基于GIS的呼和浩特市城市公园绿地可达性的研究
|
摘要
城市公园绿地是城市用地的重要组成部分,是城市生态系统的一个子系统,也是维护城市区域内人类生存所必需的物质环境空间。在改善城市生态环境、提高居民生活质量及塑造城市形象等方面起着至关重要的作用。
目前对城市公园绿地可达性的研究仅限于规模上的定性,并无统一的计算方法。本文运用可达性理论,通过地理信息系统MAPGIS软件,以较为典型的全市性服务功能的青城公园为例,建立可达性模型,对城市公园绿地的可达性进行分析研究。
本文首次将六个影响可达性的因素列出,并采取特尔菲法确定其权重;根据各因素的影响程度,划分等级标准;确定影响因素的等级划分标准和权重分配,以其为依据,提出可达性影响指数的计算方法;运用MAPGIS软件,以“快鸟”影像为基础,以青城公园为例,对呼和浩特市二环以内的人口分布、道路网、绿地分布进行所需数据的提取,将所得数据带入可达性影响指数模型中计算,得到青城公园的可达性指数分布,确定其等级评定标准,将可达性等级在图中勾绘出,得到青城公园绿地可达性空间分布图,得出如下结论:
青城公园绿地可达性的分布分为6级,且其分布不是呈圆状分布,由于受多因素的影响,边缘呈不规则曲线状分布;在各因素影响较大的区域,服务范围锐减,可达性变短;影响较小的区域,服务范围增加,可达性延长。
本文研究方法同样可以运用到其它城市公园绿地的可达性中,该模型既强调城市绿地的空间分布格局的重要性,又强调城市绿地为居民提供服务的有效性。它可以有效地评价城市绿地格局和服务功能,为城市绿地的规划预案研究提供理论基础和可行的方案。绿地可达性揭示了人们对城市绿地的利用程度,反映了城市绿地价值的空间分布,是城市绿地景观格局与功能评价的一次新尝试。
The urban public park land is a significant component of the urban land, a subsystem of the urban ecological system, an essential physical environment of space to maintain people’s life in the urban area. It plays an important role in improving the urban environment, bettering people’s life and shaping the city’s image, and so on.
At present, the research on landscape attraction of urban park is limited to qualitative scale, but has no regular method of calculation. Through MAPGIS software of geographical information system, this paper adopts attraction theory and takes Qingcheng Park, a typical park for municipal service, as an example. It also sets up attraction models and does research on landscape attraction of urban park.
This paper is the first to illustrate the six factors which affect attraction, and to decide their importance respectively by Delphi method.It divides these factors into different standards according to their various influence; It states the division standard of the influential factors and their importance; Also, based on these, it poses a method to calculate the influence of attraction Index。Based on“First-bird”image, it takes QingCheng Park for an example, count the necessary data of the population, roads and green land inside the second ring of Hohhot and calculates this data in the model of the influence of attraction Index,and finally gets the attraction index distribution of QingCheng Park. It confirms its evaluation standard, illustrates the attraction grades in figures and gets space distributions of the attraction of QingCheng Park and the following conclusion:
The landscape attraction of QingCheng Park can be divided into six grades, and because of the influence of numerous factors, its edge is distributed in irregular curve, instead of circle. In those areas which are greatly influenced by each factor, the range of service will be reduced, and the attraction will become short;To the contrary, the range will be increased, and the attraction will become long.
The research methods of this essay can also be applied to other green grass land in other cities. This model not only emphasizes the importance of the pattern of space distribution, but also emphasizes the effectiveness provided by the green plots of the city to the citizens. It can effectively estimate the pattern and the service function of the green plots and provide the theoretical bases and practical plan for the scheme of the green plots of the city. The availability of the green plots indicates the degree of green plots use, the space distribution of the green plots, and it is a first try of the scene pattern and the function appraise.
目前对城市公园绿地可达性的研究仅限于规模上的定性,并无统一的计算方法。本文运用可达性理论,通过地理信息系统MAPGIS软件,以较为典型的全市性服务功能的青城公园为例,建立可达性模型,对城市公园绿地的可达性进行分析研究。
本文首次将六个影响可达性的因素列出,并采取特尔菲法确定其权重;根据各因素的影响程度,划分等级标准;确定影响因素的等级划分标准和权重分配,以其为依据,提出可达性影响指数的计算方法;运用MAPGIS软件,以“快鸟”影像为基础,以青城公园为例,对呼和浩特市二环以内的人口分布、道路网、绿地分布进行所需数据的提取,将所得数据带入可达性影响指数模型中计算,得到青城公园的可达性指数分布,确定其等级评定标准,将可达性等级在图中勾绘出,得到青城公园绿地可达性空间分布图,得出如下结论:
青城公园绿地可达性的分布分为6级,且其分布不是呈圆状分布,由于受多因素的影响,边缘呈不规则曲线状分布;在各因素影响较大的区域,服务范围锐减,可达性变短;影响较小的区域,服务范围增加,可达性延长。
本文研究方法同样可以运用到其它城市公园绿地的可达性中,该模型既强调城市绿地的空间分布格局的重要性,又强调城市绿地为居民提供服务的有效性。它可以有效地评价城市绿地格局和服务功能,为城市绿地的规划预案研究提供理论基础和可行的方案。绿地可达性揭示了人们对城市绿地的利用程度,反映了城市绿地价值的空间分布,是城市绿地景观格局与功能评价的一次新尝试。
The urban public park land is a significant component of the urban land, a subsystem of the urban ecological system, an essential physical environment of space to maintain people’s life in the urban area. It plays an important role in improving the urban environment, bettering people’s life and shaping the city’s image, and so on.
At present, the research on landscape attraction of urban park is limited to qualitative scale, but has no regular method of calculation. Through MAPGIS software of geographical information system, this paper adopts attraction theory and takes Qingcheng Park, a typical park for municipal service, as an example. It also sets up attraction models and does research on landscape attraction of urban park.
This paper is the first to illustrate the six factors which affect attraction, and to decide their importance respectively by Delphi method.It divides these factors into different standards according to their various influence; It states the division standard of the influential factors and their importance; Also, based on these, it poses a method to calculate the influence of attraction Index。Based on“First-bird”image, it takes QingCheng Park for an example, count the necessary data of the population, roads and green land inside the second ring of Hohhot and calculates this data in the model of the influence of attraction Index,and finally gets the attraction index distribution of QingCheng Park. It confirms its evaluation standard, illustrates the attraction grades in figures and gets space distributions of the attraction of QingCheng Park and the following conclusion:
The landscape attraction of QingCheng Park can be divided into six grades, and because of the influence of numerous factors, its edge is distributed in irregular curve, instead of circle. In those areas which are greatly influenced by each factor, the range of service will be reduced, and the attraction will become short;To the contrary, the range will be increased, and the attraction will become long.
The research methods of this essay can also be applied to other green grass land in other cities. This model not only emphasizes the importance of the pattern of space distribution, but also emphasizes the effectiveness provided by the green plots of the city to the citizens. It can effectively estimate the pattern and the service function of the green plots and provide the theoretical bases and practical plan for the scheme of the green plots of the city. The availability of the green plots indicates the degree of green plots use, the space distribution of the green plots, and it is a first try of the scene pattern and the function appraise.
引文
1 方淑波,肖笃宁.基于土地利用分析的兰州市城市区域生态安全格局研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2284-2290.
2 金远.对城市绿地指标的分析中国园林[J],2006,21(08):56-60.
3 中华人民共和国建设部,CJJ/T 85—2002 城市绿地分类标准[M].北京:2002.
4 许浩.国外城市绿地系统规划[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:4-30.
5 车生泉,王洪轮.城市绿地研究综述.上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)[J],2001, 19(3):229-234.
6 李敏.中国现代公园[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1987,6-7.
7 吕富峋.莫斯科城市发展总体规划方案评述[J].国外规划研究,2000,24(10):30-33.
8 沈玉麟.外国城市建设史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
9 胡聘.城市绿地综合效益评价方法探讨——天津实例应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,1994,7(1):18-22.
10 杨士弘.城市绿化树木的降温增湿效应研究[J].地理研究,1994(4):74-80.
11 张新献,古润泽.北京城市居住区绿地的滞尘效益[J].北京林业大学学报,1997,19(4):
12-17.
12 陈自新,苏雪痕,刘少宗,张新献.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究[J].中国园林,1998,14(3):53-56.
13 李贞,王丽荣.广州城市绿地景观异质性分析[J].应用生态学报,2002,11(1):26-29.
14 周延刚,陈云浩.模糊综合法在城市绿地系统景观综合评价中的应用——以上海市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(4):23-25.
15 田国行,杨文峰.郑州城市绿地生态效益与优化配置研究[J].河南科学,2001(3):300-303.
16 孟立君,刘京会.石家庄市绿地系统景观生态综合评价[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(1):138-140.
17 吴勇,苏智先.中国城市绿地现状及其生态经济价值评价[J].四川师范大学(自然科学版),2002,23(2):14-188.
18 李凡修,陈武.模糊集对分析法在城市绿地景观生态综合评价中的应用[J].新疆环境保护,2002,24(2):32-34.
19 周晓娟,彭锋.景观环境设计中对可达性的整体认识[DB].中国知网.2001,1.
20 马林兵,曹小曙.基于GIS 的城市公共绿地景观可达性评价方法[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(6):111-115.
21 俞孔坚,段铁武,李迪华,彭晋福.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例[J].规划研究,1999,23(8):8-11.
22 宋小冬,钮心毅.再论居民出行可达性的计算机辅助评价[J].城市规划汇刊,2000,(3):18-22.
23 车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002,20(4):322-327.
24 索奎霖.面积·位置·效率——城市绿地生态效益的三大柱石[J].中国园林,1999,15(3):52-53.
25 彭少麟,郭志华,王伯荪.利用GIS 和RS 估算广东植被光利用率[J].生态学报.2000,20(6):903-909.
26 马荣华,胡孟春.基于RS 与GIS 的自然生态环境评价——以海南岛为例[J].热带地理,2001,21(3):198-201.
27 赵光.长白山森林景观破碎的遥感探测[J].生态学报,2001,21(9):1393-1403
28 周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS 的城市绿地景观空间结构研究——以宁波市为例[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):901-907.
29 Kitchen,J.Economics.W,Hendon,W.S.Land values adjacent to an urban neighborhood park[J].Land Economics.1967,43 (3):357-361.
30 Beasley S.D,Workman,W.G.,Williams,N A.Estimating amenity values of urban fringe farmland:A contingent valuation approach:note.Growth and Change.1986,17 (4):70-78.
31 Garrod G.,Willis,K.The environmental economic impact of woodland:A two stage hedonic price model of the amenity valve of forestry in Britain[J].Applied Economics.1992,24 (7):715-728.
32 Hammer T.R,Coughlin R.E.T.The effect of a 1arge urban park on real estate values[J].American Institute of Planners Journal.1974,40 (4):274-277.
33 Correll,M R,Lillydahl J H,Singell L D.The effects of greenbelts on residential property values:Some findings on the political economy of open space[J].Land Economics.1978,54(2)207-217.
34 Morales,D.J.The contribution of trees to a residential property value[J].1980,6 (11):305-308.
35 Anderson,l.M,cordell,H K.Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens[J].Georgia (USA):A survey based on actual sales prices.Landscape urban plan.1988,15:153-164.
36 More T J,Steven T,Allen P G.Valuation of urban park[J].Landscape Urban Plan.1988,15:139-152.
37 Luttik J.The value of trees.Water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.2000,48:161-167.
38 Bolitzer B,Netusil N R.The impact of open spaces on properly values in Portland,Oregon[J].Journal of Environmental Management.2000,59:185-193.
39 Geoghegan J.The value of open spaces in residential land use[J].Land Use Policy.2002,19:91-98.
40 杨涛,过秀成.城市交通可达性新概念及其应用研究[J].中国公路学报,1995 (2) :25-30.
41 肖秋生,徐慰慈.城市交通规划[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1990:89-121.
42 曾松,杨佩昆等.城市道路网结构的可达性评价[J].同济大学学报,2001 (6):666-671.
43 裴玉龙,陈洪仁等.大城市道路网络结构形式评价研究.城市基础设施发展国际学术研讨会论文集[C].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1996.
44 李平华,陆玉麒.可达性研究的回顾与展望[J].地理科学进展.2005,24(3):69-78.
45 孙家柄,舒宁,关泽群,等.遥感原理、方法和应用[J] .北京:测绘出版社,1996,1-2.
46 张超,地理信息系统[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,1995,30-35.
47 毋河海,龚健雅.地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术[M] .北京:测绘出版社,1997,15-37.
48 徐新良,等.运用 RS和GIS 技术进行城市绿地覆盖调查[J].国土资源遥感,2001(4):28-32.
49 赖志斌,等.高分辨率遥感卫星数据在城市生态环境评价中的应用模型研究[J].地理科学进展,2000(4):359-365.
50 刘骏,等.小议城市绿地指标[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2001(4):35-38.
51 刘立民,等.绿量—城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000(5):32-34.
52 魏斌,等.城市绿地生态效果评价方法的改进[J].城市环境与城市生态,1997(4):54-56.
53 建设部建城[1993]784,城市绿化规划建设指标的规定[S] .
54 刘纪远,庄大方,凌扬,等.基于GIS的中国东北植被综合分类研究[J] .遥感学报,1998,2(4) .
55 李树楷.全球环境资源遥感分析[M] .北京:测绘出版社,1992.
56 杨士弘.城市生态环境学[M] .北京:科学出版社,1996.
2 金远.对城市绿地指标的分析中国园林[J],2006,21(08):56-60.
3 中华人民共和国建设部,CJJ/T 85—2002 城市绿地分类标准[M].北京:2002.
4 许浩.国外城市绿地系统规划[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:4-30.
5 车生泉,王洪轮.城市绿地研究综述.上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)[J],2001, 19(3):229-234.
6 李敏.中国现代公园[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1987,6-7.
7 吕富峋.莫斯科城市发展总体规划方案评述[J].国外规划研究,2000,24(10):30-33.
8 沈玉麟.外国城市建设史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
9 胡聘.城市绿地综合效益评价方法探讨——天津实例应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,1994,7(1):18-22.
10 杨士弘.城市绿化树木的降温增湿效应研究[J].地理研究,1994(4):74-80.
11 张新献,古润泽.北京城市居住区绿地的滞尘效益[J].北京林业大学学报,1997,19(4):
12-17.
12 陈自新,苏雪痕,刘少宗,张新献.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究[J].中国园林,1998,14(3):53-56.
13 李贞,王丽荣.广州城市绿地景观异质性分析[J].应用生态学报,2002,11(1):26-29.
14 周延刚,陈云浩.模糊综合法在城市绿地系统景观综合评价中的应用——以上海市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(4):23-25.
15 田国行,杨文峰.郑州城市绿地生态效益与优化配置研究[J].河南科学,2001(3):300-303.
16 孟立君,刘京会.石家庄市绿地系统景观生态综合评价[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(1):138-140.
17 吴勇,苏智先.中国城市绿地现状及其生态经济价值评价[J].四川师范大学(自然科学版),2002,23(2):14-188.
18 李凡修,陈武.模糊集对分析法在城市绿地景观生态综合评价中的应用[J].新疆环境保护,2002,24(2):32-34.
19 周晓娟,彭锋.景观环境设计中对可达性的整体认识[DB].中国知网.2001,1.
20 马林兵,曹小曙.基于GIS 的城市公共绿地景观可达性评价方法[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(6):111-115.
21 俞孔坚,段铁武,李迪华,彭晋福.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例[J].规划研究,1999,23(8):8-11.
22 宋小冬,钮心毅.再论居民出行可达性的计算机辅助评价[J].城市规划汇刊,2000,(3):18-22.
23 车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2002,20(4):322-327.
24 索奎霖.面积·位置·效率——城市绿地生态效益的三大柱石[J].中国园林,1999,15(3):52-53.
25 彭少麟,郭志华,王伯荪.利用GIS 和RS 估算广东植被光利用率[J].生态学报.2000,20(6):903-909.
26 马荣华,胡孟春.基于RS 与GIS 的自然生态环境评价——以海南岛为例[J].热带地理,2001,21(3):198-201.
27 赵光.长白山森林景观破碎的遥感探测[J].生态学报,2001,21(9):1393-1403
28 周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS 的城市绿地景观空间结构研究——以宁波市为例[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):901-907.
29 Kitchen,J.Economics.W,Hendon,W.S.Land values adjacent to an urban neighborhood park[J].Land Economics.1967,43 (3):357-361.
30 Beasley S.D,Workman,W.G.,Williams,N A.Estimating amenity values of urban fringe farmland:A contingent valuation approach:note.Growth and Change.1986,17 (4):70-78.
31 Garrod G.,Willis,K.The environmental economic impact of woodland:A two stage hedonic price model of the amenity valve of forestry in Britain[J].Applied Economics.1992,24 (7):715-728.
32 Hammer T.R,Coughlin R.E.T.The effect of a 1arge urban park on real estate values[J].American Institute of Planners Journal.1974,40 (4):274-277.
33 Correll,M R,Lillydahl J H,Singell L D.The effects of greenbelts on residential property values:Some findings on the political economy of open space[J].Land Economics.1978,54(2)207-217.
34 Morales,D.J.The contribution of trees to a residential property value[J].1980,6 (11):305-308.
35 Anderson,l.M,cordell,H K.Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens[J].Georgia (USA):A survey based on actual sales prices.Landscape urban plan.1988,15:153-164.
36 More T J,Steven T,Allen P G.Valuation of urban park[J].Landscape Urban Plan.1988,15:139-152.
37 Luttik J.The value of trees.Water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.2000,48:161-167.
38 Bolitzer B,Netusil N R.The impact of open spaces on properly values in Portland,Oregon[J].Journal of Environmental Management.2000,59:185-193.
39 Geoghegan J.The value of open spaces in residential land use[J].Land Use Policy.2002,19:91-98.
40 杨涛,过秀成.城市交通可达性新概念及其应用研究[J].中国公路学报,1995 (2) :25-30.
41 肖秋生,徐慰慈.城市交通规划[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1990:89-121.
42 曾松,杨佩昆等.城市道路网结构的可达性评价[J].同济大学学报,2001 (6):666-671.
43 裴玉龙,陈洪仁等.大城市道路网络结构形式评价研究.城市基础设施发展国际学术研讨会论文集[C].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1996.
44 李平华,陆玉麒.可达性研究的回顾与展望[J].地理科学进展.2005,24(3):69-78.
45 孙家柄,舒宁,关泽群,等.遥感原理、方法和应用[J] .北京:测绘出版社,1996,1-2.
46 张超,地理信息系统[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,1995,30-35.
47 毋河海,龚健雅.地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术[M] .北京:测绘出版社,1997,15-37.
48 徐新良,等.运用 RS和GIS 技术进行城市绿地覆盖调查[J].国土资源遥感,2001(4):28-32.
49 赖志斌,等.高分辨率遥感卫星数据在城市生态环境评价中的应用模型研究[J].地理科学进展,2000(4):359-365.
50 刘骏,等.小议城市绿地指标[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2001(4):35-38.
51 刘立民,等.绿量—城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000(5):32-34.
52 魏斌,等.城市绿地生态效果评价方法的改进[J].城市环境与城市生态,1997(4):54-56.
53 建设部建城[1993]784,城市绿化规划建设指标的规定[S] .
54 刘纪远,庄大方,凌扬,等.基于GIS的中国东北植被综合分类研究[J] .遥感学报,1998,2(4) .
55 李树楷.全球环境资源遥感分析[M] .北京:测绘出版社,1992.
56 杨士弘.城市生态环境学[M] .北京:科学出版社,1996.