53-68.
[22]陈学永,毛杰.碳罐综合测试系统的开发与应用.摩托车技术.2008-07-013
[23]李景波,许忠厚,孙大立.碳罐丁烷工作能力测试方法.车用发动机.2004-03-010
[24]张晓东.摩托车的碳罐匹配技术研究.摩托车技术,2008-07-008
[25]聂君臣,杨涛.国内外摩托车基础技术综述.摩托车技术,2002-08-001
[26]Darlington, Thomas L.; Platte.lois; Shih, celia. Effects of Fuel Volatility and Temperature on Vehicle Evaporative Emissions. SAE Technical Paper Series,1986
[27]Van Der Westhuisen, H.; Taylor, A.B.; Bell, A.J.; Mbarawa, M..Atmospheric Environment, v 38, n 18, p 2909-2916, June 2004
[28]Na,kwangsam; Moon, Kil-CHOO; Yong, Pyo KIM.Source contribution to aromatic VOC concentration and ozone formation potential in the atmosphere of Seoul.Atmospheric Environment, v 39, n 30, p 5517-5524, September 2005
[29]Seizinger, D.E.; Marshall, W.F.; Cox, F.W.; Boyd, M.W. Vehicle Evaporative and Exhuaust Emissions as Influenced by Benzene Content of Gasoline.SAE Technical Paper Series,1986
[30]Wade, W.R.2003 Soichiro Honda lecture near zero emission internal combustion engines.American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Internal Combustion Engine Division (Publication) ICE, v 40, p 1-15,2003, Design and Control of Diesel and Natural Gas Engines for Industrial and Rail Transportation Applications
[31]Johnson, H.R.; Williams, R.S.Performance of activated carbon in evaporative loss control systems.SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Transactions, v 99, n Sect 4, p 753-775, 1990
[32]Streicher, John J.Automobile fuel system vapor emission following evaporation canister breakthrough Journal of Environmental Science and Health-Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, v 34, n 5, p 1035-1060,1999
[33]Them, Marcus; Lindquist, Torbjom; Torisson,TordExperimental and theoretical investigation of an evaporative fuel system for heat engines..Source:Energy Conversion and Management, v 48, n 4, p 1360-1366, April 2007
[34]Perry, Paul D.; Gilles Delaire, J.P. Source:SAE Special Publications, v 1335, p 13-33, Feb, General Emissions
[35]Jain,RAHUL; Vaidya, Uday K.; Ulven, Chad A.; Sands, James M.; La Scala, John J.; Orlicki, Joshua A.; Palmese, Giuseppe R.Emission modeling of styrene from vinyl ester resin:Effect of styrene percentage, temperature, and resin depth. Society of Plastics Engineers-Global Plastics Environmental Conference GPEC 2006, p 285-289,2006, Society of Plastics Engineers-Global Plastics Environmental Conference GPEC 2006-"Creating Sustainability for the Environment"
[36]Tsai, Jiun-Horng; Hsu, Yi-chyun; Yang, Jang-Yu.SouThe relationship between volatile organic profiles and emission sources in ozone episode region-A case study in Southern Taiwan.Science of the Total Environment, v 328, n 1-3, p 131-142, July 26,2004
[37]Hsieh, Chu-Chin; Chang, Ken-Hui; Kao, Yung-Sheng.Estimating the ozone formation potential of volatile aromatic compounds in vehicle tunnels:Chemosphere, v 39, n 9, p 1433-1444, October 1999
[38]Hsu, Y.C.; Tsai, J.H.; Yang, C.Y. The relationship between volatile organic profiles and emission sources in ozone episode region. Advances in Air Pollution, v 11, p 783-791,2002, Air Pollution X
[39]Voss,K.E.,Lampert,J.K.,Farrauto,R.J.,Rice,G.W.,Punke,A.andKrohn,R.,1994.Catalyticoxidati on of diesel particulates with base metal-oxides,in:Ftennet,A.andBastin,J.-M.,Preprints of CAPOC-3(Third International Congresson Catalysisand Automotive Pollution Control), Universitelibre de Bruxelles,Brussels.pp.227-241.
[40]Ketcher,D.A.and Horrocks,R.W.,1990.The effect of fuel sulphur on diesel particulate emissions when using oxidation catalysts,in:Proc.Seminar"Fuels for automotive and industrial diesel engines",Institution of Mechanical Engineers,pp.l-7.
[41]Ball,D.J.,1990.Silica catalyst support for reduced sulphate emissions from diesel-fueled engines,EPPatent No.377290.
[42]Brear,F.,Fredholm,S.C.G.and Andersson,E.S.,1992.The role of the through flow oxidation catalyst in the development of a low emissions specification HD diesel engine,SAE Paper No.920367.
[43]Domesle,R.,Engler,B.,Koberstein,E.andViilker,H.,1992.Catalyst for purification of exhaust gases of diesel engines and method of use.US Patent No.5157007.
[44]Hansen,K.F.,Bak,F.,Anderson,E.M.,Bejder,H.and Au&up,H.,1994.The influence of an oxidation catalytic convertor on the chemical and biological characteristics of diesel exhaust emissions,SAE Paper No.940241.
[45]谭凯,龚金科, 刘孟祥, 周立迎,赖天贵；,康红艳.摩托车排放控制新技术的分析与研究.内燃机,2003-02-010
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[47]卢彬.浅谈碳罐综合性能试验装置的开发.摩托车技术.2009-04-026
[48]刘克斌.发动机排放控制.摩托车技术.2003-03-005
[49]P. Loof, B. Kasemon, L.Bjornkvist, S. Anderson, A. Frestad, in:A. Crucq(Ed.), Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control 11, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Vo 1.71, Elsevier, Amsterdam,1991, P253
[50]Takahasi. The New Concept 3-way Catalyst for Lean-burn engine Storage and Reduction Catalyst. Environmental Catalyst for a Better World and Life, Societal Chemical Italian of Ro-mo Italy,1995, (07):45-48
[2]国家环保总局,GB14622-2007,摩托车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三阶段)。
[3]胡春明,谢辉,尧命发.摩托车电喷系统的匹配技术及其开发系统的研究.小型内燃机与摩托车.2002(2)：23-26.
[4]段保民,苏兴安,柳庆华.摩托车排气污染物排放第3阶段控制标准探讨.摩托车技术.2005(2)：21-25.
[5]王青,隋修武,凌雷.关于摩托车和轻便摩托车排放污染物的三项国家标准简介.摩托车技术.2002(8)：19-22.
[6]胡春明,谢辉,尧命发,等.摩托车电喷系统的匹配技术及其开发系统的研究.小型内燃机与摩托车.2002(2)：23-26.
[7]程勇,付铁强等.国产轻型汽油车蒸发排放现状与分析,汽车工程,2002
[8]国家质量技术监督局.GB/T14763-1993汽油车燃油蒸发污染物测量收集法。北京：中国标准出版社,1993.
[9]国家环境保护总局.HBC32-2004汽油车燃油蒸发污染物控制系统(装置).2004.
[10]Jeong Y.Kim and Rechardson, Study of Vapor Generation from Fuel System Components.SAE 952788.
[11]J.E.urbanic,E-S.Oswald,etc. Effect of Humid Purge Air on the Performance of Commercial Activated Carbon Used for Evaporative Emission Control.SAE 892039.
[12]H.R.Johson and R.S.Williams, Performance of Activated Carbon in Evaporative Loss Control Systems,SAE 902119.
[13]Detroit and Michigan, Studies on Carbon Canisters to Satisfy LEVII EVAP Regulation.SAE 2000-01-0733.
[14]D.J.Wiliams and D.B.Roberts,Adsorption Capacity of In-use Carbon canisters,Report to EPAV.October 1996.
[15]R.S.Joyce,Activated Carbon for Effective Control of Evaporative Losses,SAE Technical Paper Series 690086,Juanuary,1969.
[16]J.E.urbanic,E.S.Oswald,etc.Factors Affecting the Design and Breakthrough Performance of Evaporative Loss Control Systems for Current and Future Emission Standards.SAE 890621.
[17]高俊华、付铁强等,碳罐与汽车蒸发排放关系研究,中国汽车工程学会2003学术年会论文集,SAE-C2003P19,2003年10月.
[18]高俊华,付铁强等.碳罐性能的影响因素研究,汽车工程,2006年第2期.
[19]高继东,高俊华等.利用温度因素降低整车蒸发排放的研究,汽车工程,2006年第3期.
[20]习纲,郭晓潞,王振锁,等.小型汽油发动机管理系统的某些特殊功能应用.摩托车技术.2005(10)：14-17.
[21]陈文义,张伟.流体力学.天津：天津大学出版社.2004：53-68.
[22]陈学永,毛杰.碳罐综合测试系统的开发与应用.摩托车技术.2008-07-013
[23]李景波,许忠厚,孙大立.碳罐丁烷工作能力测试方法.车用发动机.2004-03-010
[24]张晓东.摩托车的碳罐匹配技术研究.摩托车技术,2008-07-008
[25]聂君臣,杨涛.国内外摩托车基础技术综述.摩托车技术,2002-08-001
[26]Darlington, Thomas L.; Platte.lois; Shih, celia. Effects of Fuel Volatility and Temperature on Vehicle Evaporative Emissions. SAE Technical Paper Series,1986
[27]Van Der Westhuisen, H.; Taylor, A.B.; Bell, A.J.; Mbarawa, M..Atmospheric Environment, v 38, n 18, p 2909-2916, June 2004
[28]Na,kwangsam; Moon, Kil-CHOO; Yong, Pyo KIM.Source contribution to aromatic VOC concentration and ozone formation potential in the atmosphere of Seoul.Atmospheric Environment, v 39, n 30, p 5517-5524, September 2005
[29]Seizinger, D.E.; Marshall, W.F.; Cox, F.W.; Boyd, M.W. Vehicle Evaporative and Exhuaust Emissions as Influenced by Benzene Content of Gasoline.SAE Technical Paper Series,1986
[30]Wade, W.R.2003 Soichiro Honda lecture near zero emission internal combustion engines.American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Internal Combustion Engine Division (Publication) ICE, v 40, p 1-15,2003, Design and Control of Diesel and Natural Gas Engines for Industrial and Rail Transportation Applications
[31]Johnson, H.R.; Williams, R.S.Performance of activated carbon in evaporative loss control systems.SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Transactions, v 99, n Sect 4, p 753-775, 1990
[32]Streicher, John J.Automobile fuel system vapor emission following evaporation canister breakthrough Journal of Environmental Science and Health-Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, v 34, n 5, p 1035-1060,1999
[33]Them, Marcus; Lindquist, Torbjom; Torisson,TordExperimental and theoretical investigation of an evaporative fuel system for heat engines..Source:Energy Conversion and Management, v 48, n 4, p 1360-1366, April 2007
[34]Perry, Paul D.; Gilles Delaire, J.P. Source:SAE Special Publications, v 1335, p 13-33, Feb, General Emissions
[35]Jain,RAHUL; Vaidya, Uday K.; Ulven, Chad A.; Sands, James M.; La Scala, John J.; Orlicki, Joshua A.; Palmese, Giuseppe R.Emission modeling of styrene from vinyl ester resin:Effect of styrene percentage, temperature, and resin depth. Society of Plastics Engineers-Global Plastics Environmental Conference GPEC 2006, p 285-289,2006, Society of Plastics Engineers-Global Plastics Environmental Conference GPEC 2006-"Creating Sustainability for the Environment"
[36]Tsai, Jiun-Horng; Hsu, Yi-chyun; Yang, Jang-Yu.SouThe relationship between volatile organic profiles and emission sources in ozone episode region-A case study in Southern Taiwan.Science of the Total Environment, v 328, n 1-3, p 131-142, July 26,2004
[37]Hsieh, Chu-Chin; Chang, Ken-Hui; Kao, Yung-Sheng.Estimating the ozone formation potential of volatile aromatic compounds in vehicle tunnels:Chemosphere, v 39, n 9, p 1433-1444, October 1999
[38]Hsu, Y.C.; Tsai, J.H.; Yang, C.Y. The relationship between volatile organic profiles and emission sources in ozone episode region. Advances in Air Pollution, v 11, p 783-791,2002, Air Pollution X
[39]Voss,K.E.,Lampert,J.K.,Farrauto,R.J.,Rice,G.W.,Punke,A.andKrohn,R.,1994.Catalyticoxidati on of diesel particulates with base metal-oxides,in:Ftennet,A.andBastin,J.-M.,Preprints of CAPOC-3(Third International Congresson Catalysisand Automotive Pollution Control), Universitelibre de Bruxelles,Brussels.pp.227-241.
[40]Ketcher,D.A.and Horrocks,R.W.,1990.The effect of fuel sulphur on diesel particulate emissions when using oxidation catalysts,in:Proc.Seminar"Fuels for automotive and industrial diesel engines",Institution of Mechanical Engineers,pp.l-7.
[41]Ball,D.J.,1990.Silica catalyst support for reduced sulphate emissions from diesel-fueled engines,EPPatent No.377290.
[42]Brear,F.,Fredholm,S.C.G.and Andersson,E.S.,1992.The role of the through flow oxidation catalyst in the development of a low emissions specification HD diesel engine,SAE Paper No.920367.
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