无线传感器网络的时间同步和目标跟踪
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摘要
无线传感器网络的时间同步和节点定位是利用无线传感器网络进行目标探测与跟踪中的两个重要的问题。本论文提出一种新的实现无线传感器网络时间同步的方法,该方法通过估计两个节点的本地时钟的相对频偏和目标节点的本地时钟的时间偏移对目标节点的本地时钟进行调整,估计相对频偏和时间偏移时所用到的时间信息是通过在节点间按一定的机制发射超宽带信号并用各自的本地时钟记录发射时刻获得的。在时间同步的基础上,提出利用超宽带信号和信标节点实现节点定位的方法,超宽带信号用来测量未知节点到各个信标节点的距离。我们用matlab Simulink建立了时间同步和节点定位的动态模型,性能分析和仿真结果均表明本文所提方法的有效性。本文还对无线传感器网络中单个低飞声目标的定位和跟踪进行了研究,通过建立动目标飞行的状态模型和观测模型,利用粒子滤波器和各个节点上的均匀线性麦克风阵列接收的信号,对声音目标飞行时的状态进行估计和跟踪,得到了无线传感器网络中单个低飞声目标的航迹曲线,仿真结果表明粒子滤波算法在实现无线传感器网络目标跟踪问题的有效性。
Time synchronization and node localization are known to be two important problems of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for target detection and tracking. In this thesis we propose a new time synchronization method for WSN using ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. In the proposed method, the synchronization is performed by two steps of estimating the relative drift and the offset of the two local clocks and aligning the local clocks, where the time information employed in the estimation steps is obtained by transmitting reference UWB signals at physical layer between pair of nodes and recording the local time instant of transmission using the local clocks. A new method of node localization is proposed on the basis of the proposed time synchronization method. UWB signal is employed to estimate the distance between the unknown node and each beacon node. The dynamic system models are established and the computer simulations are performed using matlab Simulink. The analysis and the simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Furthermore, the problem of the tracking of the single acoustic target in the WSN is discussed in this paper. The target dynamics and data likelihood are established. The track curves of target are obtained by processing the array data using particle filter. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the particle filter dealing with the problem of the target tracking of WSN.
Time synchronization and node localization are known to be two important problems of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for target detection and tracking. In this thesis we propose a new time synchronization method for WSN using ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. In the proposed method, the synchronization is performed by two steps of estimating the relative drift and the offset of the two local clocks and aligning the local clocks, where the time information employed in the estimation steps is obtained by transmitting reference UWB signals at physical layer between pair of nodes and recording the local time instant of transmission using the local clocks. A new method of node localization is proposed on the basis of the proposed time synchronization method. UWB signal is employed to estimate the distance between the unknown node and each beacon node. The dynamic system models are established and the computer simulations are performed using matlab Simulink. The analysis and the simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Furthermore, the problem of the tracking of the single acoustic target in the WSN is discussed in this paper. The target dynamics and data likelihood are established. The track curves of target are obtained by processing the array data using particle filter. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the particle filter dealing with the problem of the target tracking of WSN.
引文
[1]. Lan F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, etc, "A Survey on Sensor Networks", IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.102-114, August.2002.
[2]. Chee-Yee Chong, Srikanta P. Kumar, "Sensor Networks:Evolution, Opportunities, and Chanllenges", Proceedings of the IEEE,2003,91(8):1247-1256.
[3]. Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, etc, "Smart dust:Communicating with cubic-millimeter computer", IEEE Computer Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51
[4]. Noury N, Herve T, Rialle V, etc, "Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor and position sensors", Proc IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conf on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, Lyon. France,2000.607-610.
[5]. David Culler, Deborab Estrin, and Mani Srivastava, "Overview of Sensor Networks", IEEE Computer Society, pp.41-49, August.2004.
[6]. Romer K. Time synchronization in ad hoc networks. ACM Int'l Symp Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Long Beach, USA. October 2001.173-182.
[7]. Nima Khajehnouri and Ali H. Sayed "A Distributed Broadcasting Time-Synchronization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks" ICASSP 2005
[8]. F.Sivrikaya and B. Yener,"Time Synchronization in Sensor Networks:A survey" IEEE Network,vol.18,no.4,pp.45-50,Jul-Aug.2004
[9]. Tom Vercauteren, Dong Guo, and Xiaodong Wang, "Joint Multiple Target Tracking and Classification in Collaborative Sensor Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Aeras in Communications, Vol.23, No.4, pp.714-723, April.2005.
[10]. Ralph O. Schmidt, "Multiple Emitter Location and Signal Parameter Estimation", IEEE Transcations on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.AP-34, No.3, pp.276-280, March.1986.
[11]. Carine Hue, Jean-Pierre Le Cadre, and Patrick Perez, "Sequential Monte Carlo Methods for Multiple Target Tracking and Data Fusion", IEEE Transcation on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.309-325, February.2002.
[12]. Wensheng Zhang, and Guohong Cao, "DCTC:Dynamic Convoy Tree-Based Collaboration for Target Tracking in Sensor Networks", IEEE Transcation on Wireless Communications, Vol.3, No.5, pp.1689-1701, September.2004
[13]. Jayesh H. Kotecha and Petar M. Djurie, "Gaussian Particle Filtering", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.51, No.10, pp.2592-2601, October.2003
[14]M. Sanjeev Arulampalam, Simon Maskell, Neil Gordon, etc., "A Tutorial on Particle Filters for Online Nonlinear/Non-Gaussian Bayesian Tracking", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.174-188, Februray.2002.
[15]Jayesh H. Kotecha and Petar M. Djurie, "Gaussian Sum Particle Filtering", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.51, No.10, pp.2602-2612, October.2003.
[16]Matthew Orton and William Fitzgerald, "A Bayesian Approach to Tracking Multiple Targets Using Sensor Arrays and Particle Filters", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.216-223, Februray.2002.
[17]Tom Vercauteren, and Xiaodong Wang, "Decentralized Sigma-Point Information Filters for Target Tracking in Collaborative Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol.53, No.8, pp.2997-3009, August.2005.
[18]Petar M. Djuric, Jayesh H. Kotecba, Jianqui Zhang, etc., "Particle Filtering", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp.19-37, September.2003.
[19]M. L. Sichitiu and C. Veerarittiphan, "Simple, Accurate Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks", WCNC 2003.
[20]Federal Communication Commission, "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission'2 rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission System:First order and report" Technical Report FCC 02-48, (April 2002)
[21]S. Roy, J. R. Foerster, V. S. Somayazulu, and D. G. Leeper, "Ultrawideband radio design:the promise of high-speed, short-range wireless connectivity," Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, pp.295-311, Feb.2004.
[22]Liuqing Yang, Georgios B.Giannakis, "Timing Ultra-Wideband Signals With Dirty Templates" IEEE Transactions on Communications.vol.53.no.11,pp.1952-1963 November 2005
[23]Liuqing Yang and G. B. Giannakis, "Ultra-wideband communications:an idea whose time has come," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.21, pp.26-54, Nov. 2004.
[24]M. Z. Win and R. A. Scholtz, "Ultra-wide bandwidth time-hopping spread-spectrum impulse radio for wireless multiple-access communications", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.48, no.4, pp.679-691, Nov.2005.
[25]G. Sun, J. Chen, W. Guo, and K. J. R Liu, "Signal Processing Techniques in Network-Aided Positioning ", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.22, no.4, pp.12-23,Jul.2005.
[26]W. Su and I. Akyildiz, "Time-Diffusion Synchronization Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Trans. Networking, vol.13, no.2, pp.384-397, April 2005.
[27]K. Sun, P. Ning and Cliff Wang, "Fault-Tolerant Clutter-Wise Clock Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Transaction on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol.2, no.3, pp.177-189, Jul-Sep 2005.
[28]Y. W. Hong and A. Scaglione, "A Scalable Synchronization Protocol for Scale Sensor Networks and Its Applications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.23, no.5, pp.1085-1099, May.2005.
[29]K. Sun, P. Ning and C. Wang, "Secure and Resilient Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 24, no.2, Feb.2006.
[30]J. Ammer and J. Rabaey, "Low Power Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Network Modems", IEEE Communications Society/WCNC, pp.670-675,2005.
[31]B. M. Sadler, "Local and Broadcast Clock Synchronization in a Sensor Node", IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol.13, no.1, pp.9-12, Jan.2006.
[32]Q. Li and D. Rus, "Global Clock Synchronization in Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.55, no.2, pp.214-226, Feb.2006.
[33]J. Elson, L. Girod, and D.Estrin, "Fine-Grained Time Synchronization using Reference Broadcasts", Proc.5th Symp. Op. Sys. Design and Implementation, Boston, MA, Dec.,2002.
[34]Xiang Ji and Hong yuan Zha, "Robust Sensor Localization Algorithm in Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks",2003 IEEE, pp.527-532,2003.
[35]Chong Liu, Kui Wu, and Tian He, "Sensor Localization with Ring Overlapping Based on Comparison of Received Signal Strength Indicator", in 2004 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems, pp.516-518,2004.
[36]Benjamin Friedlander, "A Passive Localization Algorithm and Its Accuracy Analysis", IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. OE-12, No.l, pp.234-245, January.1987.
[37]Yi Shang, Wheeler Ruml, Ying Zhang, and Markus Fromherz, "Localization from Connectivity in Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol.15, No.11, pp.961-974, November.2004.
[38]K.W.Cheung and H.C.So, "A Multidimensional Scaling Framework for Mobile Location Using Time-of-Arrival Measurements", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol.53, No.2, pp.460-470, February.2004.
[39]Neal Patwari, Alfred O. Hero, III, Matt Perkins, Neiyer S. Correal, and Robert J. O'Dea, "Relative Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol.51, No.8, pp.2137-2148, August.2003.
[40]Jingdong Chen, Jacob Benesty, and Yiteng(Arden) Huang, "Robust Time Delay Estimation Exploiting Redundancy Among Multiple Microphones", IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, Vol.11, No.6, pp.549-557, November.2003.
[41]Hanbiao Wang, Len Yip, Kung Yao, and Deborah Estrin, "Lower Bounds of Localization Uncertainty In Sensor Networks", in proc. IEEE ICASSP, Los Angeles,CA,2004, pp.917-920.
[42]]N. Patwari, J.N. Ash, S. Kyperountas, A. O.Hero III, R.I. Moses, and N.S. Correal "Locating the Nodes" IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol.22, no.4 pp.54-69, July 2005
[43]A.H. Sayed, A.Tarighat, and N.Khajehnouri, "Network-Based Wireless Location,' IEEE Signal Processing Mag.,vol.22, no.4, pp.24-40, July 2005
[44]S.Gezici, Z. Tian, GB. Giannakis, H. Kobayashi, A.F. Molish, H.V. Poor, and Z. Sahinglu, "Localization via Ultra-Wideband Radios", IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol.22, no.4, pp.70-84, July 2005
[45]G. Sun, J. Chen, W. Guo, and K. J. R Liu, "Signal Processing Techniques in Network-Aided Positioning " IEEE Signal Processing Mag.,vol.22,no.4, pp.12-23, July 2005
[46]Hong Y W, Scaglione A, "Time Synchronization and Reach-back Communications with Pulse-coupled Oscillators for UWB Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Conf on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, November 2003,190-194.
[47]"Achieving high-accuracy distributed localization in sensor networks"
[48]Richard R. Brooks, Parameswaran Ramanathan, and Akbar M. Sayeed, "Distributed target classification and tracking in sensor networks", Proceeding of the IEEE, Vol.91, No.8, pp.1163-1171, August.2003.
[49]Petar M. Djurioc, Mahesh Vemula, and Monica F. Bugallo, "Tracking with particle filtering in tertiary wireless sensor networks", ICASSP, pp.757-760,2005.
[50]Volkan Cevher and James H. McClellan, "General direction-of-arrival tracking with acoustic nodes", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.53, No.1, pp.1-12, January.2005.
[51]J. Gerrits and J. Farserotu, "Ultra Wideband FM:A Straightforward Frequency Domain Approach", Proc.33rd European Microwave Conference, pp/853-856, Munchen, Germany, October.2003.
[52]R. Cardinali, L. De Nardis, P. Lombardo, etc., "UWB ranging accuracy for application within IEEE 802.15.3a"
[53]Liuqing Yang and Georgios B. Giannakis, "Ultra-Wideband Communications", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp.27-54, November.2004.
[54]Carine Hue, Jean-Pierre Le Cadre, and Patrick Perez, "Sequential Monte Carlo Methods for Multiple Target Tracking and Data Fusion", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.309-325, Februray.2002.
[55]Ian B. Rhodes, "A Tutorial Introduction to Estimation and Filtering", IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol.Ac-16, No.6, pp.688-706, December.1971.
[56]Neal Patwari, Alfred O. Hero, III, etc., "Realtive Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.51, NO.8, pp.2137-2148, August.2003.
[57]Dan Li, Kerry D. Wang, Yu Hen Hu, and Akbar M. Sayeed, "Detection, Classification, and Tracking of Targets", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, March.2002.
[58]马登永,“利用无线传感器网络实现声目标的定位与跟踪”,2006.01。
[2]. Chee-Yee Chong, Srikanta P. Kumar, "Sensor Networks:Evolution, Opportunities, and Chanllenges", Proceedings of the IEEE,2003,91(8):1247-1256.
[3]. Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, etc, "Smart dust:Communicating with cubic-millimeter computer", IEEE Computer Magazine,2001,34(1):44-51
[4]. Noury N, Herve T, Rialle V, etc, "Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor and position sensors", Proc IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conf on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, Lyon. France,2000.607-610.
[5]. David Culler, Deborab Estrin, and Mani Srivastava, "Overview of Sensor Networks", IEEE Computer Society, pp.41-49, August.2004.
[6]. Romer K. Time synchronization in ad hoc networks. ACM Int'l Symp Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Long Beach, USA. October 2001.173-182.
[7]. Nima Khajehnouri and Ali H. Sayed "A Distributed Broadcasting Time-Synchronization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks" ICASSP 2005
[8]. F.Sivrikaya and B. Yener,"Time Synchronization in Sensor Networks:A survey" IEEE Network,vol.18,no.4,pp.45-50,Jul-Aug.2004
[9]. Tom Vercauteren, Dong Guo, and Xiaodong Wang, "Joint Multiple Target Tracking and Classification in Collaborative Sensor Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Aeras in Communications, Vol.23, No.4, pp.714-723, April.2005.
[10]. Ralph O. Schmidt, "Multiple Emitter Location and Signal Parameter Estimation", IEEE Transcations on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.AP-34, No.3, pp.276-280, March.1986.
[11]. Carine Hue, Jean-Pierre Le Cadre, and Patrick Perez, "Sequential Monte Carlo Methods for Multiple Target Tracking and Data Fusion", IEEE Transcation on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.309-325, February.2002.
[12]. Wensheng Zhang, and Guohong Cao, "DCTC:Dynamic Convoy Tree-Based Collaboration for Target Tracking in Sensor Networks", IEEE Transcation on Wireless Communications, Vol.3, No.5, pp.1689-1701, September.2004
[13]. Jayesh H. Kotecha and Petar M. Djurie, "Gaussian Particle Filtering", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.51, No.10, pp.2592-2601, October.2003
[14]M. Sanjeev Arulampalam, Simon Maskell, Neil Gordon, etc., "A Tutorial on Particle Filters for Online Nonlinear/Non-Gaussian Bayesian Tracking", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.174-188, Februray.2002.
[15]Jayesh H. Kotecha and Petar M. Djurie, "Gaussian Sum Particle Filtering", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.51, No.10, pp.2602-2612, October.2003.
[16]Matthew Orton and William Fitzgerald, "A Bayesian Approach to Tracking Multiple Targets Using Sensor Arrays and Particle Filters", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.216-223, Februray.2002.
[17]Tom Vercauteren, and Xiaodong Wang, "Decentralized Sigma-Point Information Filters for Target Tracking in Collaborative Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol.53, No.8, pp.2997-3009, August.2005.
[18]Petar M. Djuric, Jayesh H. Kotecba, Jianqui Zhang, etc., "Particle Filtering", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp.19-37, September.2003.
[19]M. L. Sichitiu and C. Veerarittiphan, "Simple, Accurate Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks", WCNC 2003.
[20]Federal Communication Commission, "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission'2 rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission System:First order and report" Technical Report FCC 02-48, (April 2002)
[21]S. Roy, J. R. Foerster, V. S. Somayazulu, and D. G. Leeper, "Ultrawideband radio design:the promise of high-speed, short-range wireless connectivity," Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, pp.295-311, Feb.2004.
[22]Liuqing Yang, Georgios B.Giannakis, "Timing Ultra-Wideband Signals With Dirty Templates" IEEE Transactions on Communications.vol.53.no.11,pp.1952-1963 November 2005
[23]Liuqing Yang and G. B. Giannakis, "Ultra-wideband communications:an idea whose time has come," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.21, pp.26-54, Nov. 2004.
[24]M. Z. Win and R. A. Scholtz, "Ultra-wide bandwidth time-hopping spread-spectrum impulse radio for wireless multiple-access communications", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.48, no.4, pp.679-691, Nov.2005.
[25]G. Sun, J. Chen, W. Guo, and K. J. R Liu, "Signal Processing Techniques in Network-Aided Positioning ", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.22, no.4, pp.12-23,Jul.2005.
[26]W. Su and I. Akyildiz, "Time-Diffusion Synchronization Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Trans. Networking, vol.13, no.2, pp.384-397, April 2005.
[27]K. Sun, P. Ning and Cliff Wang, "Fault-Tolerant Clutter-Wise Clock Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Transaction on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol.2, no.3, pp.177-189, Jul-Sep 2005.
[28]Y. W. Hong and A. Scaglione, "A Scalable Synchronization Protocol for Scale Sensor Networks and Its Applications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.23, no.5, pp.1085-1099, May.2005.
[29]K. Sun, P. Ning and C. Wang, "Secure and Resilient Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 24, no.2, Feb.2006.
[30]J. Ammer and J. Rabaey, "Low Power Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Network Modems", IEEE Communications Society/WCNC, pp.670-675,2005.
[31]B. M. Sadler, "Local and Broadcast Clock Synchronization in a Sensor Node", IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol.13, no.1, pp.9-12, Jan.2006.
[32]Q. Li and D. Rus, "Global Clock Synchronization in Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.55, no.2, pp.214-226, Feb.2006.
[33]J. Elson, L. Girod, and D.Estrin, "Fine-Grained Time Synchronization using Reference Broadcasts", Proc.5th Symp. Op. Sys. Design and Implementation, Boston, MA, Dec.,2002.
[34]Xiang Ji and Hong yuan Zha, "Robust Sensor Localization Algorithm in Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks",2003 IEEE, pp.527-532,2003.
[35]Chong Liu, Kui Wu, and Tian He, "Sensor Localization with Ring Overlapping Based on Comparison of Received Signal Strength Indicator", in 2004 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems, pp.516-518,2004.
[36]Benjamin Friedlander, "A Passive Localization Algorithm and Its Accuracy Analysis", IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. OE-12, No.l, pp.234-245, January.1987.
[37]Yi Shang, Wheeler Ruml, Ying Zhang, and Markus Fromherz, "Localization from Connectivity in Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol.15, No.11, pp.961-974, November.2004.
[38]K.W.Cheung and H.C.So, "A Multidimensional Scaling Framework for Mobile Location Using Time-of-Arrival Measurements", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol.53, No.2, pp.460-470, February.2004.
[39]Neal Patwari, Alfred O. Hero, III, Matt Perkins, Neiyer S. Correal, and Robert J. O'Dea, "Relative Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol.51, No.8, pp.2137-2148, August.2003.
[40]Jingdong Chen, Jacob Benesty, and Yiteng(Arden) Huang, "Robust Time Delay Estimation Exploiting Redundancy Among Multiple Microphones", IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, Vol.11, No.6, pp.549-557, November.2003.
[41]Hanbiao Wang, Len Yip, Kung Yao, and Deborah Estrin, "Lower Bounds of Localization Uncertainty In Sensor Networks", in proc. IEEE ICASSP, Los Angeles,CA,2004, pp.917-920.
[42]]N. Patwari, J.N. Ash, S. Kyperountas, A. O.Hero III, R.I. Moses, and N.S. Correal "Locating the Nodes" IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol.22, no.4 pp.54-69, July 2005
[43]A.H. Sayed, A.Tarighat, and N.Khajehnouri, "Network-Based Wireless Location,' IEEE Signal Processing Mag.,vol.22, no.4, pp.24-40, July 2005
[44]S.Gezici, Z. Tian, GB. Giannakis, H. Kobayashi, A.F. Molish, H.V. Poor, and Z. Sahinglu, "Localization via Ultra-Wideband Radios", IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol.22, no.4, pp.70-84, July 2005
[45]G. Sun, J. Chen, W. Guo, and K. J. R Liu, "Signal Processing Techniques in Network-Aided Positioning " IEEE Signal Processing Mag.,vol.22,no.4, pp.12-23, July 2005
[46]Hong Y W, Scaglione A, "Time Synchronization and Reach-back Communications with Pulse-coupled Oscillators for UWB Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Conf on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, November 2003,190-194.
[47]"Achieving high-accuracy distributed localization in sensor networks"
[48]Richard R. Brooks, Parameswaran Ramanathan, and Akbar M. Sayeed, "Distributed target classification and tracking in sensor networks", Proceeding of the IEEE, Vol.91, No.8, pp.1163-1171, August.2003.
[49]Petar M. Djurioc, Mahesh Vemula, and Monica F. Bugallo, "Tracking with particle filtering in tertiary wireless sensor networks", ICASSP, pp.757-760,2005.
[50]Volkan Cevher and James H. McClellan, "General direction-of-arrival tracking with acoustic nodes", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.53, No.1, pp.1-12, January.2005.
[51]J. Gerrits and J. Farserotu, "Ultra Wideband FM:A Straightforward Frequency Domain Approach", Proc.33rd European Microwave Conference, pp/853-856, Munchen, Germany, October.2003.
[52]R. Cardinali, L. De Nardis, P. Lombardo, etc., "UWB ranging accuracy for application within IEEE 802.15.3a"
[53]Liuqing Yang and Georgios B. Giannakis, "Ultra-Wideband Communications", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp.27-54, November.2004.
[54]Carine Hue, Jean-Pierre Le Cadre, and Patrick Perez, "Sequential Monte Carlo Methods for Multiple Target Tracking and Data Fusion", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.50, No.2, pp.309-325, Februray.2002.
[55]Ian B. Rhodes, "A Tutorial Introduction to Estimation and Filtering", IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol.Ac-16, No.6, pp.688-706, December.1971.
[56]Neal Patwari, Alfred O. Hero, III, etc., "Realtive Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.51, NO.8, pp.2137-2148, August.2003.
[57]Dan Li, Kerry D. Wang, Yu Hen Hu, and Akbar M. Sayeed, "Detection, Classification, and Tracking of Targets", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, March.2002.
[58]马登永,“利用无线传感器网络实现声目标的定位与跟踪”,2006.01。