脑肿瘤和脑外伤患者执行功能的研究
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摘要
第一部分左侧及右侧额叶肿瘤对患者执行功能的影响
目的：研究左侧及右侧额叶肿瘤患者执行功能损害的特点,并进行比较,分析不同部位肿瘤造成损害之间的差别,为临床治疗提供依据和指导。
方法：对50例额叶肿瘤患者(左25例,右25例)及30例健康对照组分别进行由华山医院神经心理研究所提供的一套神经心理测试量表进行有关执行功能方面的测试,这套心理量表包括：画钟测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验,测验分别由两名研究人员采用单盲法进行,然后对所测试结果进行相关性分析。
结果：1.左侧额叶肿瘤患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为3.32±2.21分和7.20±1.88分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为13.76±7.23分和25.23±5.06分,(P<0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为7.76±5.76分和19.27±3.34分,(P<0.05)；说明左侧额叶肿瘤组在画钟测验、韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验这三项测试中得分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。
2.右侧额叶肿瘤患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为5.04±2.44分和7.20±1.88分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为18.80±6.89分和25.23±5.06分,(P<0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为18.16±1.95分和19.27±3.34分,(P>0.05)；说明右侧额叶肿瘤组在画钟测验和中国修订韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验得分低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义。
3.左侧额叶肿瘤组和右侧额叶肿瘤组组间比较,在画钟测验、韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验、韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分均低于右侧肿瘤组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结论：左侧额叶肿瘤组和右侧额叶肿瘤组患者的执行功能均有损害,以左侧额叶肿瘤对患者造成的损害更加严重
第二部分轻度左侧额叶及左侧颞叶挫伤患者执行功能的研究
目的：研究轻度左侧额叶及左侧颞叶挫伤患者执行功能损害的特点,比较不同部位脑挫伤执行功能损害的差异,为临床诊断、治疗提供依据和指导。
方法：对25例轻度左侧额叶挫伤患者和25例轻度左侧颞叶挫伤患者及30例健康对照组分别进行画钟测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验,测试采用单盲法,并对所测试结果进行相关性分析。
结果：1.左侧额叶挫伤组患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为3.00±2.06分和7.37±1.43分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为21.96±5.54分和25.83±3.86分,(P<0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为8.44±5.00分和21.73±2.61分,(P<0.05)；说明左侧额叶挫伤组在画钟测验、韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验这三项测试中得分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。
2。左侧颞叶挫伤组患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为4.92±2.34分和7.37±1.43分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为25.56±5.04分和25.83±3.86分,(P>0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为20.16±3.77分和21.73±2.61分,(P>0.05)；说明颞叶挫伤组仅在画钟测验得分低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义。
3.左侧额叶挫伤组和左侧颞叶挫伤组组间比较,额叶挫伤组在画钟测验、韦氏图片排列测验、韦氏相似性测验中的得分均低于颞叶挫伤组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。
结论：轻度左侧额叶和颞叶挫伤患者的执行功能均会受到损害,其中左侧额叶挫伤的患者执行功能的损害超过了左侧颞叶挫伤患者。
Part 1 Study Of Executive Functions Of Patients With Tumours In Right And Left Frontal Lobe
Objective:To study the impairment of executive functions of patients with tumour in right and left frontal lobe, and to explore the differences of the impairment between the two groups of patients.
Methods:Twenty-five patients with tumour in left frontal lobe, twenty-five patients with tumour in right frontal lobe and thirty healthy controls were administered with neuropsychological tests for executive functions. The neuropsychological tests including Picture arrangement test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(PAT)、Similarity test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(ST) and Clock drawing test (CDT). The test were executed by two researchers, who didn't know the informations of the participants before the experiment. Then the results were analysised.
Results:In CDT test, the score of the patients with tumour in left frontal lobe is 3.32±2.21, the score of the patients with tumour in right frontal lobe is 5.04±2.44, and the healthy controls'score is 7.20±1.88. In PAT test, the score of the patients with tumour in left frontal lobe is 13.76±7.23, the score of the patients with tumour in right frontal lobe is 18.80±6.89, and the healthy controls'score is 25.23±5.06. In ST test, the score of the patients with tumour in left frontal lobe is 7.76±5.76, the score of the patients with tumor in right frontal lobe is 18.16±1.95, and the healthy controls'score is 19.27±3.34. Compared with the control group, the scores of patients with tumour in left frontal lobe are less than the healthy controls'in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05); The scores of patients with tumour in right frontal lobe are less than the healthy controls'in CDT and PAT test (P＜0.05);The scores of patients with tumour in left frontal lobe are less than the scores of patients with tumour in right frontal lobe in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05).
Conclusions:the executive functions of patients with tumour in frontal lobe had obvious impairment, and the impairment of left side may be more serious.
Part 2 Study Of Executive Functions Of patients With Mild Brain Contusion In Both Left Frontal Lobe And Left Temporal Lobe
Objective:To study the impairment of executive functions of patients with mild brain contusion in left frontal lobe and left temporal lobe, and to explore the differences of the impairment between the two groups of patients.
Methods:Twenty-five patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion and twenty-five patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion, compared with thirty healthy controls, were administered with neuropsychological tests for executive functions. The neuropsychological tests including Picture arrangement test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(PAT)、Similarity test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(ST) and Clock drawing test (CDT). The test were executed by two researchers, who didn't know the datas of the participants before the experiment. Then the results were analysised.
Results:In CDT test, the score of the patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion is 3.00±2.06, the score of the patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is 4.92±2.34 and the healthy controls'score is 7.37±1.43. In PAT test, the score of the patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion is 21.96±5.54, the score of the patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is 25.56±6.15 and the healthy controls'score is 25.83±3.86. In ST test, the score of the patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion is 8.44±5.00, the score of the patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is 20.16±3.77 and the healthy controls'score is 21.73±2.61. Compared with the control group, the scores of patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion are lower than the healthy controls'in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05); The score of patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is lower than the healthy controls'only in CDT test (P＜0.05); The scores of patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion are lower than the scores of patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05).
Conclusion:The executive functions of patients with mild brain contusion in left frontal lobe and left temporal lobe had obvious impairment, and the impairment of left frontal lobe contusion may be more serious.
目的：研究左侧及右侧额叶肿瘤患者执行功能损害的特点,并进行比较,分析不同部位肿瘤造成损害之间的差别,为临床治疗提供依据和指导。
方法：对50例额叶肿瘤患者(左25例,右25例)及30例健康对照组分别进行由华山医院神经心理研究所提供的一套神经心理测试量表进行有关执行功能方面的测试,这套心理量表包括：画钟测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验,测验分别由两名研究人员采用单盲法进行,然后对所测试结果进行相关性分析。
结果：1.左侧额叶肿瘤患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为3.32±2.21分和7.20±1.88分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为13.76±7.23分和25.23±5.06分,(P<0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为7.76±5.76分和19.27±3.34分,(P<0.05)；说明左侧额叶肿瘤组在画钟测验、韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验这三项测试中得分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。
2.右侧额叶肿瘤患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为5.04±2.44分和7.20±1.88分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为18.80±6.89分和25.23±5.06分,(P<0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为18.16±1.95分和19.27±3.34分,(P>0.05)；说明右侧额叶肿瘤组在画钟测验和中国修订韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验得分低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义。
3.左侧额叶肿瘤组和右侧额叶肿瘤组组间比较,在画钟测验、韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验、韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分均低于右侧肿瘤组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结论：左侧额叶肿瘤组和右侧额叶肿瘤组患者的执行功能均有损害,以左侧额叶肿瘤对患者造成的损害更加严重
第二部分轻度左侧额叶及左侧颞叶挫伤患者执行功能的研究
目的：研究轻度左侧额叶及左侧颞叶挫伤患者执行功能损害的特点,比较不同部位脑挫伤执行功能损害的差异,为临床诊断、治疗提供依据和指导。
方法：对25例轻度左侧额叶挫伤患者和25例轻度左侧颞叶挫伤患者及30例健康对照组分别进行画钟测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验,测试采用单盲法,并对所测试结果进行相关性分析。
结果：1.左侧额叶挫伤组患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为3.00±2.06分和7.37±1.43分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为21.96±5.54分和25.83±3.86分,(P<0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为8.44±5.00分和21.73±2.61分,(P<0.05)；说明左侧额叶挫伤组在画钟测验、韦氏成人智力量表图片排列分测验、韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验这三项测试中得分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。
2。左侧颞叶挫伤组患者和健康对照组相比：画钟测验得分分别为4.92±2.34分和7.37±1.43分,(P<0.05)；中国修订韦氏成人量表图片排列分测验得分分别为25.56±5.04分和25.83±3.86分,(P>0.05);中国修订韦氏成人智力量表相似性测验得分分别为20.16±3.77分和21.73±2.61分,(P>0.05)；说明颞叶挫伤组仅在画钟测验得分低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义。
3.左侧额叶挫伤组和左侧颞叶挫伤组组间比较,额叶挫伤组在画钟测验、韦氏图片排列测验、韦氏相似性测验中的得分均低于颞叶挫伤组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。
结论：轻度左侧额叶和颞叶挫伤患者的执行功能均会受到损害,其中左侧额叶挫伤的患者执行功能的损害超过了左侧颞叶挫伤患者。
Part 1 Study Of Executive Functions Of Patients With Tumours In Right And Left Frontal Lobe
Objective:To study the impairment of executive functions of patients with tumour in right and left frontal lobe, and to explore the differences of the impairment between the two groups of patients.
Methods:Twenty-five patients with tumour in left frontal lobe, twenty-five patients with tumour in right frontal lobe and thirty healthy controls were administered with neuropsychological tests for executive functions. The neuropsychological tests including Picture arrangement test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(PAT)、Similarity test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(ST) and Clock drawing test (CDT). The test were executed by two researchers, who didn't know the informations of the participants before the experiment. Then the results were analysised.
Results:In CDT test, the score of the patients with tumour in left frontal lobe is 3.32±2.21, the score of the patients with tumour in right frontal lobe is 5.04±2.44, and the healthy controls'score is 7.20±1.88. In PAT test, the score of the patients with tumour in left frontal lobe is 13.76±7.23, the score of the patients with tumour in right frontal lobe is 18.80±6.89, and the healthy controls'score is 25.23±5.06. In ST test, the score of the patients with tumour in left frontal lobe is 7.76±5.76, the score of the patients with tumor in right frontal lobe is 18.16±1.95, and the healthy controls'score is 19.27±3.34. Compared with the control group, the scores of patients with tumour in left frontal lobe are less than the healthy controls'in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05); The scores of patients with tumour in right frontal lobe are less than the healthy controls'in CDT and PAT test (P＜0.05);The scores of patients with tumour in left frontal lobe are less than the scores of patients with tumour in right frontal lobe in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05).
Conclusions:the executive functions of patients with tumour in frontal lobe had obvious impairment, and the impairment of left side may be more serious.
Part 2 Study Of Executive Functions Of patients With Mild Brain Contusion In Both Left Frontal Lobe And Left Temporal Lobe
Objective:To study the impairment of executive functions of patients with mild brain contusion in left frontal lobe and left temporal lobe, and to explore the differences of the impairment between the two groups of patients.
Methods:Twenty-five patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion and twenty-five patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion, compared with thirty healthy controls, were administered with neuropsychological tests for executive functions. The neuropsychological tests including Picture arrangement test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(PAT)、Similarity test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(ST) and Clock drawing test (CDT). The test were executed by two researchers, who didn't know the datas of the participants before the experiment. Then the results were analysised.
Results:In CDT test, the score of the patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion is 3.00±2.06, the score of the patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is 4.92±2.34 and the healthy controls'score is 7.37±1.43. In PAT test, the score of the patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion is 21.96±5.54, the score of the patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is 25.56±6.15 and the healthy controls'score is 25.83±3.86. In ST test, the score of the patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion is 8.44±5.00, the score of the patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is 20.16±3.77 and the healthy controls'score is 21.73±2.61. Compared with the control group, the scores of patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion are lower than the healthy controls'in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05); The score of patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion is lower than the healthy controls'only in CDT test (P＜0.05); The scores of patients with mild left frontal lobe contusion are lower than the scores of patients with mild left temporal lobe contusion in each targets of neuropsychology test (P＜0.05).
Conclusion:The executive functions of patients with mild brain contusion in left frontal lobe and left temporal lobe had obvious impairment, and the impairment of left frontal lobe contusion may be more serious.
引文
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[1]王梦龙,静进.钟表绘画测验的介绍和应用[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2005,19(12)：798-800.
[2]龚耀先,等.中国修订韦氏成人智力量表手册[M].第二版.湖南医学院,1982
[3]郭起浩,金丽琳,傅建辉,等.不同类型的血管性认知损害的执行功能障碍[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,42(5)：314-318.
[4]Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's diease. [J].LancetNeurol,2003,2:229-237
[5]陈海波.帕金森病认知和行为障碍[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,42(5)：289-292.
[6]李治纲,周东.对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血认知功能损害的评定与处理[J].中华神经外科杂志,2009,25(1)：92-94.
[7]李焰生.2006年血管性认知功能损害研究进展[J].中国卒中杂志,2007,2：131-135.
[8]孟超,孙厚亮,王恒,等.血管性认知功能损害的临床进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,8：127-129.
[9]Stuss DT, Alexander MP. Exeeutive funetions and the frontal lobes: A coneeptual view. Psyehol Res,2000,63:289 - 298
[10]Nozaki T, Sakai N, Oishi H, et al. Cholinergic dysfunction in cognitive impairments after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J]. Neurosurgery,2002,51:944-947.
[11]郭翠萍,席春华,朱幼玲,等.轻度认知功能障碍患者的执行功能和工作记忆研究[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,4：237-240
[12]Rinne JO, Portin R, Ruottinen H, et al. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson s disease:[18-F] fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study.Arch Neurol,2000,57:470-475.
[13]孟超,张新卿,王姮,等.画钟测验检测认知功能损害[J].中华神经精神疾病杂志,2004,30：452-454
[14]Zgal jardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS,et al. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinsons disease:relationship to frontostriatal circuitry[J]. Cogn Behav Neurol,2003,16:193-210.
[15]Sun XW, Zhang XC, Chen XC, et al. Age-dependent brain activation during forward and backward digit recall revealed by Fmri. Neuroimage, 2005,26:36-47
[1]Funahashi S. Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex[J]. Neurosci Res,2001,39:147-165.
[2]Smith EE, J, Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes[J]. Science,1999,283:1657-1661.
[3]Tucha, Oliver T, Christar S, et al. Cognitive deficits before treatment among patients with brain tumors [J]. Neurosurgery,2000,47: 324-332.
[4]孟超,张新卿.神经心理量表在血管性认知功能损害筛查中的应用[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2003,4：319-322.
[5]孟超,张新卿,王姮,等.画钟测验检测认知功能损害[J].中华神经精神疾病杂志,2004年,30：452-454
[6]D ilw orth JE, G reenberg M T, K uscheC. Early neuropsychological corre-lates of later Clock Drawing and clock copying abilities am ong schoolaged children[J]. Neuropsychol DevCogn SectC:Child-N europsychol,2004,10(1):24-35.
[7]Juby A, Tench S, BakerV, etal. The value of clock drawing in identifying executive cognitive dysfunction in people with a normal Mini-Mental State Examination score[J].CMAj,2002,16(8):859-64.
[8]Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan B, et al. Clock drawing:A neuropsychological analysis[J]. New York:Oxford University Press,1994.
[9]A nastasiA, Urbina S. Psychological Testing:7th Edition. U pperSaddle River, N J:Prentice-H all,1997.
[10]H untzingerJA, Rosse RB, Schwartz BL, et al. Clock drawing in the screening assessment of cognitive impairment in an ambulatory care setting:A preliminary report. G en H osp Psychiatry,1992,14(2):142-144.
[11]Tuokko H, Hadjistavropoulos T, MillerJA, etal. The Clock Test, a sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer disease[J].J A m G eriatrSoc,1992,40(6):579-584.
[12]South M B, G reve K W, BianchiniK J, et al. Interrater reliability of three Clock Drawing test scoring systems. A ppl Neuropsychol,2001,8(3): 174-179.
[13]Cohen M J, RicciCA, K ibby N Y, et al. Developmental Progression of Clock Face Drawing in Children[J]. Child Neuropsychol,2000,6(1):64-76.
[14]Brodaty H, Moore C. The Clock Drawing Test for dementia of the Alzheim er's type:A comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic[J].Int J G eriat Psychiatry,1997,12(6):619-627.
[15]龚耀先,等.中国修订韦氏成人智力量表手册[M].第二版.湖南医学院,1982.
[16]Joyce M. Alexander, PaulaJ. Sehnanenflugel, Strategy Regnlation:The Rolc of intelligence, Metaeognitive Antibutions and Knowledge Base Developmental Psyehology,1994,5:192.
[17]MeAllistir T W. Price T R. Aspects of behavior of psychiatric impatients with frontal lobe damage:Some implications for diagnosis and treatement[J]. ComPr Psyehiatry,1987;28:14-21.
[18]Wimberger D R, Berman K F, Zec R F. Physiologic dystunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia[J]. Arch Gen Psychiaty,1986;43:114-124.
[19]MeAllister.T.W. Carbamazepine in mixed frontal lobe and psychiatric disorders[J].J Clin Psychiatry,1985;46:393-394.
[20]Smith EE, Jonides J. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes[J]. Science,1999,283:1657-1661.
[21]Sergeant JA, Geurts H, Oosterlaan J. How specifie is a deficit of executive functioning for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor-der Behav[J].Brain Res,2002,130:3-28.
[22]李焰生.2006年血管性认知功能损害的临床进展[J].中国卒中杂志,2007,2： 131-135.
[23]孟超,孙厚亮,王恒,等.血管性认知功能损害的临床进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,8：127-129.
[24]Claassen J, Peery S, Kreiter KT, et al. Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage [J]. Neurology,2003,60:208-214
[25]Nozaki T, Sakai N, Oishi H, et al, Cholinergic dysfunction in cognitive impairments after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J]. Neurosurgery,2002,51:944-947.
[26]郭翠萍,席春华,朱幼玲,等.轻度认知功能障碍患者的执行功能和工作记忆研究[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,4：237-240.
[27]Thomas P, Vaiva G, Samaiille E, et al. Cerebral blood flow in major depression and dysthymnia.J of Affective Disorders.1993,29:235-242.
[28]FrisoniG B, Boltramells A, Geroldi C. Brain atrophy in fronto-temporal dementia. J Neuro Neurosurg Psyehiatry,1996:61:157-165
[29]Fontanella M, Perozzo P, Ursone R, etalNeuropsychological assessment after microsurgical clipping or endovascular treatment for anterior communicatingartery aneurysm. Acta Neurochir,2003,145:867-872.
[30]Saciri BM, Kos N. Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage:outcomes of early rehabilitation after surgical repair of reptuted intracranial aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:334-337
[31]Powell J, Kitchen N, Heslin J, et al. Psychosocial outcomes at three and nine months after good neurological recovery from aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage:predictors and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:772-781
[32]Yap EC, Chua KS. Rehabilitation outcome after primary subarachnoid haemorrhage. Brain Inj,2002,16:491-499
[2]Goldstein B, Obrzut JE, John C, et al. The impact of frontal and non-frontal brain tumor lesions on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance[J]. Brain Cogn,2004,54:110-116.
[3]Dudas RB, Clague F, Thompson SA, et al. Episodic and semantic memory in mild cognitive impairment. [J] Neuropsychologia,2005,43: 1266-1276.
[4]Yang JJ, WengXC, Guan LC, et al. Mechanism of action of frontal cerebral in priming:Analysis of patients with damaged frontal cerebral in a task of colour and words naming[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica,2003,35:610-615.
[5]Funahashi S.Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex[J]. Neurosci Res,2001,39:147-165.
[6]ZhangYL, HuangDE, MiaoDM, et al. Study of cognitive function on caseswith right cerebral tumor [J]. Chin J of clin rehab J,2002,6: 215-216.
[7]孟超,张新卿,王姮,等.画钟测验检测认知功能损害[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2004,30：452-454
[8]王梦龙,静进.钟表绘画测验的介绍和应用[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2005,19(12)：798-800.
[9]龚耀先,等.中国修订韦氏成人智力量表手册[M].第二版.湖南医学院,1982
[10]郭起浩,金丽琳,傅建辉,等.不同类型的血管性认知损害的执行功能障碍[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,42(5)：314-318.
[11]Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's diease. [J]. LancetNeurol,2003,2:229-237
[12]陈海波.帕金森病认知和行为障碍[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,42(5)：289-292.
[13]李治纲,周东.对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血认知功能损害的评定与处理[J].中华神经外科杂志,2009,25(1)：92-94.
[14]李焰生.2006年血管性认知功能损害研究进展[J].中国卒中杂志,2007, 2：131-135.
[15]孟超,孙厚亮,王恒,等.血管性认知功能损害的临床进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,8：127-129.
[16]Stuss DT, Alexander MP. Exeeutive funetions and the frontal lobes: A coneeptual view. Psyehol Res,2000,63:289-298
[17]Smith EE, Jonides J. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes[J]. Science,1999,283:1657-1661.
[18]Sergeant JA, Geurts H, Oosterlaan J. How specifie is a deficit of executive functioning for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor-der Behav[J]. Brain Res,2002,130:3-28.
[19]MeAllistir T W. Price T R. Aspects of behavior of psychiatric impatients with frontal lobe damage:Some implications for diagnosis and treatement[J]. ComPr Psyehiatry,1987;28:14-21.
[20]MeAllister. T. W. Carbamazepine in mixed frontal lobe and psychiatric disorders[J].J Clin Psychiatry,1985;46:393-394.
[21]Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, et al.A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson's diease:relationship to frontostriatal circuitry[J]. Cogn Behav Neurol,2003,16:193-210
[22]Schugens MM, Spieker S. Memory and skill aequisition in Parkinson' s disease and frontal lobe dysfunctions. Cortex,1995,31:413-432.
[23]Tsuchiya H, Yamaguehi S, Kobayashi s.Impaired novelty detection And frontallobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia,2000,38:645-654
[24]Claassen J, Peery S, Kreiter KT, et al. Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage[J]. Neurology,2003,60:208-214
[25]Nozaki T, Sakai N, Oishi H, et al, Cholinergic dysfunction in cognitive impairments after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Neurosurgery,2002,51:944-947
[26]Rinne JO, Portin R, Ruottinen H, et al. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson s disease:[18-F] fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol,2000,57:470-475.
[27]孙勇,郭可教.stroop色词干扰效应与大脑两半球言语功能的不对称性[J].心理科学,1992,15：20-25
[1]王梦龙,静进.钟表绘画测验的介绍和应用[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2005,19(12)：798-800.
[2]龚耀先,等.中国修订韦氏成人智力量表手册[M].第二版.湖南医学院,1982
[3]郭起浩,金丽琳,傅建辉,等.不同类型的血管性认知损害的执行功能障碍[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,42(5)：314-318.
[4]Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's diease. [J].LancetNeurol,2003,2:229-237
[5]陈海波.帕金森病认知和行为障碍[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,42(5)：289-292.
[6]李治纲,周东.对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血认知功能损害的评定与处理[J].中华神经外科杂志,2009,25(1)：92-94.
[7]李焰生.2006年血管性认知功能损害研究进展[J].中国卒中杂志,2007,2：131-135.
[8]孟超,孙厚亮,王恒,等.血管性认知功能损害的临床进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,8：127-129.
[9]Stuss DT, Alexander MP. Exeeutive funetions and the frontal lobes: A coneeptual view. Psyehol Res,2000,63:289 - 298
[10]Nozaki T, Sakai N, Oishi H, et al. Cholinergic dysfunction in cognitive impairments after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J]. Neurosurgery,2002,51:944-947.
[11]郭翠萍,席春华,朱幼玲,等.轻度认知功能障碍患者的执行功能和工作记忆研究[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,4：237-240
[12]Rinne JO, Portin R, Ruottinen H, et al. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson s disease:[18-F] fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study.Arch Neurol,2000,57:470-475.
[13]孟超,张新卿,王姮,等.画钟测验检测认知功能损害[J].中华神经精神疾病杂志,2004,30：452-454
[14]Zgal jardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS,et al. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinsons disease:relationship to frontostriatal circuitry[J]. Cogn Behav Neurol,2003,16:193-210.
[15]Sun XW, Zhang XC, Chen XC, et al. Age-dependent brain activation during forward and backward digit recall revealed by Fmri. Neuroimage, 2005,26:36-47
[1]Funahashi S. Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex[J]. Neurosci Res,2001,39:147-165.
[2]Smith EE, J, Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes[J]. Science,1999,283:1657-1661.
[3]Tucha, Oliver T, Christar S, et al. Cognitive deficits before treatment among patients with brain tumors [J]. Neurosurgery,2000,47: 324-332.
[4]孟超,张新卿.神经心理量表在血管性认知功能损害筛查中的应用[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2003,4：319-322.
[5]孟超,张新卿,王姮,等.画钟测验检测认知功能损害[J].中华神经精神疾病杂志,2004年,30：452-454
[6]D ilw orth JE, G reenberg M T, K uscheC. Early neuropsychological corre-lates of later Clock Drawing and clock copying abilities am ong schoolaged children[J]. Neuropsychol DevCogn SectC:Child-N europsychol,2004,10(1):24-35.
[7]Juby A, Tench S, BakerV, etal. The value of clock drawing in identifying executive cognitive dysfunction in people with a normal Mini-Mental State Examination score[J].CMAj,2002,16(8):859-64.
[8]Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan B, et al. Clock drawing:A neuropsychological analysis[J]. New York:Oxford University Press,1994.
[9]A nastasiA, Urbina S. Psychological Testing:7th Edition. U pperSaddle River, N J:Prentice-H all,1997.
[10]H untzingerJA, Rosse RB, Schwartz BL, et al. Clock drawing in the screening assessment of cognitive impairment in an ambulatory care setting:A preliminary report. G en H osp Psychiatry,1992,14(2):142-144.
[11]Tuokko H, Hadjistavropoulos T, MillerJA, etal. The Clock Test, a sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer disease[J].J A m G eriatrSoc,1992,40(6):579-584.
[12]South M B, G reve K W, BianchiniK J, et al. Interrater reliability of three Clock Drawing test scoring systems. A ppl Neuropsychol,2001,8(3): 174-179.
[13]Cohen M J, RicciCA, K ibby N Y, et al. Developmental Progression of Clock Face Drawing in Children[J]. Child Neuropsychol,2000,6(1):64-76.
[14]Brodaty H, Moore C. The Clock Drawing Test for dementia of the Alzheim er's type:A comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic[J].Int J G eriat Psychiatry,1997,12(6):619-627.
[15]龚耀先,等.中国修订韦氏成人智力量表手册[M].第二版.湖南医学院,1982.
[16]Joyce M. Alexander, PaulaJ. Sehnanenflugel, Strategy Regnlation:The Rolc of intelligence, Metaeognitive Antibutions and Knowledge Base Developmental Psyehology,1994,5:192.
[17]MeAllistir T W. Price T R. Aspects of behavior of psychiatric impatients with frontal lobe damage:Some implications for diagnosis and treatement[J]. ComPr Psyehiatry,1987;28:14-21.
[18]Wimberger D R, Berman K F, Zec R F. Physiologic dystunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia[J]. Arch Gen Psychiaty,1986;43:114-124.
[19]MeAllister.T.W. Carbamazepine in mixed frontal lobe and psychiatric disorders[J].J Clin Psychiatry,1985;46:393-394.
[20]Smith EE, Jonides J. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes[J]. Science,1999,283:1657-1661.
[21]Sergeant JA, Geurts H, Oosterlaan J. How specifie is a deficit of executive functioning for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor-der Behav[J].Brain Res,2002,130:3-28.
[22]李焰生.2006年血管性认知功能损害的临床进展[J].中国卒中杂志,2007,2： 131-135.
[23]孟超,孙厚亮,王恒,等.血管性认知功能损害的临床进展[J].中国临床康复,2004,8：127-129.
[24]Claassen J, Peery S, Kreiter KT, et al. Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage [J]. Neurology,2003,60:208-214
[25]Nozaki T, Sakai N, Oishi H, et al, Cholinergic dysfunction in cognitive impairments after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J]. Neurosurgery,2002,51:944-947.
[26]郭翠萍,席春华,朱幼玲,等.轻度认知功能障碍患者的执行功能和工作记忆研究[J].中华神经科杂志,2009,4：237-240.
[27]Thomas P, Vaiva G, Samaiille E, et al. Cerebral blood flow in major depression and dysthymnia.J of Affective Disorders.1993,29:235-242.
[28]FrisoniG B, Boltramells A, Geroldi C. Brain atrophy in fronto-temporal dementia. J Neuro Neurosurg Psyehiatry,1996:61:157-165
[29]Fontanella M, Perozzo P, Ursone R, etalNeuropsychological assessment after microsurgical clipping or endovascular treatment for anterior communicatingartery aneurysm. Acta Neurochir,2003,145:867-872.
[30]Saciri BM, Kos N. Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage:outcomes of early rehabilitation after surgical repair of reptuted intracranial aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:334-337
[31]Powell J, Kitchen N, Heslin J, et al. Psychosocial outcomes at three and nine months after good neurological recovery from aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage:predictors and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:772-781
[32]Yap EC, Chua KS. Rehabilitation outcome after primary subarachnoid haemorrhage. Brain Inj,2002,16:491-499