UHF频段RFID读写器的设计
摘要
射频识别技术(RFID)是近年来发展极为迅速的一种非接触式自动识别技术，目前在理论和实际应用方面都十分引人注目，其中超高频段(UHF)的RFID技术是国际上最先进的自动识别技术，它具有识别距离远、识别速度快、使用寿命长等特点，将广泛应用于电子路牌、高速公路收费、物流管理、产品跟踪等领域。在未来几年中，RFID技术必将逐步取代条形码技术成为EPC领域的主宰，因此UHF频段的读写器的研制有着很好的应用前景。
本文针对超高频射频识别系统进行研究，以工程样机开发为主线，重点研究了数字基带控制系统和反向散射调制式射频系统的开发方法。本文选取了最新发展、协议体系最完备的国际标准ISO／IEC 18000-6C为研究对象，基带电路部分采用ARM7系列的处理器作为主CPU，负责系统的调度，外扩接口有USB2.0，RS232／485和以太网接口，选用TI系列的DSP芯片TMS320VC5509A进行信号的采集处理、运算，实现系统编码、解码、校验等功能。两个处理器之间通过FIFO电路相连，使整个基带系统协同稳定工作。射频部分采用零中频接收机方案，采用高速ADC、DAC对信号的采集和控制，最后通过嵌入式C语言和汇编语言实现系统的软件控制，并部分完成协议中规定的射频标签的操作指令。另外，本文还利用工程设计中最广泛使用的ADS对高频系统进行仿真，以使系统达到最佳性能的设计，调试过程中利用矢量网络分析仪和数字逻辑分析仪等仪器对系统进行了严格的测试，保证了系统的可靠性。
本文所设计的UHF频段的RFID读写器可以兼容多种协议规范，接口资源丰富等特点，可以方便的对系统进行二次开发，使之适用于特定的RFID应用系统。基带部分的通用性，使之适用于与不同的射频系统进行相连。
RFID is a new technology of non-contact automatic identification which booms up in recent several years. At the present time, both in theory and practice application aspects, it comes to the front more and more, in that UHF RFID technology is the most advanced in the world. UHF band RFID has advantages of long identification distance, speedy identification, relatively long life and so on which is applied to these domain electric street nameplate, freeway charge, Logistics Management and Strategy and tracking of products. In the future few years, the development of UHF RFID reader is perfect foreground, for the technology of RFID will be instead of bar code step by step and dominate in EPC.
This paper in allusion to the research of UHF radio frequency identification system, engineering prototype development as the main line focus on the digital base band control systems and backscatter modulation of the RF systems development method. This paper selected the international standards ISO / IEC 18000-6C of the latest development, the most comprehensive agreement as the research object. Base band circuit portion adopts the ARM7 family processor as the main CPU, responsible for the scheduling and expands interfaces such as USB2.0, RS232/485 and Ethernet interfaces. Also, DSP chip TMS320VC5509A is selected for signal acquisition and processing, calculation, encoding, decoding, calibration, and other functions.
The two processors connected with each other through FIFO circuit, so that the whole system can cooperate with each other steadily. The RF part introduces a zero IF receiver, It uses high-speed ADC and DAC on the acquisition and control signal, then achieves system software control by embedded C language and assembly language, and partially completes the operation of RF label instructions in the agreement.
In addition, this paper also uses ADS which is the most widely used in RF System design in the engineering field, simulating high-frequency system to achieve the best performance of the system design. In the debugging process, we use vector network analyzer and digital logic analyzer systems, and other equipments on some strict tests to ensure the reliability of the system.
The design of UHF RFID reader has the traits of steady-going, abundance of interfaces resource and so on. It is easy to make second development then be the same with special application system. Universal base band is very easy to connect to different RF system.
本文针对超高频射频识别系统进行研究，以工程样机开发为主线，重点研究了数字基带控制系统和反向散射调制式射频系统的开发方法。本文选取了最新发展、协议体系最完备的国际标准ISO／IEC 18000-6C为研究对象，基带电路部分采用ARM7系列的处理器作为主CPU，负责系统的调度，外扩接口有USB2.0，RS232／485和以太网接口，选用TI系列的DSP芯片TMS320VC5509A进行信号的采集处理、运算，实现系统编码、解码、校验等功能。两个处理器之间通过FIFO电路相连，使整个基带系统协同稳定工作。射频部分采用零中频接收机方案，采用高速ADC、DAC对信号的采集和控制，最后通过嵌入式C语言和汇编语言实现系统的软件控制，并部分完成协议中规定的射频标签的操作指令。另外，本文还利用工程设计中最广泛使用的ADS对高频系统进行仿真，以使系统达到最佳性能的设计，调试过程中利用矢量网络分析仪和数字逻辑分析仪等仪器对系统进行了严格的测试，保证了系统的可靠性。
本文所设计的UHF频段的RFID读写器可以兼容多种协议规范，接口资源丰富等特点，可以方便的对系统进行二次开发，使之适用于特定的RFID应用系统。基带部分的通用性，使之适用于与不同的射频系统进行相连。
RFID is a new technology of non-contact automatic identification which booms up in recent several years. At the present time, both in theory and practice application aspects, it comes to the front more and more, in that UHF RFID technology is the most advanced in the world. UHF band RFID has advantages of long identification distance, speedy identification, relatively long life and so on which is applied to these domain electric street nameplate, freeway charge, Logistics Management and Strategy and tracking of products. In the future few years, the development of UHF RFID reader is perfect foreground, for the technology of RFID will be instead of bar code step by step and dominate in EPC.
This paper in allusion to the research of UHF radio frequency identification system, engineering prototype development as the main line focus on the digital base band control systems and backscatter modulation of the RF systems development method. This paper selected the international standards ISO / IEC 18000-6C of the latest development, the most comprehensive agreement as the research object. Base band circuit portion adopts the ARM7 family processor as the main CPU, responsible for the scheduling and expands interfaces such as USB2.0, RS232/485 and Ethernet interfaces. Also, DSP chip TMS320VC5509A is selected for signal acquisition and processing, calculation, encoding, decoding, calibration, and other functions.
The two processors connected with each other through FIFO circuit, so that the whole system can cooperate with each other steadily. The RF part introduces a zero IF receiver, It uses high-speed ADC and DAC on the acquisition and control signal, then achieves system software control by embedded C language and assembly language, and partially completes the operation of RF label instructions in the agreement.
In addition, this paper also uses ADS which is the most widely used in RF System design in the engineering field, simulating high-frequency system to achieve the best performance of the system design. In the debugging process, we use vector network analyzer and digital logic analyzer systems, and other equipments on some strict tests to ensure the reliability of the system.
The design of UHF RFID reader has the traits of steady-going, abundance of interfaces resource and so on. It is easy to make second development then be the same with special application system. Universal base band is very easy to connect to different RF system.
引文
[1] Klaus Finkenzeller著．陈大才译．射频识别(RFID)技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[2] 中华人民共和国科学技术部等十五部委．中国射频识别(RFID)技术政策白皮书，2006．
[3] 李明．中国RFID卡位“超高频”．中外物流，2006，6：82－83．
[4] Basat S, Lim K, Kim Iet al. Design and Development of a Miniaturized Embedded UHF RFID Tag for Automotive Tire Applications. The 55th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, 2005: 867-870.
[5] 程良伦，刘学钢．一种UHF及微波段RFID标签芯片的研究与应用．微计算机信息，2006，22(9)：182-185．
[6] 刘宏伟，李成．ISO／IEC 18000－6C简析．标准与技术跟踪，2007，7：17－20．
[7] 罗海勇，李锦涛，郭俊波等．新一代超高频RFID无线接口标准EPC CLASS-1／Gen-2研究．电子技术应用，2006，5：131—133．
[8] 信部无[2007]205号．关于发布800／900EHz频段射频识别(RFID)技术应用试行规定的通知．
[9] 陈邦媛．射频通信电路．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[10] 谭红权．优化零中频接收机方案在远距离射频识别中的应用．电子技术，2006，3：44-46．
[11] 江美龙．射频识别系统数字处理模块的设计实现及其关键技术研究：(硕士学位论文)北京：北京邮电大学，2002．
[12] 王晓华，周晓光，孙百生．超高频射频识别读写器设计．电子测量技术，1982，30(2)：38-39．
[13] 周立功等．ARM嵌入式系统基础教程．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2005．
[14] 汪春梅，孙洪波，任治刚．TMS320C5000系列DSP系统设计与开发实例．北京：电子工业出版社，2004．
[15] 周伟，李宏生，李燕等．基于DSP的RFID基带模块设计．仪表技术，2006，5：56-58．
[16] Texas Instruments.Dual 12-Bit 32MHz Sampling Analog-to-Digi tal Converter,2000．
[17] 钱锋．EZ-USB FX2单片机原理、编程及应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2006．
[18] 鲍可进．一种实用的单片机系统的RS-232接口．电子技术应用，1997，2：41-42．
[19] Cairns R B. Infared spectroscopic studies on solid oxygen:[dissertation].Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1965.
[20] Klaus Finkenzeller．射频识别(RFID)技术：无线电感应的应答器和非接触IC卡的原理与应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[21] 王树本．高频电子线路原理．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998．
[22] 曹宏海．关于UtlF RFID系统应用中几个问题的认识．中国自动识别技术，2006，1：37—38．
[23] Natinoal Semiconductor. LMX2531 PLLatinum High Performance Frequency Synthesizer System with Integrated VCO , 2005.
[24] 张建明，赖声礼．一种用于射频识别读写器的微波发射功率增益控制器的设计．电测与仪表，2006．4：30－33．
[25] Liner Technology. LTC5501/LTC5502 RF Power Detector with Buffered Output and Dynamic Range ,2002.
[26] 王兴君，殷兴光，孙瑜等．射频识别电路中高频功放的设计．现代电子技术．2004，9：64．
[27] 童诗白．模拟电子技术基础．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
[28] ISO/IEC Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management Part6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz, AMENDMENT1: Extension with Type C and update of Types A and B.
[29] 樊昌信，张甫翊，徐炳祥，吴成柯．通信原理．北京：国防工业出版社，2001．
[30] 刘冬生，邹雪城，李泳生等．射频识别系统中的防碰撞算法．华中科技大学学报，2006，34(9)：57—59．
[31] Nanjundaiah M, Chaudhary V. Improvement to the Anticollision Protocol Specification for 900MHz Class 0 Radio Frequency Identification Tag. The IEEE 19th International Comference on Advenced Information Networking and Applications, Tamkang University, raiwan, 2005: 616-620.
[32] Waldrop J, Engels D W, Sarma S E. Colorwave: An Anticollision Algorithm for the Reader Collision Problem. The IEEE International Conference on Communications, Anchorage USA , 2003: 1206-1210.
[33] Lee S R, Joo S D, Lee C W. An Enhanced Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA Algorithm for RFID Tag Identification. The Second Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, San Diego, USA, 2005: 166-174.
[2] 中华人民共和国科学技术部等十五部委．中国射频识别(RFID)技术政策白皮书，2006．
[3] 李明．中国RFID卡位“超高频”．中外物流，2006，6：82－83．
[4] Basat S, Lim K, Kim Iet al. Design and Development of a Miniaturized Embedded UHF RFID Tag for Automotive Tire Applications. The 55th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, 2005: 867-870.
[5] 程良伦，刘学钢．一种UHF及微波段RFID标签芯片的研究与应用．微计算机信息，2006，22(9)：182-185．
[6] 刘宏伟，李成．ISO／IEC 18000－6C简析．标准与技术跟踪，2007，7：17－20．
[7] 罗海勇，李锦涛，郭俊波等．新一代超高频RFID无线接口标准EPC CLASS-1／Gen-2研究．电子技术应用，2006，5：131—133．
[8] 信部无[2007]205号．关于发布800／900EHz频段射频识别(RFID)技术应用试行规定的通知．
[9] 陈邦媛．射频通信电路．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[10] 谭红权．优化零中频接收机方案在远距离射频识别中的应用．电子技术，2006，3：44-46．
[11] 江美龙．射频识别系统数字处理模块的设计实现及其关键技术研究：(硕士学位论文)北京：北京邮电大学，2002．
[12] 王晓华，周晓光，孙百生．超高频射频识别读写器设计．电子测量技术，1982，30(2)：38-39．
[13] 周立功等．ARM嵌入式系统基础教程．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2005．
[14] 汪春梅，孙洪波，任治刚．TMS320C5000系列DSP系统设计与开发实例．北京：电子工业出版社，2004．
[15] 周伟，李宏生，李燕等．基于DSP的RFID基带模块设计．仪表技术，2006，5：56-58．
[16] Texas Instruments.Dual 12-Bit 32MHz Sampling Analog-to-Digi tal Converter,2000．
[17] 钱锋．EZ-USB FX2单片机原理、编程及应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2006．
[18] 鲍可进．一种实用的单片机系统的RS-232接口．电子技术应用，1997，2：41-42．
[19] Cairns R B. Infared spectroscopic studies on solid oxygen:[dissertation].Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1965.
[20] Klaus Finkenzeller．射频识别(RFID)技术：无线电感应的应答器和非接触IC卡的原理与应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[21] 王树本．高频电子线路原理．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998．
[22] 曹宏海．关于UtlF RFID系统应用中几个问题的认识．中国自动识别技术，2006，1：37—38．
[23] Natinoal Semiconductor. LMX2531 PLLatinum High Performance Frequency Synthesizer System with Integrated VCO , 2005.
[24] 张建明，赖声礼．一种用于射频识别读写器的微波发射功率增益控制器的设计．电测与仪表，2006．4：30－33．
[25] Liner Technology. LTC5501/LTC5502 RF Power Detector with Buffered Output and Dynamic Range ,2002.
[26] 王兴君，殷兴光，孙瑜等．射频识别电路中高频功放的设计．现代电子技术．2004，9：64．
[27] 童诗白．模拟电子技术基础．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
[28] ISO/IEC Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management Part6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz, AMENDMENT1: Extension with Type C and update of Types A and B.
[29] 樊昌信，张甫翊，徐炳祥，吴成柯．通信原理．北京：国防工业出版社，2001．
[30] 刘冬生，邹雪城，李泳生等．射频识别系统中的防碰撞算法．华中科技大学学报，2006，34(9)：57—59．
[31] Nanjundaiah M, Chaudhary V. Improvement to the Anticollision Protocol Specification for 900MHz Class 0 Radio Frequency Identification Tag. The IEEE 19th International Comference on Advenced Information Networking and Applications, Tamkang University, raiwan, 2005: 616-620.
[32] Waldrop J, Engels D W, Sarma S E. Colorwave: An Anticollision Algorithm for the Reader Collision Problem. The IEEE International Conference on Communications, Anchorage USA , 2003: 1206-1210.
[33] Lee S R, Joo S D, Lee C W. An Enhanced Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA Algorithm for RFID Tag Identification. The Second Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, San Diego, USA, 2005: 166-174.