J-TEXT等离子体电子密度诊断系统的建立
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摘要
J-TEXT托卡马克装置(前身为美国德克萨斯大学的TEXT-U装置)于2004年底在华中科技大学开始重建，J-TEXT装置的主要设计参数为：大环半径R=1．05m，等离子体小圆截面半径r=0．27m，纵场中心场强B_t=3T，典型等离子体电流值I_p=350kA，等离子体中心线平均密度n_e=3×10~9m~(-3)。
J-TEXT装置重建完成之后，首要任务就是实现第一等离子体放电，相应地，我们需要一定的手段监测氢气被电离、等离子体产生的过程，因此，H_α辐射观测系统的建立首先被纳入J-TEXT装置上诊断系统的发展规划中；同时，为了更直观地获得等离子体放电信息，观测等离子体可见光辐射图像，我们建立了CCD可见光等离子体成像系统；而后，当装置等离子体放电成功，为研究J-TEXT等离子体的基本特性，一些与等离子体基本参数有关的诊断的建立被提上日程，电子密度是高温等离子体的重要参数之一，在托卡马克装置上一般用微波或远红外激光干涉仪测量等离子体密度。微波干涉仪成本相对较低，可以在比较短的时间内建立起来，拟用于装置运行初期等离子体中心线平均密度的测量，随着装置运行参数的提高，我们建立了更适应装置密度测量需求的多道远红外激光干涉仪，本论文即来源于J-TEXT装置上这四个诊断系统的建立需求。
本论文所完成的诊断系统均为和电磁波测量相关的系统，它们可以分为两类：一类是辐射电磁波信号的测量，属被动诊断，它不需要外界电磁波的参与，例如H_α辐射观测系统，CCD可见光成像系统；一类是主动测量，采用电磁波作为探针，使之与等离子体发生作用，由电磁波的变化而得出等离子体相关信息，例如微波干涉仪和远红外激光干涉仪。本文的主要工作内容如下：
建立了一套H_α辐射观测系统，用于探测工作气体氢气击穿瞬间的H_α辐射，进而为欧姆加热场电源控制系统提供一个H_α辐射判据，用以判定是否进入等离子体电流爬升阶段。简言之，H_α辐射信号被用于决定是否以及什么时候投入用于建立等离子体电流的欧姆加热场的电容器组。实验结果证明，H_α辐射判据对于控制J-TEXT等离子体的启动是可行的。为了保证H_α辐射信号的正常提供，该系统被设计为一个多道观测系统，通过该系统也可以研究H_α辐射在等离子体小圆截面上的不对称性。
建立了可见光CCD等离子体成像系统。该系统可沿切向实时观察整个等离子体横截面的可见光辐射图形。该系统的核心器件CCD相机分辨率为659×494，最高帧率110f／s，可按选择捕捉彩色或黑白图片。该系统能直观地展现等离子体放电过程，是J-TEXT装置放电运行中必备的重要诊断手段之一。
设计了J-TEXT装置上单道2mm微波干涉仪系统，该系统使用J-TEXT装置上的垂直上下窗口对等离子体中心弦密度进行测量。该系统被设计成一个频率调制式干涉仪，微波源可以被锯齿波调制。为适应不同实验目标的需求，中频设置为10K～100K连续可调。探测束和参考束在一个三端口的混频器里混频，输出的中频信号经放大滤波后和锯齿波信号一起输入相位差计，相位差计输出与等离子体密度成线性关系，经过数据处理，可以得到等离子体中心弦平均密度。
发展了多道HCN远红外干涉仪系统，实现了J-TEXT等离子体电子密度测量。干涉仪系统采用柱面转动光栅对激光束进行调制，调制频率10KHz，对应干涉仪时间分辨率为0．1ms，采用室温TGS探测器接收拍频信号，用相位差计测量探测道和参考道信号之间的相位差，分辨率为0．06个干涉条纹，相位差信号经数据采集系统采集后，经过程序处理，可以实时得到等离子体不同弦上的密度信息。
目前，H_α辐射观测系统工作正常，可以为欧姆加热场电源控制系统提供H_α辐射判据，很好地控制了等离子体电流爬升，并且，系统多道测量结果也表明了H_α辐射在等离子体小圆截面上的不对称性；CCD可见光成像系统能够实时展现等离子体放电过程，同时，为判断等离子体位移趋势提供了参考；微波干涉仪系统设计已经完成，正在进行安装；用HCN激光干涉仪已初步获得了等离子体密度测量结果，为J-TEXT等离子体放电提供了重要的密度参数。
The J-TEXT tokamak (Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak,formerly named TEXT-Utokamak in University of Texas at Austin)facility has been constructed at HuazhongUniversity of Science and Technology since the end of 2004.This machine has a majorradius R of 105 cm and a minor radius of 27 cm.The J-TEXT tokamak can reach thetypical plasma current I_p=350 kA at a centerline magnetic field where B_t=3 T,with theline averaged electron density n_e=3×10~(19)m~(-3).
After the J-TEXT reconstruction was finished,achieving the first plasma has become topone task.Thus,we need to monitor the process of hydrogen gas being ionized and theplasma being generated.Therefore,a H_αemission detection system was first planed todevelop on J-TEXT facility,meanwhile,in order to monitor the visible emission during thewhole plasma discharge process,a CCD plasma visible light imaging system wasdeveloped on J-TEXT.After the achievement of first plasma,the system of diagnosticsrelated to basic parameters of plasma need to be built to get the basic characteristics ofplasma.Moreover,the electron density is an essential parameter in tokamak plasma physicsresearch,and millimeter-wave or far infrared laser interferometer was widely used tomeasure the electron density.Comparing to the far-infrared laser interferometer,theMillimeter-wave interferometer is simple and low cost,so microwave interferometer wasplaned to build in the early stage of the J-TEXT operation.After that,a multi-channelfar-infrared laser interferometer will be installed for the measurement of electron densityprofiles.This thesis was written on the basis of these four diagnostic systems.
All the diagnostic systems described in this thesis are related to electromagnetic wavemeasurement,which can be classified into two categories.One is the measurement of theelectromagnetic emission and it is passive diagnostic,the H_αline emission detection systemand CCD imaging system belong to this category,the other is active measurement.In thismethod,electromagnetic wave is served as a probe to interact with the plasma.And fromthe change of the electromagnetic wave,some information of the plasma can be concluded.The microwave or the far infrared laser interferometer works in this manner.
A H_αline-emission detection system is developed on J-TEXT,which is used todetermine the H_αemission level during the gas breakdown and hereafter to control thestartup of plasma current,i.e.the H_αemission signal was used to determine whether andwhen to fire the Ohmic heating capacitor banks,which are applied to drive the plasmacurrent ramp-up.The experimental results confirm that the H_αemission criterion isacceptable for controlling the plasma current start-up in the J-TEXT tokamak.Furthermore,the system was configured as a multi-channel system to guarantee the supply of the H_αsignal and to study the poloidal asymmetry of H_αemission.
A plasma visible light imaging system has been installed on the J-TEXT tokamak.The tangential viewing scope of the system can cover the whole cross section.Theresolution of the color digital CCD camera is 659×494,with maximum frame rate of 110f/s.The system provides two capturing options:black and white or color.The system canmonitor the whole plasma discharge process of the visible emission in real time.
A 2 mm microwave interferometer is designed to measure plasma electron density forthe J-TEXT tokamak.The system is configured as a frequency-modulated interferometerand views the plasma vertically through a set of large diagnostic ports.The probing waveand the reference wave recombine in a three-ending mixer.The resulting IF amplified andthen filtered by a band-pass filter.Finally,the sawtooth wave signal and the processed oneare transferred to the phase comparator.The output is proportional to the line-averageddensity.
A multi-channel far-infrared (FIR) HCN laser interferometer was developed tomeasure plasma electron density profile on the J-TEXT.Phase modulation was achieved bya rotating grating,with a modulation frequency of 10 KHz,corresponding to the systemwith temporal resolution 0.1 ms.The beat signal was detected by TGS detector.Phase shiftbrought by the plasma was measured by the phase comparator with phase detectionsensitivity was 0.06 fringe.The phase shift signals were collected by the data acquisitionsystem and processed immediately by a program,and thus we can get the electron densityinformation in real time.
J-TEXT装置重建完成之后，首要任务就是实现第一等离子体放电，相应地，我们需要一定的手段监测氢气被电离、等离子体产生的过程，因此，H_α辐射观测系统的建立首先被纳入J-TEXT装置上诊断系统的发展规划中；同时，为了更直观地获得等离子体放电信息，观测等离子体可见光辐射图像，我们建立了CCD可见光等离子体成像系统；而后，当装置等离子体放电成功，为研究J-TEXT等离子体的基本特性，一些与等离子体基本参数有关的诊断的建立被提上日程，电子密度是高温等离子体的重要参数之一，在托卡马克装置上一般用微波或远红外激光干涉仪测量等离子体密度。微波干涉仪成本相对较低，可以在比较短的时间内建立起来，拟用于装置运行初期等离子体中心线平均密度的测量，随着装置运行参数的提高，我们建立了更适应装置密度测量需求的多道远红外激光干涉仪，本论文即来源于J-TEXT装置上这四个诊断系统的建立需求。
本论文所完成的诊断系统均为和电磁波测量相关的系统，它们可以分为两类：一类是辐射电磁波信号的测量，属被动诊断，它不需要外界电磁波的参与，例如H_α辐射观测系统，CCD可见光成像系统；一类是主动测量，采用电磁波作为探针，使之与等离子体发生作用，由电磁波的变化而得出等离子体相关信息，例如微波干涉仪和远红外激光干涉仪。本文的主要工作内容如下：
建立了一套H_α辐射观测系统，用于探测工作气体氢气击穿瞬间的H_α辐射，进而为欧姆加热场电源控制系统提供一个H_α辐射判据，用以判定是否进入等离子体电流爬升阶段。简言之，H_α辐射信号被用于决定是否以及什么时候投入用于建立等离子体电流的欧姆加热场的电容器组。实验结果证明，H_α辐射判据对于控制J-TEXT等离子体的启动是可行的。为了保证H_α辐射信号的正常提供，该系统被设计为一个多道观测系统，通过该系统也可以研究H_α辐射在等离子体小圆截面上的不对称性。
建立了可见光CCD等离子体成像系统。该系统可沿切向实时观察整个等离子体横截面的可见光辐射图形。该系统的核心器件CCD相机分辨率为659×494，最高帧率110f／s，可按选择捕捉彩色或黑白图片。该系统能直观地展现等离子体放电过程，是J-TEXT装置放电运行中必备的重要诊断手段之一。
设计了J-TEXT装置上单道2mm微波干涉仪系统，该系统使用J-TEXT装置上的垂直上下窗口对等离子体中心弦密度进行测量。该系统被设计成一个频率调制式干涉仪，微波源可以被锯齿波调制。为适应不同实验目标的需求，中频设置为10K～100K连续可调。探测束和参考束在一个三端口的混频器里混频，输出的中频信号经放大滤波后和锯齿波信号一起输入相位差计，相位差计输出与等离子体密度成线性关系，经过数据处理，可以得到等离子体中心弦平均密度。
发展了多道HCN远红外干涉仪系统，实现了J-TEXT等离子体电子密度测量。干涉仪系统采用柱面转动光栅对激光束进行调制，调制频率10KHz，对应干涉仪时间分辨率为0．1ms，采用室温TGS探测器接收拍频信号，用相位差计测量探测道和参考道信号之间的相位差，分辨率为0．06个干涉条纹，相位差信号经数据采集系统采集后，经过程序处理，可以实时得到等离子体不同弦上的密度信息。
目前，H_α辐射观测系统工作正常，可以为欧姆加热场电源控制系统提供H_α辐射判据，很好地控制了等离子体电流爬升，并且，系统多道测量结果也表明了H_α辐射在等离子体小圆截面上的不对称性；CCD可见光成像系统能够实时展现等离子体放电过程，同时，为判断等离子体位移趋势提供了参考；微波干涉仪系统设计已经完成，正在进行安装；用HCN激光干涉仪已初步获得了等离子体密度测量结果，为J-TEXT等离子体放电提供了重要的密度参数。
The J-TEXT tokamak (Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak,formerly named TEXT-Utokamak in University of Texas at Austin)facility has been constructed at HuazhongUniversity of Science and Technology since the end of 2004.This machine has a majorradius R of 105 cm and a minor radius of 27 cm.The J-TEXT tokamak can reach thetypical plasma current I_p=350 kA at a centerline magnetic field where B_t=3 T,with theline averaged electron density n_e=3×10~(19)m~(-3).
After the J-TEXT reconstruction was finished,achieving the first plasma has become topone task.Thus,we need to monitor the process of hydrogen gas being ionized and theplasma being generated.Therefore,a H_αemission detection system was first planed todevelop on J-TEXT facility,meanwhile,in order to monitor the visible emission during thewhole plasma discharge process,a CCD plasma visible light imaging system wasdeveloped on J-TEXT.After the achievement of first plasma,the system of diagnosticsrelated to basic parameters of plasma need to be built to get the basic characteristics ofplasma.Moreover,the electron density is an essential parameter in tokamak plasma physicsresearch,and millimeter-wave or far infrared laser interferometer was widely used tomeasure the electron density.Comparing to the far-infrared laser interferometer,theMillimeter-wave interferometer is simple and low cost,so microwave interferometer wasplaned to build in the early stage of the J-TEXT operation.After that,a multi-channelfar-infrared laser interferometer will be installed for the measurement of electron densityprofiles.This thesis was written on the basis of these four diagnostic systems.
All the diagnostic systems described in this thesis are related to electromagnetic wavemeasurement,which can be classified into two categories.One is the measurement of theelectromagnetic emission and it is passive diagnostic,the H_αline emission detection systemand CCD imaging system belong to this category,the other is active measurement.In thismethod,electromagnetic wave is served as a probe to interact with the plasma.And fromthe change of the electromagnetic wave,some information of the plasma can be concluded.The microwave or the far infrared laser interferometer works in this manner.
A H_αline-emission detection system is developed on J-TEXT,which is used todetermine the H_αemission level during the gas breakdown and hereafter to control thestartup of plasma current,i.e.the H_αemission signal was used to determine whether andwhen to fire the Ohmic heating capacitor banks,which are applied to drive the plasmacurrent ramp-up.The experimental results confirm that the H_αemission criterion isacceptable for controlling the plasma current start-up in the J-TEXT tokamak.Furthermore,the system was configured as a multi-channel system to guarantee the supply of the H_αsignal and to study the poloidal asymmetry of H_αemission.
A plasma visible light imaging system has been installed on the J-TEXT tokamak.The tangential viewing scope of the system can cover the whole cross section.Theresolution of the color digital CCD camera is 659×494,with maximum frame rate of 110f/s.The system provides two capturing options:black and white or color.The system canmonitor the whole plasma discharge process of the visible emission in real time.
A 2 mm microwave interferometer is designed to measure plasma electron density forthe J-TEXT tokamak.The system is configured as a frequency-modulated interferometerand views the plasma vertically through a set of large diagnostic ports.The probing waveand the reference wave recombine in a three-ending mixer.The resulting IF amplified andthen filtered by a band-pass filter.Finally,the sawtooth wave signal and the processed oneare transferred to the phase comparator.The output is proportional to the line-averageddensity.
A multi-channel far-infrared (FIR) HCN laser interferometer was developed tomeasure plasma electron density profile on the J-TEXT.Phase modulation was achieved bya rotating grating,with a modulation frequency of 10 KHz,corresponding to the systemwith temporal resolution 0.1 ms.The beat signal was detected by TGS detector.Phase shiftbrought by the plasma was measured by the phase comparator with phase detectionsensitivity was 0.06 fringe.The phase shift signals were collected by the data acquisitionsystem and processed immediately by a program,and thus we can get the electron densityinformation in real time.
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