电化学制备钨酸盐及其荧光性能的研究
摘要
本文采用电化学阳极氧化法，在不同的电解液中通过改变电解电压、时间、电解液温度、浓度等因素制备出具有规则形貌和结构的钨酸盐，并对制备的钨酸盐进行光致发光性能研究。
1.在饱和的Ca(OH)_2溶液中采用恒电压阳极氧化法制备出四方相CaWO_4晶态薄膜。该薄膜用波长250 nm光激发，在300 nm～600 nm波段有蓝绿色发射光产生。在45℃、20 V阳极氧化40 min所制备的CaWO_4薄膜均匀、致密，发射光相对强度最大。
2.在Sr(OH)_2溶液中，采用恒电压阳极氧化法制备出四方相SrWO_4晶态薄膜，用波长200 nm光激发，在320 nm～420 nm波段有发射光产生。研究了电解电压、电解液温度、电解液浓度和时间对SrWO_4薄膜形貌和荧光性能的影响，在适中的电压、温度和低浓度电解液中制备的SrWO_4薄膜均匀致密，粒径较大，发射光相对强度较高，过高的电压、温度或浓度会造成薄膜缺陷增多，发射光相对强度减小。
3.在Ba(OH)_2水溶液中，采用恒电压阳极氧化法制备出四方相BaWO_4晶态薄膜，用波长200 nm光激发，在300 nm～600 nm波段有发射光产生。电解电压、电解液温度、解液浓度和氧化时间对薄膜形貌，电解电压和氧化时间对荧光性能有很大影响。
In this paper, tungstate with regularly morphologies and structures weresynthesized using anodic oxidation by changing the voltage, time, temperature,concentration in the different electrolytes. Photoluminescence properties of preparedtungstate were also investigated.
1. Crystallized CaWO_4 films with tetragonal phase were fabricated by anodizationin saturated Ca(OH)_2 solution. A set of anodization experiments were carried out inorder to investigate the influential factors on the morphology of calcium tungstatesurface. The experimental results show that a blue-green emission peak at 300nm-600 nm was obtained with excitation light of 250 nm. And the CaWO_4 filmprepared by anodization of tungsten at 45℃and 20 V for 40 min were uniform,dense, and had the best relative emission strength.
2. Crystallized SrWO_4 films with tetragonal phase were fabricated by constantvoltage anodization in Sr(OH)_2 solution. The influences of reaction time, voltage,temperature and electrolyte concentration on morphology and photoluminescenceproperties of SrWO_4 films were analyzed. The experimental results show that ablue-green emission peak at 320 nm-420 nm was obtained with excitation light of 200nm. And the results show that SrWO_4 films with uniform, dense, large particles andhigh emission intensity were prepared in appropriate voltage, temperature, and lowelectrolyte concentration, while excess voltage, temperature or concentration madedefects increase and relative intensity of emission decrease.
3. Crystallized BaWO_4 films with tetragonal phase were fabricated by constantvoltage anodization in Ba(OH)_2 solution. The influences of reaction time, voltage,temperature and electrolyte concentration on morphology and photoluminescenceproperties of BaWO_4 films were analyzed. The experimental results show that a blue-green emission peak at 300 nm-600 nm was obtained with excitation light of 200nm.
1.在饱和的Ca(OH)_2溶液中采用恒电压阳极氧化法制备出四方相CaWO_4晶态薄膜。该薄膜用波长250 nm光激发，在300 nm～600 nm波段有蓝绿色发射光产生。在45℃、20 V阳极氧化40 min所制备的CaWO_4薄膜均匀、致密，发射光相对强度最大。
2.在Sr(OH)_2溶液中，采用恒电压阳极氧化法制备出四方相SrWO_4晶态薄膜，用波长200 nm光激发，在320 nm～420 nm波段有发射光产生。研究了电解电压、电解液温度、电解液浓度和时间对SrWO_4薄膜形貌和荧光性能的影响，在适中的电压、温度和低浓度电解液中制备的SrWO_4薄膜均匀致密，粒径较大，发射光相对强度较高，过高的电压、温度或浓度会造成薄膜缺陷增多，发射光相对强度减小。
3.在Ba(OH)_2水溶液中，采用恒电压阳极氧化法制备出四方相BaWO_4晶态薄膜，用波长200 nm光激发，在300 nm～600 nm波段有发射光产生。电解电压、电解液温度、解液浓度和氧化时间对薄膜形貌，电解电压和氧化时间对荧光性能有很大影响。
In this paper, tungstate with regularly morphologies and structures weresynthesized using anodic oxidation by changing the voltage, time, temperature,concentration in the different electrolytes. Photoluminescence properties of preparedtungstate were also investigated.
1. Crystallized CaWO_4 films with tetragonal phase were fabricated by anodizationin saturated Ca(OH)_2 solution. A set of anodization experiments were carried out inorder to investigate the influential factors on the morphology of calcium tungstatesurface. The experimental results show that a blue-green emission peak at 300nm-600 nm was obtained with excitation light of 250 nm. And the CaWO_4 filmprepared by anodization of tungsten at 45℃and 20 V for 40 min were uniform,dense, and had the best relative emission strength.
2. Crystallized SrWO_4 films with tetragonal phase were fabricated by constantvoltage anodization in Sr(OH)_2 solution. The influences of reaction time, voltage,temperature and electrolyte concentration on morphology and photoluminescenceproperties of SrWO_4 films were analyzed. The experimental results show that ablue-green emission peak at 320 nm-420 nm was obtained with excitation light of 200nm. And the results show that SrWO_4 films with uniform, dense, large particles andhigh emission intensity were prepared in appropriate voltage, temperature, and lowelectrolyte concentration, while excess voltage, temperature or concentration madedefects increase and relative intensity of emission decrease.
3. Crystallized BaWO_4 films with tetragonal phase were fabricated by constantvoltage anodization in Ba(OH)_2 solution. The influences of reaction time, voltage,temperature and electrolyte concentration on morphology and photoluminescenceproperties of BaWO_4 films were analyzed. The experimental results show that a blue-green emission peak at 300 nm-600 nm was obtained with excitation light of 200nm.
引文
[1]逢茂林，林君，于敏等.发光薄膜的制备及应用.液晶与显示，2002，17(5)：372-380.
[2]曹帅.碱土七钒酸盐发光材料的制备及发光性质研究：[硕士学位论文].安徽：安徽大学，2010.
[3]徐叙瑢，苏勉曾.《发光学与发光材料》.北京：化学工业出版社，2004：2.
[4]肖志国.《蓄光型发光材料及其制品》.北京：化学工业出版社，2002：1-20.
[5]魏瑞平.荷移跃迁对一些无机化合物发光性能的影响：[硕士学位论文].甘肃：兰州大学，2009.
[6] T. Katsumata, T. Nabae, K. Sasajima, et al. Growth and characteristics of long persistentSrA12O4 and CaAl2O4 based phosphor crystals by a floating zone technique, J. Cryst. Growth.1998, 183(3): 361-365.
[7]李强，高濂，严东生. YAG：Ce3+微粉的制备及光谱性能.无机材料学报，1997, 12 (4):575-578
[8]耿秀娟，陈永杰，肖林久等.微乳液法制备长余辉发光材料CaAl2O4：Eu2+，Dy3+.沈阳化工学院学报，2004，18(4)：241-243.
[9] F.A. Kroger. Aspects of luminescence of solids: [M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1948.
[10]章燕.复杂结构功能钨酸盐纳米材料水热合及磁光性能研究：[硕士学位论文].安徽：安徽大学，2010.
[11] Beata Grobelna, Beata Lipowska, Andrzej M, et. al. Energy transfer in calcium tungstatedoped with Eu(Ⅲ) or Tb(Ⅲ) ions incorporated into silica xerogel. Journal of Alloys andCompounds, 2006, 41: 191-196.[l2]杨水金，孙聚堂，秦子斌.掺杂稀土离子钨酸盐的固相合成及发光特性的概况与进展.湖北师范学院学报（自然科学版），1994，14 (6)：86-89.
[13]杨水金，孙聚堂，秦子斌.混合二价金属钨酸盐的合成及其溶混性研究.化学研究与应用.1999，1(6)：663.
[14] Sun L, Guo Q, Wu X., et al. Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties ofStrontiumTungstate Nanostructures.J Phys Chem C, 2007, 111(2):532-537.
[15] Rodrlguez-Hernandez P et al.Theoretical and experimental study of CaWO4 and SrWO4under pressure.J Phys Chem Solids, 2006, 67(9-10):2164-2171.
[16] Chen D, Tang K, Li F, et al. A Simple Aqueous Mineralization Process to SynthesizeTetragonal Molybdate Microcrystallites. Crystal Growth & Design, 2006, 6(1):247-252.
[17] Lam RUE't, Blasse G. Luminescence of barium molybdate.J Chem Phys, 1979,71(8):3549-3549.
[18] Cho WS, Yashima M, Kakihana M, et al. Room-temperature preparation of rystallizedluminescent Sr1-xCaxWO4 solid-solution films by an electrochemical method. Appl PhysLett, 1996, 68(1):137-140.
[19] Yu S H, Liu B, Mo M S, et al. General synthesis of single-crystal tungstatenanorods/nanowires: A facile, low-tem-perature solution approach. Adv Funct Mater, 2003,13(8):639-647.
[20]林新松，陈建中，庄乃峰等，掺镱钨酸钡晶体及光谱性能.福州大学学报(自然科学版)，2005，33(3)：366-369。
[21]吴春燕.白钨矿型钨酸盐微晶的沉淀法制备技术研究：[硕士学位论文].四川：四川师范大学，2009.
[22]高晓兰.Eu3+激活的两种典型钨酸盐的制备及其紫外-真空紫外发光性能的研究：[硕士论文].甘肃：兰州大学，2007.
[23] Shikao Shi，JingGao，Ji Zhou.Effects of charge compensation on the luminesce behavior ofEu3+activated CaWO4 phosphor, Opt. Mater. 2008, 30(7):1616-1619.
[24] Xiaoming Lou，Donghua Chen. Synthesis of CaWO4:Eu3+ phosphor powders via acombustion process and its optical properties, Mater. Lett. 2008, 62(45):1681-1685.
[25] M.J. Treadawy，R.C.Powell. Luminescence of calcium tungstate crystals, J.Chem phys.1974, 61 (40):4003-4007.
[26] J.K. Tyminski，C.M. Lawson，R.C. Powell. Energy transfer between Eu3+ ions in LiNbO3，CaWO4，andEuY1-xP5O14，crystals, J. Chem.Phys. 1982, 77(23):4318-4321.
[27] S.K. Shi，X.R.Liu，J.Gao，J. Zhou. Speetroscopic properties and intense red-light emissionof (Ca，Eu，M)WO4(M=Mg，Zn，Li), Spectrochim. Acta.Part A. 2008, 69(4): 396-400.
[28]孙聚堂，秦子斌，冯伊利.掺杂Tb3+离子的碱土金属钨酸盐的光谱特性研发光学报，1992，13(4)：333-336.
[29] Fang Lei, BingYan.Hydrothermal synthesis and lumineseence of CaMO4:RE3+(MW, Mo;RE=Eu，Tb) submicro-phosphors, J. Solid State Chem. 2008, 181(7):855-858.
[30] M.V. Nazarov，D.Y. Jeon，J.H.Kang，E-J. Popovici，L-E. Muresan，M.V. Zamoryanskaya，B.S. Tsukerblat. Luminescence Properties of europium-terbium double activated calciumtungstate phosphor, Solid State Communieations. 2004, 131(53):307-311
[31] Rao RP．Growth and characterization of Y2O3：Eu3+ phosphor films by sol-gel process．SolidState Commun., 1996, 99(6):439-443．
[32] Zhang H X，Kam C H, Zhou Y，el a1．Deposition and photoluminescence of sol-gel derivedTb3+：Zn2SiO4 films on SiO2/Si. Thin Solid Films, 2000, 370(1-2):50-53．
[33] Lin J, Saenger DU, Mennig M, el a1．Sol-gel deposition and characterization of Mn2+-doped silicate phosphor films.Thin Solid Films, 2000, 360(1-2):39-45．
[34] Lin YJ, Su YK, Yokoyama M．Crystallinity of terbium-fluorine-doped zinc sulfide thin filmson green thin film electroluminescent devices prepared by RF-magnetron sputtering. Appl.Science. 1993, 65(66):46l-464．
[35] Wright PJ，Cockayne B，Cattel AF，el a1．Manganese doping of zinc sulfide and zincselenide epitaxial layers grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition. J. CrystalGrowth, 1982, 59(1):155-160．
[36] Lin J，Yu M，Pang ML，el a1．State of the art：luminescent films prepared by sol-gel process.inese J. Lumin., 2001, 22(4):373-383．
[37] Kunimoto T，Kakehi Ken-nosuke，Yoshinatsu R，el a1. Blue-emitting Eu2+ doped CaAl2O4phosphor thin films prepared using pulsed laser deposition technique with post annealing.Jpn. J. App1. Phys., 2001, 40(10):L1126-L1128．
[38] Tanaka K，Ohga K，Choo C K，et a1. Sm-doped CdWO4 thin films synthesized by pulsedlaser deposition．J. App1. Phys., 2 001, 90(10): 5369-5375．
[39] Korzenski M B，Lecoeur Ph. Mercey B，el a1．Nd: YVO4 thin films grown by pulsed laserdeposition: effects of temperature and pressure on the grain morphology andmicrostructure.Chem. Mater., 2001, 13(5):l545-l551．
[40] Golego N，Studenikin S A，Cocivera M. Thin-film BaMgAl10O17: Eu phosphor prepared byspray pyrolysis．J. Electrochem．Soc, 2000, 147(5):1993-1996．
[41] Mauch R H, Menner R，Sehock H W．Comparison of ZnS：Mn AC TFEL devices preparedby manganese diffusion and coevaporation. J．Crystal Growth, 1988, 86(1-4):885-889.
[42] Theis D, Venghaus H，Ehbinghaus G．Electrooptical properties of a. c. thin-filmelectroluminescent devices．Siemens Forsch. Entwicklungsber, 1982, 11(5): 265-270．
[43]张祥强. ZnO量子点的溶胶-凝胶法制备及光致发光特性研究：[硕士学位论文].上海：华东师范大学，2010.
[44] Cho W.S., Yoshimura M.. Preparation of Crystallized Ba-Rich Ba1-XCaXWO4 Solid-SolutionFilms by an Electrochemical Method at Room Temperature and Their Luminescence. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 1996, 35(11A):L1149-L1451.
[45] Bi J, Cui CH., Lai X., Synthesis of luminescent SrMoO4 thin films by a non-reversiblegalvanic cell method. Materials Research Bulletin.2008, 43(3):743-747.
[46]崔春华，白钨矿结构钼酸盐、钨酸盐薄膜的原电池技术制备及性能研究：[硕士学位论文].四川：四川师范大学，2008.
[47]景磊.氧化锌纳米结构的制备及光学、磁学、光催化性质研究：[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北大学，2010.
[48]焦剑.钨酸锶的合成及其性能的研究：[硕士学位论文].安徽：安徽大学，2010.
[49]景磊.氧化锌纳米结构的制备及光学、磁学、光催化性质研究：[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北大学，2010.
[50]李科慧.太阳电池材料氢化纳米硅薄膜的均匀性和带隙调控研究：[硕士学位论文].上海：上海交通大学，2010.
[51]任飞. Mn2+掺杂12CaO?7Al2O3粉末的制备及其微结构和光学性质研究：[硕士学位论文].吉林：东北师范大学，2010.
[52] Johnson LF, Boyd GD, Nassau K.Phys Rev, 1962, 126(4):1406-1409.
[53] Grasser R, Pompeii W, ScharmannA.JLumina, 1988, 40(41):343-344.
[54] Photoluminescence in the CaxSr1-xWO4 system at room temperature [J], Journal of SolidState Chemistry, 2008,181(5):1876– 1881.
[55] Gaod J, Xiaod Q, Zhuj G, et al. Preparation of tungstate and molybdate films byelectrochemical method at room temperature. J Adv Sci, 2001, 13(3):387-388.
[56] Groenink J A, Hakfoot C, Blasse G. Phys Stat Sol(a), 1979, 54(477):329-336.
[57]尹建军,二茂铁.电化学制备法研究.甘肃工业大学学报，2001，27(2)：106-107.
[58]熊家文，韦亚兵，郑昌仁等.微乳聚合最新研究进展.日用化学工业，2002，32(2)：61-64.
[59] Fujishima A, Hongda K. Eleetroehemieal Photolysis of water at a semieonductor electrode.Nature, 1972, 238(5338):38-45.
[60] CareyJ H，Lawrence J，Tosine H M. Photodeehlorination of PCB，in the Presence oftitanium dioxide in aqueous suspension. Bull Environ Contam,Toxieol, 1976,16(5):697-701.
[61] Thomas JM, Wolfgang J. Mereury (I) Molybdates and Tungstates Hg2WO4 and TwoModifieations of Hg2MoO4. Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39(2):4219-4223.
[62] Hu X L,Zhu Y J. Morphology Conirol of PbWO4 Nano and Microcrystals via a Simple,Seedless, and High-yield Wet Chemieal Route. Langm uir, 2004, 20(8):1521-1523.
[63] Kobayashi M, Ishii M, Usuki Y. ComParison of radiation damage in different PbWO4scintillation crystals. Nucl. Insteum. MethodsPhys. Res.,Seet.A,1998, 406(3):442-450.
[64]葛文伟，张怀金，王继扬等. BaWO4多晶料的合成与优质单晶的生长.人工晶体学报，2005，34(1):38-42.
[65]臧竞存，单秉锐，邹玉林.用于激光变频技术的Raman晶体研究动态.硅酸盐学报，2004，32(3)：372-377.
[66] Basiev TT, Sobol AA, Zverev PG, et al. Comparatives pontaneous Ramans pectroscopy ofcrystals for Raman lasers. Applied Optics, 1999, 38 (3):594-598.
[67]藏竞存，单秉锐，邹玉林.用于激光变颇技术的拉曼晶体研究动态.硅酸盐学报，2004，32(3)：372-377.
[68] Ivleva L I, Basiev T T, Voronina I S, et al. SrWO4: Nd3+new material for multi functionallasers[J]. Optical Materials, 2003, 23(9):439-442.
[69] Chauhan AK. Czochralski growth and radiation hardness of BaWO4 crystal. Jounal ofCrytasl Growth, 2003, 254(26):418-422.
[70]宋祖伟.钨酸盐微/纳米粉的制备及其防腐应用研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国科学院. 2010.
[2]曹帅.碱土七钒酸盐发光材料的制备及发光性质研究：[硕士学位论文].安徽：安徽大学，2010.
[3]徐叙瑢，苏勉曾.《发光学与发光材料》.北京：化学工业出版社，2004：2.
[4]肖志国.《蓄光型发光材料及其制品》.北京：化学工业出版社，2002：1-20.
[5]魏瑞平.荷移跃迁对一些无机化合物发光性能的影响：[硕士学位论文].甘肃：兰州大学，2009.
[6] T. Katsumata, T. Nabae, K. Sasajima, et al. Growth and characteristics of long persistentSrA12O4 and CaAl2O4 based phosphor crystals by a floating zone technique, J. Cryst. Growth.1998, 183(3): 361-365.
[7]李强，高濂，严东生. YAG：Ce3+微粉的制备及光谱性能.无机材料学报，1997, 12 (4):575-578
[8]耿秀娟，陈永杰，肖林久等.微乳液法制备长余辉发光材料CaAl2O4：Eu2+，Dy3+.沈阳化工学院学报，2004，18(4)：241-243.
[9] F.A. Kroger. Aspects of luminescence of solids: [M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1948.
[10]章燕.复杂结构功能钨酸盐纳米材料水热合及磁光性能研究：[硕士学位论文].安徽：安徽大学，2010.
[11] Beata Grobelna, Beata Lipowska, Andrzej M, et. al. Energy transfer in calcium tungstatedoped with Eu(Ⅲ) or Tb(Ⅲ) ions incorporated into silica xerogel. Journal of Alloys andCompounds, 2006, 41: 191-196.[l2]杨水金，孙聚堂，秦子斌.掺杂稀土离子钨酸盐的固相合成及发光特性的概况与进展.湖北师范学院学报（自然科学版），1994，14 (6)：86-89.
[13]杨水金，孙聚堂，秦子斌.混合二价金属钨酸盐的合成及其溶混性研究.化学研究与应用.1999，1(6)：663.
[14] Sun L, Guo Q, Wu X., et al. Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties ofStrontiumTungstate Nanostructures.J Phys Chem C, 2007, 111(2):532-537.
[15] Rodrlguez-Hernandez P et al.Theoretical and experimental study of CaWO4 and SrWO4under pressure.J Phys Chem Solids, 2006, 67(9-10):2164-2171.
[16] Chen D, Tang K, Li F, et al. A Simple Aqueous Mineralization Process to SynthesizeTetragonal Molybdate Microcrystallites. Crystal Growth & Design, 2006, 6(1):247-252.
[17] Lam RUE't, Blasse G. Luminescence of barium molybdate.J Chem Phys, 1979,71(8):3549-3549.
[18] Cho WS, Yashima M, Kakihana M, et al. Room-temperature preparation of rystallizedluminescent Sr1-xCaxWO4 solid-solution films by an electrochemical method. Appl PhysLett, 1996, 68(1):137-140.
[19] Yu S H, Liu B, Mo M S, et al. General synthesis of single-crystal tungstatenanorods/nanowires: A facile, low-tem-perature solution approach. Adv Funct Mater, 2003,13(8):639-647.
[20]林新松，陈建中，庄乃峰等，掺镱钨酸钡晶体及光谱性能.福州大学学报(自然科学版)，2005，33(3)：366-369。
[21]吴春燕.白钨矿型钨酸盐微晶的沉淀法制备技术研究：[硕士学位论文].四川：四川师范大学，2009.
[22]高晓兰.Eu3+激活的两种典型钨酸盐的制备及其紫外-真空紫外发光性能的研究：[硕士论文].甘肃：兰州大学，2007.
[23] Shikao Shi，JingGao，Ji Zhou.Effects of charge compensation on the luminesce behavior ofEu3+activated CaWO4 phosphor, Opt. Mater. 2008, 30(7):1616-1619.
[24] Xiaoming Lou，Donghua Chen. Synthesis of CaWO4:Eu3+ phosphor powders via acombustion process and its optical properties, Mater. Lett. 2008, 62(45):1681-1685.
[25] M.J. Treadawy，R.C.Powell. Luminescence of calcium tungstate crystals, J.Chem phys.1974, 61 (40):4003-4007.
[26] J.K. Tyminski，C.M. Lawson，R.C. Powell. Energy transfer between Eu3+ ions in LiNbO3，CaWO4，andEuY1-xP5O14，crystals, J. Chem.Phys. 1982, 77(23):4318-4321.
[27] S.K. Shi，X.R.Liu，J.Gao，J. Zhou. Speetroscopic properties and intense red-light emissionof (Ca，Eu，M)WO4(M=Mg，Zn，Li), Spectrochim. Acta.Part A. 2008, 69(4): 396-400.
[28]孙聚堂，秦子斌，冯伊利.掺杂Tb3+离子的碱土金属钨酸盐的光谱特性研发光学报，1992，13(4)：333-336.
[29] Fang Lei, BingYan.Hydrothermal synthesis and lumineseence of CaMO4:RE3+(MW, Mo;RE=Eu，Tb) submicro-phosphors, J. Solid State Chem. 2008, 181(7):855-858.
[30] M.V. Nazarov，D.Y. Jeon，J.H.Kang，E-J. Popovici，L-E. Muresan，M.V. Zamoryanskaya，B.S. Tsukerblat. Luminescence Properties of europium-terbium double activated calciumtungstate phosphor, Solid State Communieations. 2004, 131(53):307-311
[31] Rao RP．Growth and characterization of Y2O3：Eu3+ phosphor films by sol-gel process．SolidState Commun., 1996, 99(6):439-443．
[32] Zhang H X，Kam C H, Zhou Y，el a1．Deposition and photoluminescence of sol-gel derivedTb3+：Zn2SiO4 films on SiO2/Si. Thin Solid Films, 2000, 370(1-2):50-53．
[33] Lin J, Saenger DU, Mennig M, el a1．Sol-gel deposition and characterization of Mn2+-doped silicate phosphor films.Thin Solid Films, 2000, 360(1-2):39-45．
[34] Lin YJ, Su YK, Yokoyama M．Crystallinity of terbium-fluorine-doped zinc sulfide thin filmson green thin film electroluminescent devices prepared by RF-magnetron sputtering. Appl.Science. 1993, 65(66):46l-464．
[35] Wright PJ，Cockayne B，Cattel AF，el a1．Manganese doping of zinc sulfide and zincselenide epitaxial layers grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition. J. CrystalGrowth, 1982, 59(1):155-160．
[36] Lin J，Yu M，Pang ML，el a1．State of the art：luminescent films prepared by sol-gel process.inese J. Lumin., 2001, 22(4):373-383．
[37] Kunimoto T，Kakehi Ken-nosuke，Yoshinatsu R，el a1. Blue-emitting Eu2+ doped CaAl2O4phosphor thin films prepared using pulsed laser deposition technique with post annealing.Jpn. J. App1. Phys., 2001, 40(10):L1126-L1128．
[38] Tanaka K，Ohga K，Choo C K，et a1. Sm-doped CdWO4 thin films synthesized by pulsedlaser deposition．J. App1. Phys., 2 001, 90(10): 5369-5375．
[39] Korzenski M B，Lecoeur Ph. Mercey B，el a1．Nd: YVO4 thin films grown by pulsed laserdeposition: effects of temperature and pressure on the grain morphology andmicrostructure.Chem. Mater., 2001, 13(5):l545-l551．
[40] Golego N，Studenikin S A，Cocivera M. Thin-film BaMgAl10O17: Eu phosphor prepared byspray pyrolysis．J. Electrochem．Soc, 2000, 147(5):1993-1996．
[41] Mauch R H, Menner R，Sehock H W．Comparison of ZnS：Mn AC TFEL devices preparedby manganese diffusion and coevaporation. J．Crystal Growth, 1988, 86(1-4):885-889.
[42] Theis D, Venghaus H，Ehbinghaus G．Electrooptical properties of a. c. thin-filmelectroluminescent devices．Siemens Forsch. Entwicklungsber, 1982, 11(5): 265-270．
[43]张祥强. ZnO量子点的溶胶-凝胶法制备及光致发光特性研究：[硕士学位论文].上海：华东师范大学，2010.
[44] Cho W.S., Yoshimura M.. Preparation of Crystallized Ba-Rich Ba1-XCaXWO4 Solid-SolutionFilms by an Electrochemical Method at Room Temperature and Their Luminescence. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 1996, 35(11A):L1149-L1451.
[45] Bi J, Cui CH., Lai X., Synthesis of luminescent SrMoO4 thin films by a non-reversiblegalvanic cell method. Materials Research Bulletin.2008, 43(3):743-747.
[46]崔春华，白钨矿结构钼酸盐、钨酸盐薄膜的原电池技术制备及性能研究：[硕士学位论文].四川：四川师范大学，2008.
[47]景磊.氧化锌纳米结构的制备及光学、磁学、光催化性质研究：[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北大学，2010.
[48]焦剑.钨酸锶的合成及其性能的研究：[硕士学位论文].安徽：安徽大学，2010.
[49]景磊.氧化锌纳米结构的制备及光学、磁学、光催化性质研究：[硕士学位论文].陕西：西北大学，2010.
[50]李科慧.太阳电池材料氢化纳米硅薄膜的均匀性和带隙调控研究：[硕士学位论文].上海：上海交通大学，2010.
[51]任飞. Mn2+掺杂12CaO?7Al2O3粉末的制备及其微结构和光学性质研究：[硕士学位论文].吉林：东北师范大学，2010.
[52] Johnson LF, Boyd GD, Nassau K.Phys Rev, 1962, 126(4):1406-1409.
[53] Grasser R, Pompeii W, ScharmannA.JLumina, 1988, 40(41):343-344.
[54] Photoluminescence in the CaxSr1-xWO4 system at room temperature [J], Journal of SolidState Chemistry, 2008,181(5):1876– 1881.
[55] Gaod J, Xiaod Q, Zhuj G, et al. Preparation of tungstate and molybdate films byelectrochemical method at room temperature. J Adv Sci, 2001, 13(3):387-388.
[56] Groenink J A, Hakfoot C, Blasse G. Phys Stat Sol(a), 1979, 54(477):329-336.
[57]尹建军,二茂铁.电化学制备法研究.甘肃工业大学学报，2001，27(2)：106-107.
[58]熊家文，韦亚兵，郑昌仁等.微乳聚合最新研究进展.日用化学工业，2002，32(2)：61-64.
[59] Fujishima A, Hongda K. Eleetroehemieal Photolysis of water at a semieonductor electrode.Nature, 1972, 238(5338):38-45.
[60] CareyJ H，Lawrence J，Tosine H M. Photodeehlorination of PCB，in the Presence oftitanium dioxide in aqueous suspension. Bull Environ Contam,Toxieol, 1976,16(5):697-701.
[61] Thomas JM, Wolfgang J. Mereury (I) Molybdates and Tungstates Hg2WO4 and TwoModifieations of Hg2MoO4. Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39(2):4219-4223.
[62] Hu X L,Zhu Y J. Morphology Conirol of PbWO4 Nano and Microcrystals via a Simple,Seedless, and High-yield Wet Chemieal Route. Langm uir, 2004, 20(8):1521-1523.
[63] Kobayashi M, Ishii M, Usuki Y. ComParison of radiation damage in different PbWO4scintillation crystals. Nucl. Insteum. MethodsPhys. Res.,Seet.A,1998, 406(3):442-450.
[64]葛文伟，张怀金，王继扬等. BaWO4多晶料的合成与优质单晶的生长.人工晶体学报，2005，34(1):38-42.
[65]臧竞存，单秉锐，邹玉林.用于激光变频技术的Raman晶体研究动态.硅酸盐学报，2004，32(3)：372-377.
[66] Basiev TT, Sobol AA, Zverev PG, et al. Comparatives pontaneous Ramans pectroscopy ofcrystals for Raman lasers. Applied Optics, 1999, 38 (3):594-598.
[67]藏竞存，单秉锐，邹玉林.用于激光变颇技术的拉曼晶体研究动态.硅酸盐学报，2004，32(3)：372-377.
[68] Ivleva L I, Basiev T T, Voronina I S, et al. SrWO4: Nd3+new material for multi functionallasers[J]. Optical Materials, 2003, 23(9):439-442.
[69] Chauhan AK. Czochralski growth and radiation hardness of BaWO4 crystal. Jounal ofCrytasl Growth, 2003, 254(26):418-422.
[70]宋祖伟.钨酸盐微/纳米粉的制备及其防腐应用研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国科学院. 2010.