黄土高原已治理小流域土地利用现状解析与评价
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摘要
我国黄土高原是世界上水土流失最为严重的地区之一,改革开放以来,国家为了从根本上解决环境质量恶化,经济发展缓慢和当地群众贫困问题,在黄土高原各类型区设立了11个试验示范区进行研究,力图在这一举世罕见的独特景观区解决环境与发展问题。经过近20年的治理与实践,这些流域是否实现了国家的预期目标?为此,本文以定西县高泉沟、安塞县纸坊沟和淳化县泥河沟流域为研究对象,以土地利用与评价为突破口进行解析,以回答上述问题,并为黄土高原水土保持与生态环境管理提供参考。
第二章分析了泥河、纸坊和高泉三流域治理前后土地利用结构的变化,主要结论有:①三流域沟间地部分,农地面积减小,林地和草地面积增加;沟坡地类,坡耕地全部退耕,林地和草地面积大幅增加;沟底地类,农地面积小幅增加。从土地利用效率来看,三类地貌单元的土地利用效率均得到一定程度提高。②三流域治理前后土地利用总体变化为,泥河沟,林地面积先升后降,农地面积先降后升,草地和其它用地面积一直下降。纸坊沟,耕地面积下降,林地、草地和其它用地面积上升。高泉沟,农地和草地面积小幅增加,林地面积快速增长,其它用地面积迅速下降。总体上,三流域土地利用变化呈农地面积减小,林地、草地、居民地和道路用地面积增加,未利用地面积减小趋势。
第三章主要研究了3流域土地利用结构调整引起的变化。主要结论有:①土地利用结构调整要根据区域自然与社会经济条件发展趋势逐步进行;其次,要进行土地生态经济系统的空间生态设计;再次,进行水土保持决策,实施水土保持技术方案,减少土地利用的侵蚀风险;最后,要改良和建设土地生态系统。②在农地面积减小的趋势下,通过大幅提高粮食单产,流域的粮食总产量和人均粮食占有量可获得提高。此外,土地利用利用结构调整后,流域的农业总产值、人均产值、人均纯收入和人均居住面积均大幅提高,流域的平均侵蚀模数大幅减小。③泥河沟流域形成以林果业为主导产业,“林果复合型生态农业”的发展模式;纸坊沟流域形成以林为主,种植业和果业适度发展的“水土保持型生态农业”发展模式;高泉沟流域形成以特色作物产业化种植和草畜半舍饲喂养为主导的农业产业结构。同时也形成了该区以退耕还林还草、生态环境建设和天然降水高效利用为基础的“黄土高原半干旱区退耕还林还草草畜及特色作物产业化高效生态农业”发展模式。④泥河、纸坊和高泉三流域的土地利用结构指数(SI)分别为0.3083,0.3514,0.2435。从土地利用结构对土壤侵蚀的影响来看,纸坊沟流域的土地利用结构对土壤侵蚀的影响最小,此种土地利用结构最有益于保持水土。
第四章对典型地块的土地生产力计算方法和分布特征做了深入研究,取得了如下结果:①以土地类型图为基础图件,并参照土地利用类型,坡度和土壤类型,可得出各流域具有代表性的典型地块单元。②确定出的土壤有机质、土壤容重、坡度等11项土地生态因子可较好反映土地的生产力状况。③采用的土地生产力评价模型,能够较好的定量反映土地的生产潜力,利用主成份分析法和因子分析法可较为客观的确定出模型中各因子的权重,采用修正后的隶属度函数能较好地计算各土地生态因子的得分,且各分值具有较好的区分度。④三流域典型地块的土地生产力整体特征为,泥河沟典型地块的拉LNPI高低顺序为林地>草地>园地>农地。纸坊沟为乔木林>园地>农地>灌木林>天然草地>退耕草地,高泉沟为乔灌混交林>灌木林地>乔木林>农耕地>荒草地>人工草地>撂荒地。⑤三流域典型地块的土地生产力空间分布特征为,泥河沟流域,塬面地类LNPI的大小顺序为林地>园地>农地,沟坡地类为林地>草地>园地>农地,沟底地类为林地>草地>农地。纸坊沟流域,梁峁、沟坡和沟底地类,均为林地典型地块的LNPI最高,农地居中,草地最小。高泉沟流域,梯田,草地的LNPI高于农地;梁地,林地的LNPI最高,其次为农地,草地最低;谷底地,农地的LNPI高于林地。在所有土地类型不同利用现状下,谷坡林地的LNPI最高。⑥总体来看,农、林、草三种利用方式下,高泉沟典型地块的LNPI较高,泥河沟居中,纸坊沟最小。
第五章分析了3流域典型地块的土地经济生产力特征,主要结论有:①在流域土地经济生产力整体分布特征上,泥河沟流域典型地块的年生物量高低顺序为林地>园地>农地>草地,纸坊沟流域为农地>园地>天然草地>灌木林地>乔木林地>退耕草地,高泉沟流域为农耕地>灌木林地>乔灌混交林>荒草地>乔木林地>人工草地>撂荒地。②在各流域土地经济生产力的空间分布特征上,泥河沟流域,塬面地类的经济生产力高低为园地>农地>林地。沟坡地类为林地>园地和草地>农地。沟底地类为沟底林地>沟底草地>沟底农地;纸坊沟流域,梁峁地类为农地>林地>草地。沟坡地类为农地>草地>林地。沟底地类为农地>林地;高泉沟流域,梯田为农地>草地。梁地为农地>林地>草地。谷底为农地>林地;③不同土地利用方式下典型地块的土地经济生产力特征为:农地,泥河沟>纸坊沟>高泉沟,林地,泥河沟>高泉沟>纸坊沟,草地,高泉沟>泥河沟>纸坊沟。
第六章分析了3流域典型地块的土地生产力耦合特征,主要结论有:①对流域典型地块的土地生产力耦合特征分析不能仅考虑土地类型,还应考虑不同的土地利用方式。②在泥河沟流域,农地上,导致部分典型地块土地生产力耦合程度较差的因素主要为灾害气候、密度、播期、品种和地理位置,此外土地的熟化程度对地块的经济生产力也有较大影响。在林地上主要为栽植密度、人为破坏、树种差异和地理位置,该流域刺槐林地的密度宜为1.5m×2m,在管理上应该通过承包、租赁的形式强化对其产权管理。在果树上,富士和秦冠的密度分别宜为2.0m×3.0m和3.0m×3.0m,位于沟畔的园地应改为农田或栽植一定宽度的生态林以降低灾害天气的影响。在自然草地上,不同地块土壤结构的差异是主要原因。③在纸坊沟流域,乔木林地,密度不适宜是土地生产力耦合较差的主要原因,该流域生物量较高地块乔木的密度大多为4m×5m。在乔灌混交林中,灌木树种选择不合理是主要原因。在灌木林地,密度过大导致缺水枯死现象严重是主要原因,该流域灌木样地的密度宜为1.0m×1.5m。在农地,作物品种老化、人们的防病防虫意识较差和疏于田间管理是主要原因。在草地上,特别是退耕草地上,成活率偏低是造成地块经济生产力偏低的主要原因。在高泉沟流域,林地,树种的密度不适宜是主要原因。农地,品种差异为主要原因,特别是马铃薯品种造成的差异更为显著,同时,马铃薯的种植密度对经济生产力的影响也较大。在草地主要为草种退化、密度不合适及对草地的防虫防病管理较差。④三流域农、林、草典型地块土地生产力的耦合特征为:农地,高泉沟流域典型地块的耦合性较差,其主要原因为天然降水缺乏。林地,三流域典型地块的耦合性均较好,但泥河沟流域重视园地发展并取得良好生态、经济和社会效益的思路很值得高泉和纸坊借鉴。草地,泥河沟流域典型地块的耦合性较差,该流域应该借鉴高泉沟流域草地和畜牧业发展的成功经验。
The Loess Plateau of Our country is a soil erosion region and is one of the most serious regions in the world, after the reform opens, in order to resolve the depravation of environment quality, the slow-developing economy and the poor problem of local crowd by root, our nature have established 11 experimental demonstration areas in various areas on the Loess Plateau and carried on research and want to resolve environment and development problem in rare special view area. After 20 years of management and practice, whether these small watersheds carried out the expectation targets of the nation or not? For this, this paper with the Gaoquan small watershed of DingXi county, the Zhifang small watershed of AnSai county and the Nihe small watershed of ChunHua county as research objects, with the land use and its evaluation as the breakthrough to answer above-mentioned questions, and to provide a reference to the water and soil conservation of the Loess Plateau and ecosystem environment management.
In the Chap 2 analyzed the varieties of the land use changes of the 3 small watersheds after conservation implementation, the main conclusion are:①In this 3 small watersheds, on upland, the farmland areas decreased, woodland and lawn areas increased; in the gully-slope land, all of the slope farmland have abandoned, woodland and lawn areas increased significantly; In the channel bottom ground, the farmland areas increased a little. From the efficiency of land use, the efficiencies of this three land types all get a certain increase.②After conservation implementation, the total changes of land use of this three small watershed is: In Nihe, the woodland areas decline after increase, the farmland areas rise after declining, lawn and others has been descending. In Zhifang, the farmland areas descend, woodland, lawn and others increase. In Gaoquan, the farmland and the lawn areas have a small increased, the woodland areas increase quickly, the other descends quickly. Total up, the change trends of land use in the three small watersheds: the farmland decreased, woodland, lawn, resident ground and road increased, the waste land decreased.
In the Chap 3 mainly studied the results which caused by land use structure adjustment in 3 small watersheds. The main conclusions are:①The structure adjustment of land use should carried on gradually according to the district natural and social economic condition; secondly, the space design of the land ecosystem is needed; thirdly, carry on water and soil conservation decision, carry out water and soil conservation project, reduce the erosion risk of land exploitation; finally, improve and establish land ecosystems.②Under the trends that the farmland area lets up, the food total yield of the small watershed and personally food can acquire a significant exaltation through exaltation food outputs per unit, In addition, after structure adjustment of the land exploitation, the agricultural total production value, personal production value, personal pure value and personal habitation areas of the 3 small watersheds all raise significantly, the average erosion mold of the small watershed lets up significantly.③in the Nihe small watershed, wood and fruit industry is the predominant industry and "wood-fruit ecological agriculture" is the developing mode; in Zhifang, wood is the predominant industry, while plants industry and fruit industry develop appropriately and "the ecosystem agriculture of the water and soil conservation type" is the developing mode; in Gaoquan, special crop industry, grass and domestic half feed is the predominant in agriculture industrial structure. At the same time, form "the half dry area of the Loess Plateau’s rehabilitation of vegetation, grass and domestic animal and special features farm crop industrial turn efficiently an ecosystem agriculture" developing mode which is base on rehabilitation of vegetation ,ecosystem environment construction and high efficiency use of natural precipitation.④The land use structure index (SI) of the Nihe, the Zhifang and the Gaoquan are 0.3083, 0.3514 and 0.2435, respectively. According to the influence of land use structure upon the soil erosion, the kind of land use structure in the Zhifang small watershed have the minimum influence upon the soil erosion and is best to keep Water and soil.
In the Chap 4 computational methods and distribution characteristics of LNPI of various typical land parcels are researched and obtaining as follows as results:①taking the land type as basic map and according to the land use type, slope and soil type, each small watershed can get the representative and typical plots.②The soil organic matter, soil bulk density, slope of ground, etc.11 land ecological factors can reflect the natural productivity condition of land.③Adopted evaluation model of land natural productivity can better metered reflect production potential of land, principal component analysis and factor analysis method can more objectively settle the power of each factor in the model, the adoption of the revises membership grade can compute a grade of ecosystem factor in each land and each value has a better distinction.④The whole characteristics of the land natural productivity in this three small watersheds are: in the Nihe small watershed, the LNPI sequence of various typical land parcels is woodland>lawn>orchand land>farmland; in Zhifang the LNPI sequence is highwood> orchand land >farmland>bush wood>natural lawn> abandoned land, in Gaoquan the sequence of LNPI is highwood and shrub mixed forest land>shrubbery land >highwood>farmland> native grass land >cultivated lawn>abandonment of arable land.⑤The distributed characteristics of the land natural productivity in these three small watersheds is: in the Nihe small watershed, the LNPI sequence of upland is woodland>orchard land>farmland, the LNPI sequence of gully-slope land is woodland>lawn> orchard land >farmland, the LNPI sequence of channel land is woodland>lawn>farmland. In Zhifang all LNPI sequences of upland, gully-slope land and channel land are woodland is the maximum, farmland is in the center and the lawn is minimum. In Gaoquan, the LNPI sequence of terrace is the lawn higher than the farmland; the LNPI of upland and woodland are the maximum, farmland secondly, the lawn is the minimum; in channel land, the LNPI of farmland is higher than the woodland. Among all of the different land use, the LNPI of slope woodland is the maximum.⑥On the whole, among agriculture land, wood land and grass land, the Gaoquan have the maximum LNPI, the Nihe is the center, and the Zhifang is the minimum.
In the chap 5, we analyzed the economic productivity characteristics of the various typical land parcels of the three small watersheds, the main conclusions are as followed:①form the whole characters of the land economic productivity (kg/hm2·a) of the small watersheds, can give these results: in the Nihe small watershed: wood land>orchard land >farm land>pasture. In Zhifang small watershed: farm land>orchard land>native grass land >shrubbery land>Highwood land>abandoned land, in Gaoquan small watershed: farm land>shrubbery land>shrubbery and Highwood mixed land>wild grass ground>Highwood land>cultivated pasture>abandonment of arable land。②the characters of the land economic productivity of the three small watersheds on the spatial distribution had these rules: in Nihe small watershed: orchard land>farm land>wood land in upland, wood land>orchard land and grass land>farm land in gully-slope land, wood land>grass land>farmland in channel ground; in Zhifang small watershed: farm land>wood land>grassland in upland, farm land>grass land>wood land in gully-slope land, farm land>wood land in channel ground; in Gaoquan small watershed: farm land>grass land in the terrace, farm land>wood land>grass land in upland, farm land>wood land in the bottam of valley;③under the different land use types in the 3 small watesheds, the characteristic of the land economic productivity of typical land parcel are as follow:Nihe>Zhifang>Gaoquang on the farm land economic productivity, Nihe > Gaoquan > Zhifang on the wood land economic productivity, Gaoquan>Nihe>Zhifang on the grass land economic productivity.
In chap 6,we analyses coupling characters of land productivity of typical land parcels of the three small watersheds, and the conclusions are as followed:①the analysis of coupling characters of land productivity of typical land parcels of the small watersheds, should not only due to the types of the land, but also due to the land use types.②In the farm land of Nihe small watershed, the coupling efficient of part of the typical land parcel is lower, the factors are climate、density、seed time、variety、geographic location, and the time of cultivated crop of the land can also deeply effect the land productivity of land parcels. In wood land, the coupling efficient was effected by the culture density、man-made damage、the different between trees and geographic location, the proper planting density of Robinia pseudoacacia in this small watershed is 1.5m×2.0m,and the proper planting density of Fiji and Qinguan is 2.0m×3.0m and 3.0m×3.0m,respectively. The orchard land should be changed into farm land beside the gully, or ecology wood should be cultured to weaken the effect ion caused by bad climate. In grass land, the differences between soil structures of the land parcels are the main factor that affects the coupling efficient.③In Zhifang small watershed, the improper planting density is the main reason that caused the low coupling efficient of the high wood land, In this small watershed, the culture density of the high wood having a higher biomass most is 4m×5m, in Highwood and shrubbery land, choose improper shrub breeds is the main factor. In shrubbery land, high culture density causing water deficit that kill the plant, this is the main factor, in this small watershed, the proper density of the shrubbery land is 1.0m×1.5m. In farm land, the degenerate of the variety、the neglect of plant disease and insect pest、and the short of field management, these are the main factors. In grass land, especially abandoned grass land, the low survival rate is the main factor that caused low economic productivity, In the wood land of Gaoquan small watershed, the improper culture density of the trees is the main reason, in farmland the difference between the variety ,especially between the potatoes is the main factor. And the culture density of the potatoes can affect the economic productivity deeply.④t he productivity coupling characters of the farm、wood and grass land in the three small watersheds are as followed: In Gaoquan small watershed, the coupling efficient of farm land is lower; the deficit of the precipitation is its main factor. The three small watersheds both have a better coupling efficient in grass land; while in Nihe small watershed people take more attention to orchard land profoundly, and have achieved encouraging economic, ecological and social results. Nihe small watershed had a lower coupling efficient in grass land, it should learn the good experience on the develop of grass land and animal agriculture from Gaoquan small watershed
第二章分析了泥河、纸坊和高泉三流域治理前后土地利用结构的变化,主要结论有:①三流域沟间地部分,农地面积减小,林地和草地面积增加;沟坡地类,坡耕地全部退耕,林地和草地面积大幅增加;沟底地类,农地面积小幅增加。从土地利用效率来看,三类地貌单元的土地利用效率均得到一定程度提高。②三流域治理前后土地利用总体变化为,泥河沟,林地面积先升后降,农地面积先降后升,草地和其它用地面积一直下降。纸坊沟,耕地面积下降,林地、草地和其它用地面积上升。高泉沟,农地和草地面积小幅增加,林地面积快速增长,其它用地面积迅速下降。总体上,三流域土地利用变化呈农地面积减小,林地、草地、居民地和道路用地面积增加,未利用地面积减小趋势。
第三章主要研究了3流域土地利用结构调整引起的变化。主要结论有:①土地利用结构调整要根据区域自然与社会经济条件发展趋势逐步进行;其次,要进行土地生态经济系统的空间生态设计;再次,进行水土保持决策,实施水土保持技术方案,减少土地利用的侵蚀风险;最后,要改良和建设土地生态系统。②在农地面积减小的趋势下,通过大幅提高粮食单产,流域的粮食总产量和人均粮食占有量可获得提高。此外,土地利用利用结构调整后,流域的农业总产值、人均产值、人均纯收入和人均居住面积均大幅提高,流域的平均侵蚀模数大幅减小。③泥河沟流域形成以林果业为主导产业,“林果复合型生态农业”的发展模式;纸坊沟流域形成以林为主,种植业和果业适度发展的“水土保持型生态农业”发展模式;高泉沟流域形成以特色作物产业化种植和草畜半舍饲喂养为主导的农业产业结构。同时也形成了该区以退耕还林还草、生态环境建设和天然降水高效利用为基础的“黄土高原半干旱区退耕还林还草草畜及特色作物产业化高效生态农业”发展模式。④泥河、纸坊和高泉三流域的土地利用结构指数(SI)分别为0.3083,0.3514,0.2435。从土地利用结构对土壤侵蚀的影响来看,纸坊沟流域的土地利用结构对土壤侵蚀的影响最小,此种土地利用结构最有益于保持水土。
第四章对典型地块的土地生产力计算方法和分布特征做了深入研究,取得了如下结果:①以土地类型图为基础图件,并参照土地利用类型,坡度和土壤类型,可得出各流域具有代表性的典型地块单元。②确定出的土壤有机质、土壤容重、坡度等11项土地生态因子可较好反映土地的生产力状况。③采用的土地生产力评价模型,能够较好的定量反映土地的生产潜力,利用主成份分析法和因子分析法可较为客观的确定出模型中各因子的权重,采用修正后的隶属度函数能较好地计算各土地生态因子的得分,且各分值具有较好的区分度。④三流域典型地块的土地生产力整体特征为,泥河沟典型地块的拉LNPI高低顺序为林地>草地>园地>农地。纸坊沟为乔木林>园地>农地>灌木林>天然草地>退耕草地,高泉沟为乔灌混交林>灌木林地>乔木林>农耕地>荒草地>人工草地>撂荒地。⑤三流域典型地块的土地生产力空间分布特征为,泥河沟流域,塬面地类LNPI的大小顺序为林地>园地>农地,沟坡地类为林地>草地>园地>农地,沟底地类为林地>草地>农地。纸坊沟流域,梁峁、沟坡和沟底地类,均为林地典型地块的LNPI最高,农地居中,草地最小。高泉沟流域,梯田,草地的LNPI高于农地;梁地,林地的LNPI最高,其次为农地,草地最低;谷底地,农地的LNPI高于林地。在所有土地类型不同利用现状下,谷坡林地的LNPI最高。⑥总体来看,农、林、草三种利用方式下,高泉沟典型地块的LNPI较高,泥河沟居中,纸坊沟最小。
第五章分析了3流域典型地块的土地经济生产力特征,主要结论有:①在流域土地经济生产力整体分布特征上,泥河沟流域典型地块的年生物量高低顺序为林地>园地>农地>草地,纸坊沟流域为农地>园地>天然草地>灌木林地>乔木林地>退耕草地,高泉沟流域为农耕地>灌木林地>乔灌混交林>荒草地>乔木林地>人工草地>撂荒地。②在各流域土地经济生产力的空间分布特征上,泥河沟流域,塬面地类的经济生产力高低为园地>农地>林地。沟坡地类为林地>园地和草地>农地。沟底地类为沟底林地>沟底草地>沟底农地;纸坊沟流域,梁峁地类为农地>林地>草地。沟坡地类为农地>草地>林地。沟底地类为农地>林地;高泉沟流域,梯田为农地>草地。梁地为农地>林地>草地。谷底为农地>林地;③不同土地利用方式下典型地块的土地经济生产力特征为:农地,泥河沟>纸坊沟>高泉沟,林地,泥河沟>高泉沟>纸坊沟,草地,高泉沟>泥河沟>纸坊沟。
第六章分析了3流域典型地块的土地生产力耦合特征,主要结论有:①对流域典型地块的土地生产力耦合特征分析不能仅考虑土地类型,还应考虑不同的土地利用方式。②在泥河沟流域,农地上,导致部分典型地块土地生产力耦合程度较差的因素主要为灾害气候、密度、播期、品种和地理位置,此外土地的熟化程度对地块的经济生产力也有较大影响。在林地上主要为栽植密度、人为破坏、树种差异和地理位置,该流域刺槐林地的密度宜为1.5m×2m,在管理上应该通过承包、租赁的形式强化对其产权管理。在果树上,富士和秦冠的密度分别宜为2.0m×3.0m和3.0m×3.0m,位于沟畔的园地应改为农田或栽植一定宽度的生态林以降低灾害天气的影响。在自然草地上,不同地块土壤结构的差异是主要原因。③在纸坊沟流域,乔木林地,密度不适宜是土地生产力耦合较差的主要原因,该流域生物量较高地块乔木的密度大多为4m×5m。在乔灌混交林中,灌木树种选择不合理是主要原因。在灌木林地,密度过大导致缺水枯死现象严重是主要原因,该流域灌木样地的密度宜为1.0m×1.5m。在农地,作物品种老化、人们的防病防虫意识较差和疏于田间管理是主要原因。在草地上,特别是退耕草地上,成活率偏低是造成地块经济生产力偏低的主要原因。在高泉沟流域,林地,树种的密度不适宜是主要原因。农地,品种差异为主要原因,特别是马铃薯品种造成的差异更为显著,同时,马铃薯的种植密度对经济生产力的影响也较大。在草地主要为草种退化、密度不合适及对草地的防虫防病管理较差。④三流域农、林、草典型地块土地生产力的耦合特征为:农地,高泉沟流域典型地块的耦合性较差,其主要原因为天然降水缺乏。林地,三流域典型地块的耦合性均较好,但泥河沟流域重视园地发展并取得良好生态、经济和社会效益的思路很值得高泉和纸坊借鉴。草地,泥河沟流域典型地块的耦合性较差,该流域应该借鉴高泉沟流域草地和畜牧业发展的成功经验。
The Loess Plateau of Our country is a soil erosion region and is one of the most serious regions in the world, after the reform opens, in order to resolve the depravation of environment quality, the slow-developing economy and the poor problem of local crowd by root, our nature have established 11 experimental demonstration areas in various areas on the Loess Plateau and carried on research and want to resolve environment and development problem in rare special view area. After 20 years of management and practice, whether these small watersheds carried out the expectation targets of the nation or not? For this, this paper with the Gaoquan small watershed of DingXi county, the Zhifang small watershed of AnSai county and the Nihe small watershed of ChunHua county as research objects, with the land use and its evaluation as the breakthrough to answer above-mentioned questions, and to provide a reference to the water and soil conservation of the Loess Plateau and ecosystem environment management.
In the Chap 2 analyzed the varieties of the land use changes of the 3 small watersheds after conservation implementation, the main conclusion are:①In this 3 small watersheds, on upland, the farmland areas decreased, woodland and lawn areas increased; in the gully-slope land, all of the slope farmland have abandoned, woodland and lawn areas increased significantly; In the channel bottom ground, the farmland areas increased a little. From the efficiency of land use, the efficiencies of this three land types all get a certain increase.②After conservation implementation, the total changes of land use of this three small watershed is: In Nihe, the woodland areas decline after increase, the farmland areas rise after declining, lawn and others has been descending. In Zhifang, the farmland areas descend, woodland, lawn and others increase. In Gaoquan, the farmland and the lawn areas have a small increased, the woodland areas increase quickly, the other descends quickly. Total up, the change trends of land use in the three small watersheds: the farmland decreased, woodland, lawn, resident ground and road increased, the waste land decreased.
In the Chap 3 mainly studied the results which caused by land use structure adjustment in 3 small watersheds. The main conclusions are:①The structure adjustment of land use should carried on gradually according to the district natural and social economic condition; secondly, the space design of the land ecosystem is needed; thirdly, carry on water and soil conservation decision, carry out water and soil conservation project, reduce the erosion risk of land exploitation; finally, improve and establish land ecosystems.②Under the trends that the farmland area lets up, the food total yield of the small watershed and personally food can acquire a significant exaltation through exaltation food outputs per unit, In addition, after structure adjustment of the land exploitation, the agricultural total production value, personal production value, personal pure value and personal habitation areas of the 3 small watersheds all raise significantly, the average erosion mold of the small watershed lets up significantly.③in the Nihe small watershed, wood and fruit industry is the predominant industry and "wood-fruit ecological agriculture" is the developing mode; in Zhifang, wood is the predominant industry, while plants industry and fruit industry develop appropriately and "the ecosystem agriculture of the water and soil conservation type" is the developing mode; in Gaoquan, special crop industry, grass and domestic half feed is the predominant in agriculture industrial structure. At the same time, form "the half dry area of the Loess Plateau’s rehabilitation of vegetation, grass and domestic animal and special features farm crop industrial turn efficiently an ecosystem agriculture" developing mode which is base on rehabilitation of vegetation ,ecosystem environment construction and high efficiency use of natural precipitation.④The land use structure index (SI) of the Nihe, the Zhifang and the Gaoquan are 0.3083, 0.3514 and 0.2435, respectively. According to the influence of land use structure upon the soil erosion, the kind of land use structure in the Zhifang small watershed have the minimum influence upon the soil erosion and is best to keep Water and soil.
In the Chap 4 computational methods and distribution characteristics of LNPI of various typical land parcels are researched and obtaining as follows as results:①taking the land type as basic map and according to the land use type, slope and soil type, each small watershed can get the representative and typical plots.②The soil organic matter, soil bulk density, slope of ground, etc.11 land ecological factors can reflect the natural productivity condition of land.③Adopted evaluation model of land natural productivity can better metered reflect production potential of land, principal component analysis and factor analysis method can more objectively settle the power of each factor in the model, the adoption of the revises membership grade can compute a grade of ecosystem factor in each land and each value has a better distinction.④The whole characteristics of the land natural productivity in this three small watersheds are: in the Nihe small watershed, the LNPI sequence of various typical land parcels is woodland>lawn>orchand land>farmland; in Zhifang the LNPI sequence is highwood> orchand land >farmland>bush wood>natural lawn> abandoned land, in Gaoquan the sequence of LNPI is highwood and shrub mixed forest land>shrubbery land >highwood>farmland> native grass land >cultivated lawn>abandonment of arable land.⑤The distributed characteristics of the land natural productivity in these three small watersheds is: in the Nihe small watershed, the LNPI sequence of upland is woodland>orchard land>farmland, the LNPI sequence of gully-slope land is woodland>lawn> orchard land >farmland, the LNPI sequence of channel land is woodland>lawn>farmland. In Zhifang all LNPI sequences of upland, gully-slope land and channel land are woodland is the maximum, farmland is in the center and the lawn is minimum. In Gaoquan, the LNPI sequence of terrace is the lawn higher than the farmland; the LNPI of upland and woodland are the maximum, farmland secondly, the lawn is the minimum; in channel land, the LNPI of farmland is higher than the woodland. Among all of the different land use, the LNPI of slope woodland is the maximum.⑥On the whole, among agriculture land, wood land and grass land, the Gaoquan have the maximum LNPI, the Nihe is the center, and the Zhifang is the minimum.
In the chap 5, we analyzed the economic productivity characteristics of the various typical land parcels of the three small watersheds, the main conclusions are as followed:①form the whole characters of the land economic productivity (kg/hm2·a) of the small watersheds, can give these results: in the Nihe small watershed: wood land>orchard land >farm land>pasture. In Zhifang small watershed: farm land>orchard land>native grass land >shrubbery land>Highwood land>abandoned land, in Gaoquan small watershed: farm land>shrubbery land>shrubbery and Highwood mixed land>wild grass ground>Highwood land>cultivated pasture>abandonment of arable land。②the characters of the land economic productivity of the three small watersheds on the spatial distribution had these rules: in Nihe small watershed: orchard land>farm land>wood land in upland, wood land>orchard land and grass land>farm land in gully-slope land, wood land>grass land>farmland in channel ground; in Zhifang small watershed: farm land>wood land>grassland in upland, farm land>grass land>wood land in gully-slope land, farm land>wood land in channel ground; in Gaoquan small watershed: farm land>grass land in the terrace, farm land>wood land>grass land in upland, farm land>wood land in the bottam of valley;③under the different land use types in the 3 small watesheds, the characteristic of the land economic productivity of typical land parcel are as follow:Nihe>Zhifang>Gaoquang on the farm land economic productivity, Nihe > Gaoquan > Zhifang on the wood land economic productivity, Gaoquan>Nihe>Zhifang on the grass land economic productivity.
In chap 6,we analyses coupling characters of land productivity of typical land parcels of the three small watersheds, and the conclusions are as followed:①the analysis of coupling characters of land productivity of typical land parcels of the small watersheds, should not only due to the types of the land, but also due to the land use types.②In the farm land of Nihe small watershed, the coupling efficient of part of the typical land parcel is lower, the factors are climate、density、seed time、variety、geographic location, and the time of cultivated crop of the land can also deeply effect the land productivity of land parcels. In wood land, the coupling efficient was effected by the culture density、man-made damage、the different between trees and geographic location, the proper planting density of Robinia pseudoacacia in this small watershed is 1.5m×2.0m,and the proper planting density of Fiji and Qinguan is 2.0m×3.0m and 3.0m×3.0m,respectively. The orchard land should be changed into farm land beside the gully, or ecology wood should be cultured to weaken the effect ion caused by bad climate. In grass land, the differences between soil structures of the land parcels are the main factor that affects the coupling efficient.③In Zhifang small watershed, the improper planting density is the main reason that caused the low coupling efficient of the high wood land, In this small watershed, the culture density of the high wood having a higher biomass most is 4m×5m, in Highwood and shrubbery land, choose improper shrub breeds is the main factor. In shrubbery land, high culture density causing water deficit that kill the plant, this is the main factor, in this small watershed, the proper density of the shrubbery land is 1.0m×1.5m. In farm land, the degenerate of the variety、the neglect of plant disease and insect pest、and the short of field management, these are the main factors. In grass land, especially abandoned grass land, the low survival rate is the main factor that caused low economic productivity, In the wood land of Gaoquan small watershed, the improper culture density of the trees is the main reason, in farmland the difference between the variety ,especially between the potatoes is the main factor. And the culture density of the potatoes can affect the economic productivity deeply.④t he productivity coupling characters of the farm、wood and grass land in the three small watersheds are as followed: In Gaoquan small watershed, the coupling efficient of farm land is lower; the deficit of the precipitation is its main factor. The three small watersheds both have a better coupling efficient in grass land; while in Nihe small watershed people take more attention to orchard land profoundly, and have achieved encouraging economic, ecological and social results. Nihe small watershed had a lower coupling efficient in grass land, it should learn the good experience on the develop of grass land and animal agriculture from Gaoquan small watershed
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