一种高效同步升压型芯片中过零检测电路的研究与分析
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摘要
随着电子和通讯技术的不断发展,便携式电子设备电源管理芯片逐渐成为功率半导体集成电路最重要的应用领域之一。高集成度、高效率和低成本是此类电源芯片最重要的特点。
鉴于检测电路在高效率电流模式电源管理芯片或者其他公路电子等模拟应用中的无法比拟的作用,当前学术界、工业界都投入了大量的精力研究比较成熟的检测方法以及相对应的高性能检测电路。
本设计研究的目的是为变换器能够在更宽的负载范围内具有高效率,即变换器不仅在重载情况具有高效率,同时也要提升轻载的效率。当中小型功率设备处于闲置状态时,即轻载或无载状态时,转换器的控制模式由PWM控制模式自动转换到跳周期PFM模式,即PSM(Pulse Skipping Mode)模式。当用电设备休眠时,电源芯片的负载为轻载状态,意味着电感电流有可能在下一充电周期之前放电到零(Discontinuous Current Mode DCM模式),一旦电感电流为零后,稳压电容就通过同步整流管对电感充电,此时电感电流变为反向,本文提出采用零电流检测电路,当电感电流小于某值时,关闭同步整流管,使体二极管开始工作,此法最大限度延长了同步整流管工作的时间,并且避免了电感电流反向,实现了效率最大提升。考虑到电路中存在延时,其中包括零电流比较器的转换时间,逻辑电路延时,驱动电路延时和开关管关闭的延时。如果将零电流检测比较器的门限设置在电感电流刚好为零时,就很可能已经发生电感电流倒灌,所以采取提前值关断。本文中将零电流比较器的门限设置在电感电流为50mA,当电感电流下降到50mA时,零电流比较器翻转,PMOS管关闭。
本文从对零电流检测电路的设计指标开始,先后阐述了如何选择控制模式,如何选择电阻模型,以及对开关管和整流管的尺寸进行了研究,另外为达到更高的精确度,还进行了电阻修调,最后提出了本设计的电路结构,与现有零电流检测电路结构进行比较,对结构进行了详细的原理分析和系统仿真。
最后针对系统性能参数的变化,如性能不稳定、参数发生漂移和退化等,对本设计结构电路进行了容差分析。它大大减轻了建立电路模型的工作量和避免了对复杂运算的处理,不但能实现以EDA技术为基础的通用电路容差分析技术和方法,而且能够实现电路性能和可靠性的并行设计分析。
With the development of electric and communication technology, portable power is increasingly becoming the most important application area for power semiconductor integrated circuits. High level of integration, high efficiency and low cost are the most desired features for portable power ICs.
In view of the high efficiency of detection circuit current-mode power management chips or other electronic highway simulation applications, such as the incomparable role in the current academia, industry has invested a lot of energy on more mature detection methods and on relatively high-performance detection circuit.
The purpose of the design is to widen the scope of the load with high efficiency, that is, not onlyverter can load range with high efficiency, that is, not only in the heavy-duty situations converter has high efficiency, but also improve the efficiency of light-load. When small or medium-sized power equipment is in the idle state, that is, light-load or no-load conditions, the PWM control mode jumps to pulse-skipping PFM mode automaticly, PSM model. When electrical equipment is dormant, the load of power chip is in light-load conditions, which means that the inductor current may be discharge to zero before next recharge cycles (Discontinuous Current Mode DCM mode), once the inductor current is zero, the regulator capacitance will be charged through the Synchronous rectifier (SR), at that time the inductor current jumps into reverse, this paper presents a zero-current detection circuit, when the inductor current value in a small, close the SR, the Schottky begin to work to extend the maximum working hours of the SR, and avoid the reverse inductor current to achieve maximum efficiency upgrade. Taking into account delay in the circuit, including the comparison of the zero-current conversion, logic delay, delay and driving circuit interrupters closed delay. If the threshold of the zero-current detection comparator is setted exactly when the inductor current is zero, inductor current flow backward will be likely to occurre, so advanced shutdown is taken into account. This paper will compare with zero-current threshold set in the inductor current of 50mA, when the inductor current drops to 50mA, zero-current comparators and overturned, the PMOS closed.
Based on the zero-current detection circuit design specifications, the paper has described how to choose the control mode, how to choose resistance model, as well as switch and the size of a SR research, and to achieve a higher degree of accuracy, but has also carried out Resistance tuning, the final design of the proposed structure of the circuit, the principle of detailed analysis and system simulation.
Finally system performance parameters, such as the performance of instability, parameters drift and degradation and so on, tolerance analysis is done to the structure of the design. It greatly reduced the workload of the establishment of circuit model and avoided the handling of complex computing, not only the realization of EDA technology-based generic circuit tolerance analysis technology and methods, but also to achieve circuit performance and reliability of the parallel design.
鉴于检测电路在高效率电流模式电源管理芯片或者其他公路电子等模拟应用中的无法比拟的作用,当前学术界、工业界都投入了大量的精力研究比较成熟的检测方法以及相对应的高性能检测电路。
本设计研究的目的是为变换器能够在更宽的负载范围内具有高效率,即变换器不仅在重载情况具有高效率,同时也要提升轻载的效率。当中小型功率设备处于闲置状态时,即轻载或无载状态时,转换器的控制模式由PWM控制模式自动转换到跳周期PFM模式,即PSM(Pulse Skipping Mode)模式。当用电设备休眠时,电源芯片的负载为轻载状态,意味着电感电流有可能在下一充电周期之前放电到零(Discontinuous Current Mode DCM模式),一旦电感电流为零后,稳压电容就通过同步整流管对电感充电,此时电感电流变为反向,本文提出采用零电流检测电路,当电感电流小于某值时,关闭同步整流管,使体二极管开始工作,此法最大限度延长了同步整流管工作的时间,并且避免了电感电流反向,实现了效率最大提升。考虑到电路中存在延时,其中包括零电流比较器的转换时间,逻辑电路延时,驱动电路延时和开关管关闭的延时。如果将零电流检测比较器的门限设置在电感电流刚好为零时,就很可能已经发生电感电流倒灌,所以采取提前值关断。本文中将零电流比较器的门限设置在电感电流为50mA,当电感电流下降到50mA时,零电流比较器翻转,PMOS管关闭。
本文从对零电流检测电路的设计指标开始,先后阐述了如何选择控制模式,如何选择电阻模型,以及对开关管和整流管的尺寸进行了研究,另外为达到更高的精确度,还进行了电阻修调,最后提出了本设计的电路结构,与现有零电流检测电路结构进行比较,对结构进行了详细的原理分析和系统仿真。
最后针对系统性能参数的变化,如性能不稳定、参数发生漂移和退化等,对本设计结构电路进行了容差分析。它大大减轻了建立电路模型的工作量和避免了对复杂运算的处理,不但能实现以EDA技术为基础的通用电路容差分析技术和方法,而且能够实现电路性能和可靠性的并行设计分析。
With the development of electric and communication technology, portable power is increasingly becoming the most important application area for power semiconductor integrated circuits. High level of integration, high efficiency and low cost are the most desired features for portable power ICs.
In view of the high efficiency of detection circuit current-mode power management chips or other electronic highway simulation applications, such as the incomparable role in the current academia, industry has invested a lot of energy on more mature detection methods and on relatively high-performance detection circuit.
The purpose of the design is to widen the scope of the load with high efficiency, that is, not onlyverter can load range with high efficiency, that is, not only in the heavy-duty situations converter has high efficiency, but also improve the efficiency of light-load. When small or medium-sized power equipment is in the idle state, that is, light-load or no-load conditions, the PWM control mode jumps to pulse-skipping PFM mode automaticly, PSM model. When electrical equipment is dormant, the load of power chip is in light-load conditions, which means that the inductor current may be discharge to zero before next recharge cycles (Discontinuous Current Mode DCM mode), once the inductor current is zero, the regulator capacitance will be charged through the Synchronous rectifier (SR), at that time the inductor current jumps into reverse, this paper presents a zero-current detection circuit, when the inductor current value in a small, close the SR, the Schottky begin to work to extend the maximum working hours of the SR, and avoid the reverse inductor current to achieve maximum efficiency upgrade. Taking into account delay in the circuit, including the comparison of the zero-current conversion, logic delay, delay and driving circuit interrupters closed delay. If the threshold of the zero-current detection comparator is setted exactly when the inductor current is zero, inductor current flow backward will be likely to occurre, so advanced shutdown is taken into account. This paper will compare with zero-current threshold set in the inductor current of 50mA, when the inductor current drops to 50mA, zero-current comparators and overturned, the PMOS closed.
Based on the zero-current detection circuit design specifications, the paper has described how to choose the control mode, how to choose resistance model, as well as switch and the size of a SR research, and to achieve a higher degree of accuracy, but has also carried out Resistance tuning, the final design of the proposed structure of the circuit, the principle of detailed analysis and system simulation.
Finally system performance parameters, such as the performance of instability, parameters drift and degradation and so on, tolerance analysis is done to the structure of the design. It greatly reduced the workload of the establishment of circuit model and avoided the handling of complex computing, not only the realization of EDA technology-based generic circuit tolerance analysis technology and methods, but also to achieve circuit performance and reliability of the parallel design.
引文
[1]Hamill.D.C,Deane.J.H.B,Jefferies.D.J.Modeling of chaotic DC-DC converters by iterated nonlinear mappings[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.1992,7(1):25-36.
[2]许峰,徐殿国,柳玉秀。具有最优动态响应的PWM型DC-DC变换器非线性控制新策略[J].中国电机工程学报.2003,23(12):133-139。
[3]王海永,李永明。一种高速高精度PWM开关电源控制新技术[J].清华大学学报自然科学版.2001,41(7):114-117.
[4]何凤琴,田贞富,吴玉广.一种升压型PFM控制DC/DC转换器[J].电源技术.2007:115-116.
[5]中国电源管理芯片市场格局难破,http://www.laogu.com/wz_11641.html.
[6]电源管理市场预测,http://www.edires.net/fresh/339.html.
[7]齐群,张波.软开关PWM变换器发展综述[J]。电路与系统学报.2000,5(3):50-56.
[8]Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein,Hilton Abilio Grundling,Humberto Pinheiro,et al.Zero Current and Zero Voltage Soft Transition Commutation Cell for PWM Inverters[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.2004,19(2):396-403.
[9]郭琼,姚晓宁.软开关变流技术的发展[J].电气传动自动化.2003,25(4):1-4.
[10]张小林,冉建桥,李贤云等.我国开关电源发展的思考[J].微电子学。2004,34(4):402-406.
[11]Anthony John Stratakos.High-Efficiency Low-Voltage DC-DC Conversion for Portable Applications[D]PHD Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley.1999:1-12.
[12]Sunao Hamamura,Daisuke Kurose and Tamotsu.New control Method of Piezoeletric Transformer Converter by PWM and PFM for Wide Range of Input Volteage[J].IEEE Transactions.2000:3-8.
[13]Falconi.C.,D'Amico.A.,Faeeio.M..Design of accurateanalogcircuits for low voltage low power CMOS systems[C].ISCAS2003,Bangkok,Thailand, May 2003:429 -432.
[14]SP6120 specification Sipex TECHNOLOGY.
[15]Garder.D.,Crawford.A.M.,Wang.S.High frequency(GHz)and low resistance integrated inductors using magnetic materials[C].Interconnect Technology Conference,San Francisco,USA,2001:101-103.
[16]罗萍.智能功率集成电路的跨周调制PSM及其测试技术研究[D]。电子科技大学博士论文.2004:7-19。
[17]沙占友.单片开关电源的发展趋势[J].电气时代,2003,第8期:53-54.
[18]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M]。第1版.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:27-39.
[19]Alan B.Grebene.Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design[M]。1。New York:A Wiley-interscience Publication,1983:514-527.
[20]黄赞武.高频开关电源的设计[D].北京农业大学硕士论文.2007:9-23。
[21]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵.开关变换器的跨周期调制模式[J].电子与信息学报,2004,26(6):984-988.
[22]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵.PSM开关变换器的平均模型与特性分析[J].电工技术学报,2005,20(3):19-23.
[23]罗萍,熊富贵,李肇基.功率变换的模糊型跨周调制模式[J]。电子与信息学报,2005,27(5):838-840.
[24]Hamamura S,Kurose D,Ninomiya T,Yamamoto M.New Control Method of Piezoelectric Transformer Converter by PWM and PFM for Wide Range of Input Voltage[C].CIEP 2000.Acapulco,Mexico,2000.Ⅶ IEEE International,2000:3-8.
[25]Hui S Y R,Sathiakumar R,Sung K K.Novel random PWM schemes with weighted switching decision[C].PEVSD 1996.Nottingham,uK,1996.1996:348-353.
[26]Michael M,Bech,Frede Blaabjerg.A methodology for true comparison of analytical and measured frequency domain spectran random PWM converters[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,1999,14(3):578-586.
[27]Geza Joos,Phoivos D,Ziogas,Vincenti D.A model reference adaptive PWM technique[J].IEEETrans.On PowerElectronics,1990,5(41):485-494.
[28]牛全民,罗萍,张波,李肇基。基于Boost变换器的PSM建模和分析[J].电力电子技术,2005,39(4):109-111。
[29]R.D.Middlebrook,Slobodan Cuk.A general unified approach to modelling switching-converter power stages[J].International Journal of Electronics,1997,42(6):521 -550.
[30]曹文思,杨育霞。基于状态空间平均法的Boost变换器仿真分析[J]。系统仿真学报,2007,19(6):1329-1334.
[31]聂丹.高效同步整流DC_DC升压变换器的研究[D].电子科技大学硕士论文。2003年:4-6。
[32]Anthony John Stratakos.High Efficiency Low Voltage DC-DC Conversion for Portable Applications[D].PHD Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,1999:84-85.
[33]KURSUN V,NARENDRA S G,DE V K.Low-voltage-swing monolithic dc-dc conversion[J].IEEE trans,on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ,2004,51(5):241-248.
[34]拉扎维.类比CMOS集成电路设计[M]。第1版。台湾:美商麦格罗·希尔国际股份有限公司台湾分公司,2002:14-15。
[35]李文昌,王继安,李威,李平.修调技术在高精度集成电路中的实现[J].微处理机,2006,1(1):1-3.
[36]李永红,兰家隆,黄顺康,张允超。一种用于集成电路的片上微调方法[J].电子科技大学学报,2005,34(1):26-28。
[37]唐圣兰.一种高效率同步整流升压DC_DC变换器设计研究[D].电子科技大学硕士论文.2007:57-58.
[38]格雷Gray.模拟集成电路的分析与设计.第4版.北京:高等教育出版社,21305:246-248.
[39]Forghani-zadeh.H.P.,Rincon-Mora.G.A..Current-sensing techniques for DC-DC converters[C].MWSCAS 2002,TULSA,OKLAHOMA,2002,Anhui Univ,Peoples R China,2002:577-580.
[40]格雷Gray.模拟集成电路的分析与设计。第4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2005:310-313.
[41]荆木春,胡经畲。最坏情况分析法在工程实际中的应用[J].方法与应用,2000,3(2):43-45。
[2]许峰,徐殿国,柳玉秀。具有最优动态响应的PWM型DC-DC变换器非线性控制新策略[J].中国电机工程学报.2003,23(12):133-139。
[3]王海永,李永明。一种高速高精度PWM开关电源控制新技术[J].清华大学学报自然科学版.2001,41(7):114-117.
[4]何凤琴,田贞富,吴玉广.一种升压型PFM控制DC/DC转换器[J].电源技术.2007:115-116.
[5]中国电源管理芯片市场格局难破,http://www.laogu.com/wz_11641.html.
[6]电源管理市场预测,http://www.edires.net/fresh/339.html.
[7]齐群,张波.软开关PWM变换器发展综述[J]。电路与系统学报.2000,5(3):50-56.
[8]Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein,Hilton Abilio Grundling,Humberto Pinheiro,et al.Zero Current and Zero Voltage Soft Transition Commutation Cell for PWM Inverters[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.2004,19(2):396-403.
[9]郭琼,姚晓宁.软开关变流技术的发展[J].电气传动自动化.2003,25(4):1-4.
[10]张小林,冉建桥,李贤云等.我国开关电源发展的思考[J].微电子学。2004,34(4):402-406.
[11]Anthony John Stratakos.High-Efficiency Low-Voltage DC-DC Conversion for Portable Applications[D]PHD Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley.1999:1-12.
[12]Sunao Hamamura,Daisuke Kurose and Tamotsu.New control Method of Piezoeletric Transformer Converter by PWM and PFM for Wide Range of Input Volteage[J].IEEE Transactions.2000:3-8.
[13]Falconi.C.,D'Amico.A.,Faeeio.M..Design of accurateanalogcircuits for low voltage low power CMOS systems[C].ISCAS2003,Bangkok,Thailand, May 2003:429 -432.
[14]SP6120 specification Sipex TECHNOLOGY.
[15]Garder.D.,Crawford.A.M.,Wang.S.High frequency(GHz)and low resistance integrated inductors using magnetic materials[C].Interconnect Technology Conference,San Francisco,USA,2001:101-103.
[16]罗萍.智能功率集成电路的跨周调制PSM及其测试技术研究[D]。电子科技大学博士论文.2004:7-19。
[17]沙占友.单片开关电源的发展趋势[J].电气时代,2003,第8期:53-54.
[18]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M]。第1版.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:27-39.
[19]Alan B.Grebene.Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design[M]。1。New York:A Wiley-interscience Publication,1983:514-527.
[20]黄赞武.高频开关电源的设计[D].北京农业大学硕士论文.2007:9-23。
[21]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵.开关变换器的跨周期调制模式[J].电子与信息学报,2004,26(6):984-988.
[22]罗萍,李肇基,熊富贵.PSM开关变换器的平均模型与特性分析[J].电工技术学报,2005,20(3):19-23.
[23]罗萍,熊富贵,李肇基.功率变换的模糊型跨周调制模式[J]。电子与信息学报,2005,27(5):838-840.
[24]Hamamura S,Kurose D,Ninomiya T,Yamamoto M.New Control Method of Piezoelectric Transformer Converter by PWM and PFM for Wide Range of Input Voltage[C].CIEP 2000.Acapulco,Mexico,2000.Ⅶ IEEE International,2000:3-8.
[25]Hui S Y R,Sathiakumar R,Sung K K.Novel random PWM schemes with weighted switching decision[C].PEVSD 1996.Nottingham,uK,1996.1996:348-353.
[26]Michael M,Bech,Frede Blaabjerg.A methodology for true comparison of analytical and measured frequency domain spectran random PWM converters[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics,1999,14(3):578-586.
[27]Geza Joos,Phoivos D,Ziogas,Vincenti D.A model reference adaptive PWM technique[J].IEEETrans.On PowerElectronics,1990,5(41):485-494.
[28]牛全民,罗萍,张波,李肇基。基于Boost变换器的PSM建模和分析[J].电力电子技术,2005,39(4):109-111。
[29]R.D.Middlebrook,Slobodan Cuk.A general unified approach to modelling switching-converter power stages[J].International Journal of Electronics,1997,42(6):521 -550.
[30]曹文思,杨育霞。基于状态空间平均法的Boost变换器仿真分析[J]。系统仿真学报,2007,19(6):1329-1334.
[31]聂丹.高效同步整流DC_DC升压变换器的研究[D].电子科技大学硕士论文。2003年:4-6。
[32]Anthony John Stratakos.High Efficiency Low Voltage DC-DC Conversion for Portable Applications[D].PHD Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,1999:84-85.
[33]KURSUN V,NARENDRA S G,DE V K.Low-voltage-swing monolithic dc-dc conversion[J].IEEE trans,on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ,2004,51(5):241-248.
[34]拉扎维.类比CMOS集成电路设计[M]。第1版。台湾:美商麦格罗·希尔国际股份有限公司台湾分公司,2002:14-15。
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