全球一体化背景下中国种业国际竞争力研究
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摘要
2011年《国务院关于加快推进现代农作物种业发展的意见》（国发【2011】8号）明确提出：“我国是农业生产大国和用种大国，农作物种业是国家战略性、基础性核心产业，是促进农业长期稳定发展、保障国家粮食安全的根本。”我国是种子生产和消费大国，常年用种量保持在120亿公斤左右，国际种子联盟（International Seed Federation, ISF）最新统计显示，2012年我国种子市场价值为99.50亿美元，仅次于美国120亿美元，居世界第二位。我国巨大的农业产业规模和农产品市场潜力，正成为主要跨国公司竞争的焦点。随着经济全球化、全球市场一体化进程的加快，种业已成为全球各国竞相抢占的战略型新兴产业。中国种业要想在未来的全球种业市场竞争中占有一席之地，必须加快提升中国种业的国际竞争力水平。
基于此，本文以比较优势理论、H-O理论、竞争优势理论等国际竞争力相关理论为指导，通过广泛的文献搜集、理论研究、数据整理和分析，在吸收已有研究成果的基础上，注重理论与实际相结合，定性研究和定量研究相结合，文献调查和实地调查相结合。本文首先构建了以竞争业绩、竞争实力和竞争潜力来分析中国种业国际竞争力的理论框架；然后借助国际市场占有率指数、显示性比较优势指数等分析工具，从市场份额角度对我国种业国际竞争力水平进行描述性统计和测算分析，从市场份额角度分析了中国种业现有的竞争业绩；然后构建并围绕“生产要素、创新能力、产品质量、政府”等四个关键要素，利用相关统计并借助资源禀赋指数、出口产品质量升级指数等分析工具对中国种业国际竞争力的影响因素进行分析，从竞争力影响因素角度分析中国种业竞争实力的差距；随后借用迈克尔·波特教授的“菱形钻石模型”，诊断分析制约我国种业竞争力提升的深层次原因，分析种业未来竞争潜力；基于中国种业应加快“走出去”的战略需求，本文对中国种业现有优势品种、目标国市场进行了分析；最后提出了提升我国种业国际竞争力水平的对策建议并针对有关结论和问题展开讨论。本文得出的主要结论如下：
（1）从市场份额角度来分析中国种业国际竞争力水平（竞争业绩），结果发现：但在全球种子市场份额竞争中，中国得到的国外市场份额少，失去的国内市场份额多；出口市场主要集中在亚洲，而种子大额市场非洲和南美洲等占据的份额较少。IMS、RCA、TSC、CA计算结果显示，中国种业目前整体国际竞争力水平不足，与美国、荷兰等种业强国还存在很大差距，但中国种业竞争力水平上升趋势明显。相对来说，蔬菜种子竞争力高于大田作物种子且部分作物竞争力已超过德国等发达国家；在大田作物中，目前我国水稻和棉花种子竞争优势明显，油菜种子竞争优势开始显现。
（2）从生产要素、创新能力、产品质量、政府等四个要素来分析中国种业竞争力影响因素（竞争实力），结果发现：生产要素和政府要素对种业竞争力有所影响，但并不是关键影响要素；知识产权因素已成为制约我国种业国际竞争力提升的关键要素；质量因素是促进我国种业现有竞争力提升的关键要素；中国种业目前竞争实力严重不足，但中国种业应注重以现有的产品质量竞争力为契机加速提升和巩固种业市场份额的拓展和掌控能力，以便应对日益激烈的国际种业市场份额竞争。
（3）从钻石模型分析制约中国种业国际竞争力的深层次原因（竞争潜力），分析认为：从市场需求来看，产业化程度低，竞争性产品少，缺乏市场化研发导向制约了中国种业国际竞争力水平；从相关和支持产业来看，相关和支持产业以及种业产业各环节之间缺乏有效沟通制约了中国种业竞争力的提升；从企业战略结构与竞争状况来看，现有的研发、科技评价体系不健全，缺乏海外市场的投入，种业市场化程度低制约了中国种业竞争力的提升。可见，目前制约中国种业竞争力提升的原因较多，但同时也反应出未来种业提升的潜力巨大。
（4）种业充分利用国内外两个市场、两种资源能更好的提升国际竞争力水平。中国目前“走出去”的品种开始由低价值种子向高价值种子过渡。其中，杂交水稻已成为我国未来种业发展的战略性品种，未来东南亚、非洲、中亚是我国种业“走出去”的三大目标地区，而中亚将是我国种业“走出去”的战略重点。中国政府管理部门应重视中国种业“走出去”的引导，加快中国种业“走出去”步伐，全面抢夺全球种子市场份额。
In2011, circular of the state council on accelerating the establishment of modern seed industrypresents an opinion that China has high demand on the seed and agricultural production. Seed industryis a national strategic, basic core industry, which is the fundamental to promote the long-term stabledevelopment of agriculture and ensure national food security. China is a great seed production andconsumption country, and its perennial seed usage amount remains about12billion kilogram. Accordingto the latest statistics of ISF (International Seed Federation), China’s seed market value was9.95billiondollar in2012, ranking second in the world, just after America (12billion dollar). China’s greatagriculture industry scale and market potential of agricultural products are becoming competition focusfor major multinational companies. With the rapid development of economic globalization and globalmarket integration, seed industry has become the strategic emerging industry that every country race tocontrol. Therefore, it’s necessary to step up competitiveness for China’s seed industry if we want tohave a seat in the global seed market competition in the future.
Based on this, this paper takes the theory of comparative advantage, H-O and national competitiveadvantage for the theoretical guide. Through extensive collect document, theory research and dataanalysis, learn the existed research and pay attention the contact of theory and practice, qualitative andquantitative, document and fieldwork. First, this paper is make up the theory analysis framework ofChina seed industry which is include competitive achievement, competitive strength and competitivepotential based on the competitiveness theory and considerate the development of China seed industry.In the perspective of market share, this paper tries to illustrate and analyze the competitiveness of Chinaseed industry so that recognize the competitive achievement applying the index of international marketshare (IMS), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), competitive advantage (CA) and tradespecialization coefficient (TSC), using the data from ISF, WTO and China Customs statistics and seedindustries. Then make up the key factors include factor conditions, innovation capability, productquality and government which is analysis the influencing factors on China seed industrycompetitiveness applying the index of resource endowment index (REI) and export quality indices (QC)so that find the gap of competitive strength for China seed industry. After that this paper makes use ofthe "diamond system" model, produced by Professor Michael Porter, who is a strategic managementexpert in Harvard business school in America, analyzes the inside reasons which is prevent thecompetitiveness of seed industry so that find the competitive potential for it. On top of this, this paperanalysis the dominant varieties and the target country. In the last, this paper come up with policyrecommendations that promote the competitiveness of seed industry in China and discuss the conclusionand question. The main results are as follows:
(1) In the perspective of market share to analyze the competitiveness of China seed industry(competitive achievement). It is Findings that Chinese seed industry has got less abroad market shareand lost more domestic market share. Export markets are mainly concentrated in Asia (59.04%), the large markets in Africa (0.83%), South America (0.18%) have a little occupied. The indexes which areinclude IMS, RCA, TSC, CA are show that China seed industry Occupy less market share, thecompetitiveness is weak and has a large differences compared with the United States and Netherlands.Relatively speaking, the competitiveness of vegetable varieties is higher than crop varieties, and somevarieties competitiveness has surpassed the developed countries. In the crop varieties, rice and cottonseeds have strong competitiveness, and rape seed competitiveness had emerged.
(2) Analysis the key factors include factor conditions, innovation capability, product quality andgovernment which influencing competitiveness of Chinese seed industry (competitive strength). Theresult shows factor of production and government have a certain influence for Chinese seed industry,but it is not the key factors. The factor of intellectual property has become the key factor whichinfluences Chinese seed industry competitiveness. Product quality has become the key factor whichimprovement Chinese seed industry competitiveness. Chinese seed industry should taking the qualitycompetitiveness as an opportunity, accelerate and consolidate the ability of expanding and controllingmarket share in order to cope with the fierce competition of international seed market.
(3) Analysis the reason which prevent international competitiveness of Chinese seed industry by"diamond system" model (competitive potential).The result shows that In terms of consumption demand,low industrialization, minimal quantity of seed products and lack of market operation prevent Chineseseed industry competitiveness. In terms of related and supporting industries, lack of effectivecommunication between related and supporting industries, every step of seed industry prevent Chineseseed industry competitiveness. In terms of firm strategy，structure and rivalry, the present research andtechnology evaluation system is weak, shortage of invest for overseas markets and the degree of seedindustry market operation is low prevent Chinese seed industry competitiveness. Now, the reason whichprevent Chinese seed industry competitiveness is much, but it is reflect the competitive strength ofChinese seed industry is huge
(4) Today, the oversea seeds of China are graduated from low value to high value. Now hybrid ricehad became the strategic seed for support China seed industry develop in the future, hybrid rice seed gotmuch market share and other seeds had low market share. In the eyes of the target country, SouthAmerican, African and Central Asia is become the import region for Chinese seed industry and CentralAsia is the strategic emphasis region. Chinese government should focus on guide to Chinese seedindustry go abroad and quicken the pace to abroad so that ensure the marketing share in the global seedmarket share.
基于此，本文以比较优势理论、H-O理论、竞争优势理论等国际竞争力相关理论为指导，通过广泛的文献搜集、理论研究、数据整理和分析，在吸收已有研究成果的基础上，注重理论与实际相结合，定性研究和定量研究相结合，文献调查和实地调查相结合。本文首先构建了以竞争业绩、竞争实力和竞争潜力来分析中国种业国际竞争力的理论框架；然后借助国际市场占有率指数、显示性比较优势指数等分析工具，从市场份额角度对我国种业国际竞争力水平进行描述性统计和测算分析，从市场份额角度分析了中国种业现有的竞争业绩；然后构建并围绕“生产要素、创新能力、产品质量、政府”等四个关键要素，利用相关统计并借助资源禀赋指数、出口产品质量升级指数等分析工具对中国种业国际竞争力的影响因素进行分析，从竞争力影响因素角度分析中国种业竞争实力的差距；随后借用迈克尔·波特教授的“菱形钻石模型”，诊断分析制约我国种业竞争力提升的深层次原因，分析种业未来竞争潜力；基于中国种业应加快“走出去”的战略需求，本文对中国种业现有优势品种、目标国市场进行了分析；最后提出了提升我国种业国际竞争力水平的对策建议并针对有关结论和问题展开讨论。本文得出的主要结论如下：
（1）从市场份额角度来分析中国种业国际竞争力水平（竞争业绩），结果发现：但在全球种子市场份额竞争中，中国得到的国外市场份额少，失去的国内市场份额多；出口市场主要集中在亚洲，而种子大额市场非洲和南美洲等占据的份额较少。IMS、RCA、TSC、CA计算结果显示，中国种业目前整体国际竞争力水平不足，与美国、荷兰等种业强国还存在很大差距，但中国种业竞争力水平上升趋势明显。相对来说，蔬菜种子竞争力高于大田作物种子且部分作物竞争力已超过德国等发达国家；在大田作物中，目前我国水稻和棉花种子竞争优势明显，油菜种子竞争优势开始显现。
（2）从生产要素、创新能力、产品质量、政府等四个要素来分析中国种业竞争力影响因素（竞争实力），结果发现：生产要素和政府要素对种业竞争力有所影响，但并不是关键影响要素；知识产权因素已成为制约我国种业国际竞争力提升的关键要素；质量因素是促进我国种业现有竞争力提升的关键要素；中国种业目前竞争实力严重不足，但中国种业应注重以现有的产品质量竞争力为契机加速提升和巩固种业市场份额的拓展和掌控能力，以便应对日益激烈的国际种业市场份额竞争。
（3）从钻石模型分析制约中国种业国际竞争力的深层次原因（竞争潜力），分析认为：从市场需求来看，产业化程度低，竞争性产品少，缺乏市场化研发导向制约了中国种业国际竞争力水平；从相关和支持产业来看，相关和支持产业以及种业产业各环节之间缺乏有效沟通制约了中国种业竞争力的提升；从企业战略结构与竞争状况来看，现有的研发、科技评价体系不健全，缺乏海外市场的投入，种业市场化程度低制约了中国种业竞争力的提升。可见，目前制约中国种业竞争力提升的原因较多，但同时也反应出未来种业提升的潜力巨大。
（4）种业充分利用国内外两个市场、两种资源能更好的提升国际竞争力水平。中国目前“走出去”的品种开始由低价值种子向高价值种子过渡。其中，杂交水稻已成为我国未来种业发展的战略性品种，未来东南亚、非洲、中亚是我国种业“走出去”的三大目标地区，而中亚将是我国种业“走出去”的战略重点。中国政府管理部门应重视中国种业“走出去”的引导，加快中国种业“走出去”步伐，全面抢夺全球种子市场份额。
In2011, circular of the state council on accelerating the establishment of modern seed industrypresents an opinion that China has high demand on the seed and agricultural production. Seed industryis a national strategic, basic core industry, which is the fundamental to promote the long-term stabledevelopment of agriculture and ensure national food security. China is a great seed production andconsumption country, and its perennial seed usage amount remains about12billion kilogram. Accordingto the latest statistics of ISF (International Seed Federation), China’s seed market value was9.95billiondollar in2012, ranking second in the world, just after America (12billion dollar). China’s greatagriculture industry scale and market potential of agricultural products are becoming competition focusfor major multinational companies. With the rapid development of economic globalization and globalmarket integration, seed industry has become the strategic emerging industry that every country race tocontrol. Therefore, it’s necessary to step up competitiveness for China’s seed industry if we want tohave a seat in the global seed market competition in the future.
Based on this, this paper takes the theory of comparative advantage, H-O and national competitiveadvantage for the theoretical guide. Through extensive collect document, theory research and dataanalysis, learn the existed research and pay attention the contact of theory and practice, qualitative andquantitative, document and fieldwork. First, this paper is make up the theory analysis framework ofChina seed industry which is include competitive achievement, competitive strength and competitivepotential based on the competitiveness theory and considerate the development of China seed industry.In the perspective of market share, this paper tries to illustrate and analyze the competitiveness of Chinaseed industry so that recognize the competitive achievement applying the index of international marketshare (IMS), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), competitive advantage (CA) and tradespecialization coefficient (TSC), using the data from ISF, WTO and China Customs statistics and seedindustries. Then make up the key factors include factor conditions, innovation capability, productquality and government which is analysis the influencing factors on China seed industrycompetitiveness applying the index of resource endowment index (REI) and export quality indices (QC)so that find the gap of competitive strength for China seed industry. After that this paper makes use ofthe "diamond system" model, produced by Professor Michael Porter, who is a strategic managementexpert in Harvard business school in America, analyzes the inside reasons which is prevent thecompetitiveness of seed industry so that find the competitive potential for it. On top of this, this paperanalysis the dominant varieties and the target country. In the last, this paper come up with policyrecommendations that promote the competitiveness of seed industry in China and discuss the conclusionand question. The main results are as follows:
(1) In the perspective of market share to analyze the competitiveness of China seed industry(competitive achievement). It is Findings that Chinese seed industry has got less abroad market shareand lost more domestic market share. Export markets are mainly concentrated in Asia (59.04%), the large markets in Africa (0.83%), South America (0.18%) have a little occupied. The indexes which areinclude IMS, RCA, TSC, CA are show that China seed industry Occupy less market share, thecompetitiveness is weak and has a large differences compared with the United States and Netherlands.Relatively speaking, the competitiveness of vegetable varieties is higher than crop varieties, and somevarieties competitiveness has surpassed the developed countries. In the crop varieties, rice and cottonseeds have strong competitiveness, and rape seed competitiveness had emerged.
(2) Analysis the key factors include factor conditions, innovation capability, product quality andgovernment which influencing competitiveness of Chinese seed industry (competitive strength). Theresult shows factor of production and government have a certain influence for Chinese seed industry,but it is not the key factors. The factor of intellectual property has become the key factor whichinfluences Chinese seed industry competitiveness. Product quality has become the key factor whichimprovement Chinese seed industry competitiveness. Chinese seed industry should taking the qualitycompetitiveness as an opportunity, accelerate and consolidate the ability of expanding and controllingmarket share in order to cope with the fierce competition of international seed market.
(3) Analysis the reason which prevent international competitiveness of Chinese seed industry by"diamond system" model (competitive potential).The result shows that In terms of consumption demand,low industrialization, minimal quantity of seed products and lack of market operation prevent Chineseseed industry competitiveness. In terms of related and supporting industries, lack of effectivecommunication between related and supporting industries, every step of seed industry prevent Chineseseed industry competitiveness. In terms of firm strategy，structure and rivalry, the present research andtechnology evaluation system is weak, shortage of invest for overseas markets and the degree of seedindustry market operation is low prevent Chinese seed industry competitiveness. Now, the reason whichprevent Chinese seed industry competitiveness is much, but it is reflect the competitive strength ofChinese seed industry is huge
(4) Today, the oversea seeds of China are graduated from low value to high value. Now hybrid ricehad became the strategic seed for support China seed industry develop in the future, hybrid rice seed gotmuch market share and other seeds had low market share. In the eyes of the target country, SouthAmerican, African and Central Asia is become the import region for Chinese seed industry and CentralAsia is the strategic emphasis region. Chinese government should focus on guide to Chinese seedindustry go abroad and quicken the pace to abroad so that ensure the marketing share in the global seedmarket share.
引文
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