模糊滑模控制及其在风力发电系统中的应用研究
|
摘要
由于风能具有能量密度低、随机性和不稳定性等特点,风力发电机组是复杂多变量非线性不确定系统,因此,控制技术是机组安全高效运行的关键。模糊滑模变结构控制器具有响应快、鲁棒性好、设计实现方便等优点,已被逐步应用于很多工程领域。本文在对风力发电系统的数学模型和控制理论进行深入研究的基础上,应用模糊滑模变结构控制理论,分别设计出积分模糊滑模控制器、自适应模糊滑模控制器和积分自适应模糊滑模控制器。所提出的三种控制器有力克服了系统的参数变化和外界扰动的不良影响,实现具有一定自适应能力的高性能风力发电系统控制。仿真结果显示所提出的控制器具有较强的鲁棒性和良好的跟踪性能。
Control is crucial to the efficiency and reliability of wind turbines. Wind energy has lower density, instability and randomicity. Wind turbines have strong nonlinear multivariable with many uncertain factors and disturbances. Fuzzy sliding mode variable structure controller has been applied gradually in many fields because of its advantage of robust and easy realization. Based on the deep research on the wind turbine power system mathematics model and control theory, in order to overcome the blight caused by parameter variant and outside disturbance, three kinds of controllers including of integral fuzzy sliding mode controller, adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller and integral adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller are proposed respectively. These proposed controllers are adopted to realize high performance wind turbine system with adaptation. Simulation results indicate that these control approaches are robust and improve tracking accuracy considerably.
Control is crucial to the efficiency and reliability of wind turbines. Wind energy has lower density, instability and randomicity. Wind turbines have strong nonlinear multivariable with many uncertain factors and disturbances. Fuzzy sliding mode variable structure controller has been applied gradually in many fields because of its advantage of robust and easy realization. Based on the deep research on the wind turbine power system mathematics model and control theory, in order to overcome the blight caused by parameter variant and outside disturbance, three kinds of controllers including of integral fuzzy sliding mode controller, adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller and integral adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller are proposed respectively. These proposed controllers are adopted to realize high performance wind turbine system with adaptation. Simulation results indicate that these control approaches are robust and improve tracking accuracy considerably.
引文
[1]叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术.北京:机械工业出版社.2002.
[2]Grainger B,Thorogood T.Beyond the harbour wall[offshore wind farm] IEE Review,2001,47(2):13-17.
[3]J-P.Molly.张世惠译.风能理论、应用与测试.
[4]Andrew Miller, Edward Muljadi, Donald S. Zinger. A Variable Speed Wind Turbine Power Control. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion. 1997.12(2): 1981-1986.
[5]A.D.Diop,C.Vivhita,et al. Modelling Variable Pitch HAWT Characteristics for a Real Time Wind Turbine Simulator. Wind Eng.1999, 23(4):225-243.
[6]张新房.华北电力大学博士论文.2005.
[7]Leithead, W.E., Connor, B. Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Design Task.Int.J.Contr.,2000,73(13):1189-1212.
[8]W.Leithead, S. de la Salle,and D. Readon. Wind turbine control objectives and design. In European Community Wind Energy Conference, Madrid, 1990, 510-515.
[9]W.Leithead,S.de la Salle,and D.Reardon. Role and objectives for control of wind turbines. IEE Proc-C,1991,138(2): 135–148.
[10]Kendall,L.,Balas,M.J.et al.Application of proportional integration and disturbance accommodating control to variable speed variable pitch horizontal axis wind turbines.Wind Engineering.1997,21(1):21-38.
[11]须洪华,倪受元.独立运行风电机组的最佳叶尖速比控制.太阳能学报, 1998, 19(1): 30-35.
[12]Bhowmik S, Spee R, Enslin J R.Performance optimization fordoubly fed wind power generation systems .IEEE Trans IA, 1999, 35(4): 949-958.
[13]McIverA, et al.Optimal control of a variable speed wind turbine under dynamic wind conditions.IAS’96.IEEE 31st IAS Annual Meeting. 1996: 1692-1698.
[14]Abdin E S, Xu Wilson.Control design and dynamic performance analysis of a wind turbine-induction generator unit.IEEE Trans.on EC, 2000, 15(1): 91-96.
[15]Ekelund T. Dynamics and control of structural loads of wind turbines. Proc.of the American Control Conf .Pennsylvania,1998, 1720-1724.
[16]Ekelund T.Yaw Control for reduction of structural dynamic loads in wind turbines.J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 2000,85: 241-262.
[17]Hofmann W,Okafor F.Optimal control of doubly-fed full-controlled induction wind generator with high efficiency.The 27th Annual Conf.of the IEEE IES.2001, 1213-1218.
[18]Komatsu M, et al.Output maximization control of wind turbine based on extremum control strategy .Proc of the American Control Conf. Arlington.VA, 2001, 6:1739-1740.
[19]Rabelo B, Hofmann W.Optimal active and reactive power control with the doubly-fed induction generator in the class wind turbine.IEEE PEDS. Indonesia,2001:53-58.
[20]陈星莺,刘孟觉,单渊达.超导储能单元在并网型风力发电系统的应用.中国电机工程学报, 2001, 21(12):63-66.
[21]闫耀民,范瑜,汪至中.永磁同步电机风力发电系统的自寻优控制.电工技术学报, 2002, 17(6):82-86.
[22]Hilloowala,R.M. Sharaf,A.M.A Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for a PWM Inverter in a Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme. IEEE Trans Industry Applications,1996,32(1):57-65.
[23]Simoes, B K Bose. Fuzzy Logic based intelligent control of a variable speed cage machine wind generation system. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, 1997, 12(1):234-239.
[24]Yifan Tang, Longya Xu. Adaptive Fuzzy Control of a Variable Speed Power Generating System with Doubly Excited Reluctance Machine.1994 IEEE 25th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol(1):377-384.
[25]M.Perales, J. Perez,et al. Fuzzy logic control of a variable speed variable pitch wind turbine. The 25th Annual Conference of the IEEE, 1999, Vol(2):614-618.
[26]张新房,徐大平.风力发电机组的变论域自适应模糊控制.控制工程, 2003, (10)4: 342-345.
[27]ZHANG Xinfang, XU Daping. Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Variable Speed Variable Pitch Wind Turbines. IFAC Symposium on Power Plants&Power Systems Control 2003 Pre-prints.Korea. 545-550.
[28]M.A.M.Prats, J. M. Carrasco, et al. Improving transition between poweroptimization and power limitation of variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines using Fuzzy control.26th Annual Conference of the IEEE, 2000. vol.3: 1497-1502.
[29]M.A.M. Prats,J.M. Carrasco, et al. A new fuzzy logic controller to improve the captured wind energy in a real 800 kW variable speed-variable pitch wind turbine. IEEE 33rd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2002, Vol(1):101-105.
[30]Z Chen, S Arnalte Gomez, M Mccormick. A fuzzy logic controlled power electronic system for variable speed wind energy conversion systems. IEEE Power Electronics and Variable Speed Dives Conference,2000, 114-119.
[31]Giraud F, Salameh Z M.Neural network modeling of the gust effect on a grid interactive wind energy conversion system with battery storage .Electric Power System Research,1999, 50: 155-161.
[32]Kanellos F D, Hatziargyriou N D.A new control scheme for variable speed wind turbines using neural networks .2002 IEEE PES Winter Meeting, 2002, (1): 360-365.
[33]EskanderMona N. Neural network controller for a permanent magnet generator applied in a wind energy conversion system.Renewable Energy, 2002, 26: 463-477.
[34]姚兴佳,曾小明.基于神经网络的风力发电控制系统.控制与决策, 1997,12(增刊): 482-486.
[35]R Chedid,F Mrad,M Basma. Intelligent control of a class of wind energy conversion systems. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion.1999,14(4): 1597-1604.
[36]R Chedid, F Mrad,M Basma. Intelligent control for Wind Energy Conversion Systems.Wind Eng.1998,22(1):1-16.
[37]Lima M L, Silvino J L. H∞control for a variable-speed adjustable -pitch wind energy conversion system .Proc of the 1999 IEEE Canadian Conf on Elec and Computer Engineering.1999, 556-561.
[38]Peter M.M.Bongers,et al.Load reduction in a wind conversion system using an controller .The 2st IEEE Conf on CA. Vancouver B.C 1993,9: 965-970. H∞
[39]Peter M.M.Bongers.Experimental robust control of a flexible wind turbine system.Proc.of the American Control Conf .Baltimore, Maryland,1994,6: 3214-3218.
[40]郑黎明,姜桐.大型水平轴风力机模型分析及鲁棒控制.新能源, 1998, 20(8): 21-25.
[41]贾要勤,曹秉刚,杨仲庆.风力发电系统的H∞鲁棒控制.太阳能学报, 2004, 25(1): 85-91.
[42]Mayosky M A, Cancelo G I E.Direct adaptive control of wind energy conversion system using gaussian networks.IEEE Tans On NN, 1999, 10(4): 898-906.
[43]Al-duwaishHN, et al.Adaptive output feedback controller forwind turbine generators using neural networks.Electric Machines and Power Systems, 1999, 27: 465-479.
[44]Dambrosio L.Fortunato B.One step ahead adaptive control of a wind -driven, synchronous generator system, Energy, 1999, 24: 9-20.
[45]Kana CL, et al.Systemmanagement of a wind -energy converter, IEEE Trans On Power Electronics, 2001, 16(3):375-381.
[46]Song Y D, et al, Variable speed control of wind turbines using nonlinear and adaptive algorithms. Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 2000, 85: 293-308.
[47]王常勇.变速风力发电机组的适应性控制.机电工程, 2001, 18(4): 61-64.
[48]张新房,徐大平.风力发电机组的变论域自适应模糊控制.控制工程, 2003, 10(4): 342-345.
[49]李树广,何志明.模糊自适应PID控制在立式风力发电系统中的应用.测控技术, 2003, 22(7): 24-27.
[50]孙同景,徐德.并网式55 kW风力发电机组控制系统研究与实现.太阳能学报, 1997, 18(3): 322-326.
[51]徐德,孙同景.55/11kW风力发电机组并网过程分析与控制.太阳能学报, 1996, 17(3): 266-271.
[52]姚兴佳,王凤翔,邓英,等.并网型风电机组智能控制技术.沈阳工业大学学报, 1998, 20(3): 22-26.
[53]郭洪澈.风力发电系统的故障诊断专家系统设计.节能, 2002, (3): 36-38.
[54]包能胜,姜桐,陈庆新.变转速风力机额定风速以上的非线性控制—恒功率输出控制问题.控制理论与应用,1999,16(5):747-750.
[55]Battista H D, Mantz R J. Sliding mode control of torque ripple in wind energy conversion systems with slip power recovery.Proc of the 24th Annual Conf of IEEE, IECON’98.1998(2): 651-656.
[56]Battista H D.Sliding mode control of wind energy systems with DOIG-powerefficiency and torsional dynamics optimization .IEEE Trans Power Systems.2000, 15(2):728-734.
[57]De Battisa H, Mantz R J, Christiansen C F. Dynamical sliding mode power control of wind driven induction generators. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,2000,5(4):451-457.
[58]P Ruben, D S Daniel. Interger variable structure controllers for small wind energy systems. Proceedings of the 1999 IEE Canadian conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1999, 1067-1072.
[59]D.J.Leith, W.E. Leithead. Performance enhancement of wind turbine power regulation by switched linear control. International Journal of Control, 1996, 65(4): 555-572.
[60]V.I.Utkin, Variable structure systems with sliding modes, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1977, Vol.22: 212-222.
[61]J.Erschler, F.Roubellat,J.P.Vernhes. Automation of a hydroelectro power station using variable structure systems, Automatica, Vol. 10: 37-1974.
[62]J.J.E. Slotine , S.S. Sastry. Tracking control of nonlinear system using sliding surfaces with application to robot manipulators, International Journal of Control, 1983, Vol. 38: 465-492.
[63]J.J.E. Slotine, The robust control of robot manipulators, International Journal of Robotics Research, 1985,Vol.4: 49-64.
[64]V.I. Utkin. Sliding mode control design principles and applications to electric drives, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1993, 40(1): 23-26.
[65]J.J.E.Slotine , W.Li. Applied Nonlinear Control, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991.
[66]M.O.Efe. Variable structure systems theory based training strategies for computationally intelligent systems, Ph.D. Dissertation, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000.
[67]O.Kaynak, K.Erbatur, M.Ertugrul. The fusion of computationally intelligent methodologies and sliding-mode control-A survey, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, 2001, 48(1): 4-17.
[68]L.A.Zadeh. Fuzzy sets, Information and Control, 1965, Vol.8: 338-353.
[69]张恩勤,施颂椒,高卫华,等.模糊控制系统近年来的研究与发展.控制理论与应用, 2001,18(1):7-11.
[70]R.Palm. Sliding mode fuzzy control. Procd. IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 1992, 519-526.
[71]S.W.Kim,J.J.Lee. Design of a fuzzy controller with fuzzy sliding surface, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1995, Vol.71: 359-367.
[72]C.G.Lhee, J.S.Park, H.S.Ahn. Sliding-like fuzzy logic control with self-tuning the dead zone parameters, IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems, 2001, 9(2): 343-348.
[73]Y.R.Hwang, M.Tomizuka. Fuzzy smoothing algorithms for variable structure systems, IEEE Transaction on Fuzz- Systems, 1994, Vol.2: 277-284.
[74]K.Erbatur, O.Kaynak, A.Sabanovic. Fuzzy adaptive sliding mode control of a direct drive robot, Robotics and Autonomous Systems,1996, 19(2): 215-227.
[75]K.Erbatur ,O.Kaynak. Use of adaptive fuzzy systems in parameter turning of sliding-modecontrollers, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2001, 6(4): 474-482.
[76]H.Temeltas. A fuzzy adaptation technique for sliding mode controllers Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 1998, Vol.1:110-115.
[77]Y.J.Mon ,C.M.Lin. Hierarchical fuzzy sliding-mode control, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 2002, Vol.1:656-661.
[78]B.Yoo , W.Ham. Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control of nonlinear system, IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems, 1998,Vol.6: 315-321.
[79]Shaoyuan Li ,Yugeng Xi. Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for a class of uncertain dynamic systems, Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Ingelligent Control and Automation, Hefei, 2000, 1849-1853.
[80]Tianping Zhang, Yuequan Yang ,Huiyan Zhang. Direct adaptive sliding mode control with nonlinearly parameterized fuzzy approximators, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Ingelligent Control and Automation, Shanghai, 2002, 1915-1519.
[81]T.P.Zhang ,C.B.Feng. Fuzzy variable structure control via output feedback, International Journal of System Science, 1997 28(3): 309-319.
[82]T.P.Zhang,C.B.Feng.Decentralized adaptive fuzzy control for largescale nonlinear systems, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1997, 92(1):61-70.
[83]G.C.Hwang , S.C.Lin. A stability approach to fuzzy control design for 61nonlinear systems, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1992, 48(3):279-287.
[84]Z.M.Yeh.A performance approach to fuzzy control design for nonlinear- systems, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1994, 64(3):339-352.
[85]Z.M.Yeh. Adaptive multivariable fuzzy logic controller, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1997, 86(1):43-60.
[86]L.K.Wong, F.H.F.Leung ,P.K.S.Tam.Lyapunov-Function-Based Design of Fuzzy Logic Controllers and Its Application on combining controllers IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, 1998,45(3):502-509.
[87]H.R.Lin ,W.J.Wang. Fuzzy control design for the pre-specified tracking with sliding mode, Fuzzy Systems Proceedings of IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, 1998, Vol. 1:292-295.
[88]Hwang G C, Cheng S. A stability Approach to Control Design for Nonlinear Systems,Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1992,48(3):279-287.
[89]Wang J D, Lee T L, Juang Y T. New methods to design an integral variable structure controller. IEEE transactions on automatic control, 1996. 41(1): 140-143.
[90]Jacob S G, J M. Designing fuzzy controllers from a variable structures standpoint. IEEE transactions on fuzzy systems, 1997,5(1): 138-144.
[91]Yager R R, Filev D P. Essentials of fuzzy modeling and control. John Wiley, New York.1994.
[92]Chern T L, Wu Y C. An optimal variable structure control with integral compensation for electrohydraulic position servo control systems. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, 1992. 39(5): 460-463.
[93]王立新.自适应模糊系统与控制—设计与稳定性分析[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1995.
[94]夏长亮,宋战锋.变速恒频风力发电系统变桨距自抗扰控制.中国电机工程学报. 2007, 27(4): 91-95.
[95]T.Senjyu, R.Sakamoto, N.Urasaki, Output power leveling of wind turbine generator for all operating regions by pitch angle control, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, 2006,21(2):467-475.
[96]Wang,L.X.. Adaptive Fuzzy Systems and Control, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1994, NJ.
[97]Palm, R..Sliding mode fuzzy control, Proc. IEEE Conf. on Fuzzy systems, San Diego, 1992, 519-526.
[98]S.W.Kim ,J.J.Lee. Design of a fuzzy controller with fuzzy sliding surface,Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1995, Vol.71:359-367.
[99]Zhang,T.P., Fang, C.B..Decentralized adaptive fuzzy control for large-scale nonlinear systems, Fuzzy Set and Systems, 1997, 92(1):61-70.
[100]Li, Y.,Ng K.C.Design of SISO sliding mode control systems using genetic algorithms, Technique report, Centre for systems and control, University of Glasgow, 1994, http://www.mech.gla.ac.uk/Control/report.html
[101]Spooner, J.J., Passino K.M..Stable adaptive control using fuzzy systems and neural networks, IEEE Trans. on Fuzzy Systems, 1996,4(3): 339-359.
[102]Yoo.B and Hem W. Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control of nonlinear system, IEEE Trans. on Fuzzy Systems, 1998, 6(2):315-321.
[2]Grainger B,Thorogood T.Beyond the harbour wall[offshore wind farm] IEE Review,2001,47(2):13-17.
[3]J-P.Molly.张世惠译.风能理论、应用与测试.
[4]Andrew Miller, Edward Muljadi, Donald S. Zinger. A Variable Speed Wind Turbine Power Control. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion. 1997.12(2): 1981-1986.
[5]A.D.Diop,C.Vivhita,et al. Modelling Variable Pitch HAWT Characteristics for a Real Time Wind Turbine Simulator. Wind Eng.1999, 23(4):225-243.
[6]张新房.华北电力大学博士论文.2005.
[7]Leithead, W.E., Connor, B. Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Design Task.Int.J.Contr.,2000,73(13):1189-1212.
[8]W.Leithead, S. de la Salle,and D. Readon. Wind turbine control objectives and design. In European Community Wind Energy Conference, Madrid, 1990, 510-515.
[9]W.Leithead,S.de la Salle,and D.Reardon. Role and objectives for control of wind turbines. IEE Proc-C,1991,138(2): 135–148.
[10]Kendall,L.,Balas,M.J.et al.Application of proportional integration and disturbance accommodating control to variable speed variable pitch horizontal axis wind turbines.Wind Engineering.1997,21(1):21-38.
[11]须洪华,倪受元.独立运行风电机组的最佳叶尖速比控制.太阳能学报, 1998, 19(1): 30-35.
[12]Bhowmik S, Spee R, Enslin J R.Performance optimization fordoubly fed wind power generation systems .IEEE Trans IA, 1999, 35(4): 949-958.
[13]McIverA, et al.Optimal control of a variable speed wind turbine under dynamic wind conditions.IAS’96.IEEE 31st IAS Annual Meeting. 1996: 1692-1698.
[14]Abdin E S, Xu Wilson.Control design and dynamic performance analysis of a wind turbine-induction generator unit.IEEE Trans.on EC, 2000, 15(1): 91-96.
[15]Ekelund T. Dynamics and control of structural loads of wind turbines. Proc.of the American Control Conf .Pennsylvania,1998, 1720-1724.
[16]Ekelund T.Yaw Control for reduction of structural dynamic loads in wind turbines.J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 2000,85: 241-262.
[17]Hofmann W,Okafor F.Optimal control of doubly-fed full-controlled induction wind generator with high efficiency.The 27th Annual Conf.of the IEEE IES.2001, 1213-1218.
[18]Komatsu M, et al.Output maximization control of wind turbine based on extremum control strategy .Proc of the American Control Conf. Arlington.VA, 2001, 6:1739-1740.
[19]Rabelo B, Hofmann W.Optimal active and reactive power control with the doubly-fed induction generator in the class wind turbine.IEEE PEDS. Indonesia,2001:53-58.
[20]陈星莺,刘孟觉,单渊达.超导储能单元在并网型风力发电系统的应用.中国电机工程学报, 2001, 21(12):63-66.
[21]闫耀民,范瑜,汪至中.永磁同步电机风力发电系统的自寻优控制.电工技术学报, 2002, 17(6):82-86.
[22]Hilloowala,R.M. Sharaf,A.M.A Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for a PWM Inverter in a Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme. IEEE Trans Industry Applications,1996,32(1):57-65.
[23]Simoes, B K Bose. Fuzzy Logic based intelligent control of a variable speed cage machine wind generation system. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, 1997, 12(1):234-239.
[24]Yifan Tang, Longya Xu. Adaptive Fuzzy Control of a Variable Speed Power Generating System with Doubly Excited Reluctance Machine.1994 IEEE 25th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol(1):377-384.
[25]M.Perales, J. Perez,et al. Fuzzy logic control of a variable speed variable pitch wind turbine. The 25th Annual Conference of the IEEE, 1999, Vol(2):614-618.
[26]张新房,徐大平.风力发电机组的变论域自适应模糊控制.控制工程, 2003, (10)4: 342-345.
[27]ZHANG Xinfang, XU Daping. Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Variable Speed Variable Pitch Wind Turbines. IFAC Symposium on Power Plants&Power Systems Control 2003 Pre-prints.Korea. 545-550.
[28]M.A.M.Prats, J. M. Carrasco, et al. Improving transition between poweroptimization and power limitation of variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines using Fuzzy control.26th Annual Conference of the IEEE, 2000. vol.3: 1497-1502.
[29]M.A.M. Prats,J.M. Carrasco, et al. A new fuzzy logic controller to improve the captured wind energy in a real 800 kW variable speed-variable pitch wind turbine. IEEE 33rd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2002, Vol(1):101-105.
[30]Z Chen, S Arnalte Gomez, M Mccormick. A fuzzy logic controlled power electronic system for variable speed wind energy conversion systems. IEEE Power Electronics and Variable Speed Dives Conference,2000, 114-119.
[31]Giraud F, Salameh Z M.Neural network modeling of the gust effect on a grid interactive wind energy conversion system with battery storage .Electric Power System Research,1999, 50: 155-161.
[32]Kanellos F D, Hatziargyriou N D.A new control scheme for variable speed wind turbines using neural networks .2002 IEEE PES Winter Meeting, 2002, (1): 360-365.
[33]EskanderMona N. Neural network controller for a permanent magnet generator applied in a wind energy conversion system.Renewable Energy, 2002, 26: 463-477.
[34]姚兴佳,曾小明.基于神经网络的风力发电控制系统.控制与决策, 1997,12(增刊): 482-486.
[35]R Chedid,F Mrad,M Basma. Intelligent control of a class of wind energy conversion systems. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion.1999,14(4): 1597-1604.
[36]R Chedid, F Mrad,M Basma. Intelligent control for Wind Energy Conversion Systems.Wind Eng.1998,22(1):1-16.
[37]Lima M L, Silvino J L. H∞control for a variable-speed adjustable -pitch wind energy conversion system .Proc of the 1999 IEEE Canadian Conf on Elec and Computer Engineering.1999, 556-561.
[38]Peter M.M.Bongers,et al.Load reduction in a wind conversion system using an controller .The 2st IEEE Conf on CA. Vancouver B.C 1993,9: 965-970. H∞
[39]Peter M.M.Bongers.Experimental robust control of a flexible wind turbine system.Proc.of the American Control Conf .Baltimore, Maryland,1994,6: 3214-3218.
[40]郑黎明,姜桐.大型水平轴风力机模型分析及鲁棒控制.新能源, 1998, 20(8): 21-25.
[41]贾要勤,曹秉刚,杨仲庆.风力发电系统的H∞鲁棒控制.太阳能学报, 2004, 25(1): 85-91.
[42]Mayosky M A, Cancelo G I E.Direct adaptive control of wind energy conversion system using gaussian networks.IEEE Tans On NN, 1999, 10(4): 898-906.
[43]Al-duwaishHN, et al.Adaptive output feedback controller forwind turbine generators using neural networks.Electric Machines and Power Systems, 1999, 27: 465-479.
[44]Dambrosio L.Fortunato B.One step ahead adaptive control of a wind -driven, synchronous generator system, Energy, 1999, 24: 9-20.
[45]Kana CL, et al.Systemmanagement of a wind -energy converter, IEEE Trans On Power Electronics, 2001, 16(3):375-381.
[46]Song Y D, et al, Variable speed control of wind turbines using nonlinear and adaptive algorithms. Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 2000, 85: 293-308.
[47]王常勇.变速风力发电机组的适应性控制.机电工程, 2001, 18(4): 61-64.
[48]张新房,徐大平.风力发电机组的变论域自适应模糊控制.控制工程, 2003, 10(4): 342-345.
[49]李树广,何志明.模糊自适应PID控制在立式风力发电系统中的应用.测控技术, 2003, 22(7): 24-27.
[50]孙同景,徐德.并网式55 kW风力发电机组控制系统研究与实现.太阳能学报, 1997, 18(3): 322-326.
[51]徐德,孙同景.55/11kW风力发电机组并网过程分析与控制.太阳能学报, 1996, 17(3): 266-271.
[52]姚兴佳,王凤翔,邓英,等.并网型风电机组智能控制技术.沈阳工业大学学报, 1998, 20(3): 22-26.
[53]郭洪澈.风力发电系统的故障诊断专家系统设计.节能, 2002, (3): 36-38.
[54]包能胜,姜桐,陈庆新.变转速风力机额定风速以上的非线性控制—恒功率输出控制问题.控制理论与应用,1999,16(5):747-750.
[55]Battista H D, Mantz R J. Sliding mode control of torque ripple in wind energy conversion systems with slip power recovery.Proc of the 24th Annual Conf of IEEE, IECON’98.1998(2): 651-656.
[56]Battista H D.Sliding mode control of wind energy systems with DOIG-powerefficiency and torsional dynamics optimization .IEEE Trans Power Systems.2000, 15(2):728-734.
[57]De Battisa H, Mantz R J, Christiansen C F. Dynamical sliding mode power control of wind driven induction generators. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,2000,5(4):451-457.
[58]P Ruben, D S Daniel. Interger variable structure controllers for small wind energy systems. Proceedings of the 1999 IEE Canadian conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1999, 1067-1072.
[59]D.J.Leith, W.E. Leithead. Performance enhancement of wind turbine power regulation by switched linear control. International Journal of Control, 1996, 65(4): 555-572.
[60]V.I.Utkin, Variable structure systems with sliding modes, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1977, Vol.22: 212-222.
[61]J.Erschler, F.Roubellat,J.P.Vernhes. Automation of a hydroelectro power station using variable structure systems, Automatica, Vol. 10: 37-1974.
[62]J.J.E. Slotine , S.S. Sastry. Tracking control of nonlinear system using sliding surfaces with application to robot manipulators, International Journal of Control, 1983, Vol. 38: 465-492.
[63]J.J.E. Slotine, The robust control of robot manipulators, International Journal of Robotics Research, 1985,Vol.4: 49-64.
[64]V.I. Utkin. Sliding mode control design principles and applications to electric drives, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1993, 40(1): 23-26.
[65]J.J.E.Slotine , W.Li. Applied Nonlinear Control, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991.
[66]M.O.Efe. Variable structure systems theory based training strategies for computationally intelligent systems, Ph.D. Dissertation, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000.
[67]O.Kaynak, K.Erbatur, M.Ertugrul. The fusion of computationally intelligent methodologies and sliding-mode control-A survey, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, 2001, 48(1): 4-17.
[68]L.A.Zadeh. Fuzzy sets, Information and Control, 1965, Vol.8: 338-353.
[69]张恩勤,施颂椒,高卫华,等.模糊控制系统近年来的研究与发展.控制理论与应用, 2001,18(1):7-11.
[70]R.Palm. Sliding mode fuzzy control. Procd. IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 1992, 519-526.
[71]S.W.Kim,J.J.Lee. Design of a fuzzy controller with fuzzy sliding surface, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1995, Vol.71: 359-367.
[72]C.G.Lhee, J.S.Park, H.S.Ahn. Sliding-like fuzzy logic control with self-tuning the dead zone parameters, IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems, 2001, 9(2): 343-348.
[73]Y.R.Hwang, M.Tomizuka. Fuzzy smoothing algorithms for variable structure systems, IEEE Transaction on Fuzz- Systems, 1994, Vol.2: 277-284.
[74]K.Erbatur, O.Kaynak, A.Sabanovic. Fuzzy adaptive sliding mode control of a direct drive robot, Robotics and Autonomous Systems,1996, 19(2): 215-227.
[75]K.Erbatur ,O.Kaynak. Use of adaptive fuzzy systems in parameter turning of sliding-modecontrollers, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2001, 6(4): 474-482.
[76]H.Temeltas. A fuzzy adaptation technique for sliding mode controllers Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 1998, Vol.1:110-115.
[77]Y.J.Mon ,C.M.Lin. Hierarchical fuzzy sliding-mode control, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 2002, Vol.1:656-661.
[78]B.Yoo , W.Ham. Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control of nonlinear system, IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems, 1998,Vol.6: 315-321.
[79]Shaoyuan Li ,Yugeng Xi. Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for a class of uncertain dynamic systems, Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Ingelligent Control and Automation, Hefei, 2000, 1849-1853.
[80]Tianping Zhang, Yuequan Yang ,Huiyan Zhang. Direct adaptive sliding mode control with nonlinearly parameterized fuzzy approximators, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Ingelligent Control and Automation, Shanghai, 2002, 1915-1519.
[81]T.P.Zhang ,C.B.Feng. Fuzzy variable structure control via output feedback, International Journal of System Science, 1997 28(3): 309-319.
[82]T.P.Zhang,C.B.Feng.Decentralized adaptive fuzzy control for largescale nonlinear systems, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1997, 92(1):61-70.
[83]G.C.Hwang , S.C.Lin. A stability approach to fuzzy control design for 61nonlinear systems, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1992, 48(3):279-287.
[84]Z.M.Yeh.A performance approach to fuzzy control design for nonlinear- systems, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1994, 64(3):339-352.
[85]Z.M.Yeh. Adaptive multivariable fuzzy logic controller, Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1997, 86(1):43-60.
[86]L.K.Wong, F.H.F.Leung ,P.K.S.Tam.Lyapunov-Function-Based Design of Fuzzy Logic Controllers and Its Application on combining controllers IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, 1998,45(3):502-509.
[87]H.R.Lin ,W.J.Wang. Fuzzy control design for the pre-specified tracking with sliding mode, Fuzzy Systems Proceedings of IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, 1998, Vol. 1:292-295.
[88]Hwang G C, Cheng S. A stability Approach to Control Design for Nonlinear Systems,Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1992,48(3):279-287.
[89]Wang J D, Lee T L, Juang Y T. New methods to design an integral variable structure controller. IEEE transactions on automatic control, 1996. 41(1): 140-143.
[90]Jacob S G, J M. Designing fuzzy controllers from a variable structures standpoint. IEEE transactions on fuzzy systems, 1997,5(1): 138-144.
[91]Yager R R, Filev D P. Essentials of fuzzy modeling and control. John Wiley, New York.1994.
[92]Chern T L, Wu Y C. An optimal variable structure control with integral compensation for electrohydraulic position servo control systems. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, 1992. 39(5): 460-463.
[93]王立新.自适应模糊系统与控制—设计与稳定性分析[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1995.
[94]夏长亮,宋战锋.变速恒频风力发电系统变桨距自抗扰控制.中国电机工程学报. 2007, 27(4): 91-95.
[95]T.Senjyu, R.Sakamoto, N.Urasaki, Output power leveling of wind turbine generator for all operating regions by pitch angle control, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, 2006,21(2):467-475.
[96]Wang,L.X.. Adaptive Fuzzy Systems and Control, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1994, NJ.
[97]Palm, R..Sliding mode fuzzy control, Proc. IEEE Conf. on Fuzzy systems, San Diego, 1992, 519-526.
[98]S.W.Kim ,J.J.Lee. Design of a fuzzy controller with fuzzy sliding surface,Fuzzy Sets&Systems, 1995, Vol.71:359-367.
[99]Zhang,T.P., Fang, C.B..Decentralized adaptive fuzzy control for large-scale nonlinear systems, Fuzzy Set and Systems, 1997, 92(1):61-70.
[100]Li, Y.,Ng K.C.Design of SISO sliding mode control systems using genetic algorithms, Technique report, Centre for systems and control, University of Glasgow, 1994, http://www.mech.gla.ac.uk/Control/report.html
[101]Spooner, J.J., Passino K.M..Stable adaptive control using fuzzy systems and neural networks, IEEE Trans. on Fuzzy Systems, 1996,4(3): 339-359.
[102]Yoo.B and Hem W. Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control of nonlinear system, IEEE Trans. on Fuzzy Systems, 1998, 6(2):315-321.