社会救助“多元化合作”法律制度研究
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摘要
社会救助作为社会保障最后一道安全网,是对生活陷入困境的特定社会成员的生存权的基本保障,因此可以说,社会救助是较低层次上的社会保障。但尽管如此,由于没有相应法律法规作为保障,它并未起到应有的作用。目前我国关于社会救助方面的法规多是在改革中出现而应急立法的产物。相关法律法规之间缺乏必要衔接,缺乏全局的协调和统一,我国社会救助进行统一立法极为必要;但是由于我国生产力水平比较低,社会救助覆盖范围有限,水平较低,目前我国的社会救助体系尚未完全建立。社会救助作为社会保障安全网中覆盖面最为基础的一张网,在社会保障体系中发挥着基础性作用,但是由于重保险轻救济思想的影响,我国社会救助立法不完善。多是行政立法部门立法,缺乏统一的社会救助法律体系。制定以政府为主,多元主体合作的社会救助法律体系。
With the evolution of world economic integration, improving the social welfare system has become a global problem. In the construction with Chinese characteristics, patterns of soeialassistanee, we need feet on the ground, in-depth study of China's national conditions, but also need to look at the world. We have established model of soeialassistanee side of the existing difficulties, there are upside --- you can learn from and draw on international experience. For such a historical uniqueness of China's large population of developing countries to establish a model of what kind of soeialassistanee, and how the progressive realization of the target model is a need to carefully think about and hard to explore things. However, looking back at our country's soeialassistanee system of legal protection, and international level of protection still lags far behind, there are many problems to be solved. To this end, the author of the previous research results through the reference and the Problem of judicial practice, trying to reveal this legal protection of China's soeialassistanee system, the problems raised by cause analysis to solve the problem of superficial responses. In the discussion process, the text is divided into four chapters:
The first chapter mainly has outlined the major theoretical analysis of Soeialassistanee in cooperation diversity, from the ideological basis of social foundation, the legal basis of three aspects of the interpretation.Any kind of large-scale social change needs to find themselves a legitimacy of their actions based on the idea. Soeialassistanee legislation, the process itself is a progressive social change, it also needs the support of such a theory: that can clearly articulate the relationship between the individual and society, or individuals the right to social and economic life and government in the same field .The duties of the ideological basis for soeialassistanee along this theme also developed a progressive manner. Right to life idea is to support the soeialassistanee law setting up the most important theoretical basis. China's socialist human rights concept as the right to life be guaranteed basic human rights, and on this basis, establish a soeialassistanee system with Chinese characteristics. Corporate social responsibility actually reflects a kind of mutual help among members of society. That is members of society through the use of its advantages to assume responsibility for soeialassistanee, soeialassistanee as diverse as the ideological foundation of cooperation. Charity thinking, charity in today's society, we still occupy a dominant position of thinking,The "Hope Project", "Love Action", "Spring Bud Program" and other activities, are all members of society embodies the heart of charity; Government social relief, from the benevolent pot the grace proceeding has evolved to become a government can not shirk its social responsibility.In a civilized and progressive modern society, people should have such a concept:each person has to maintain its right to exist.Because survival is the most basic human needs, human beings continued to propagate as a necessary requirement for class, which is from the jurisprudence on the issue of soeialassistanee to explore the basic starting point. The idea of distributive justice for the state to provide free assistance for the poor provides a strong theoretical support.
The second chapter is mainly the responsibility of the legislature on the subject analysis, the central and local governments should be a reasonable division of responsibilities. The central government in the management of a macro, guidance, and indirect, therefore, to assume more responsibility for the macro level, such as the legislative responsibility, system design responsibility. The local governments are more familiar with local conditions, should strengthen the direct provision of public services and the functions of administrative law enforcement responsibility of micro, such as the specific implementation, business management, personnel statistics, the treatment of payment and so on. The central and local responsibility in the analysis should be based on local-based, but centrally directed moderately decentralized model where due. Through the central government and local governments in social assistance on the appropriate division of responsibilities and rights of the central government to provide more support at the same time, it can give full play the enthusiasm of local governments.
The third chapter analyzes and discusses the "diversification of cooperation" rescue mode. From the current China's social security and the status of philanthropy, charitable organizations, discussed the social function of two charitable organizations in the social assistance system in the role; volunteer organization in our country due to a late start and it is suggested that the imperfect development of the region should learn from Taiwan experience, elaborate on this in this article.
Chapter IV on how to build a "diversified cooperation," the rationalization of the legal system put forward the idea. Focus on improving the social relief from the legislation, legislation to establish voluntary service as a "multi-cooperation," the principal, other non-profit organizations to explain the dominant position of three aspects.
In short, as the deepening of China's market economy development, soeialassistanee responsibilities of legal protection is also growing on the soeialassistanee model to probe into both theoretical significance has practical significance, as the current social security laws to protect the work of hot spots that need urgent solution problem and needs to theorists and practitioners to study and promote each other can the problem be perfect solution!
With the evolution of world economic integration, improving the social welfare system has become a global problem. In the construction with Chinese characteristics, patterns of soeialassistanee, we need feet on the ground, in-depth study of China's national conditions, but also need to look at the world. We have established model of soeialassistanee side of the existing difficulties, there are upside --- you can learn from and draw on international experience. For such a historical uniqueness of China's large population of developing countries to establish a model of what kind of soeialassistanee, and how the progressive realization of the target model is a need to carefully think about and hard to explore things. However, looking back at our country's soeialassistanee system of legal protection, and international level of protection still lags far behind, there are many problems to be solved. To this end, the author of the previous research results through the reference and the Problem of judicial practice, trying to reveal this legal protection of China's soeialassistanee system, the problems raised by cause analysis to solve the problem of superficial responses. In the discussion process, the text is divided into four chapters:
The first chapter mainly has outlined the major theoretical analysis of Soeialassistanee in cooperation diversity, from the ideological basis of social foundation, the legal basis of three aspects of the interpretation.Any kind of large-scale social change needs to find themselves a legitimacy of their actions based on the idea. Soeialassistanee legislation, the process itself is a progressive social change, it also needs the support of such a theory: that can clearly articulate the relationship between the individual and society, or individuals the right to social and economic life and government in the same field .The duties of the ideological basis for soeialassistanee along this theme also developed a progressive manner. Right to life idea is to support the soeialassistanee law setting up the most important theoretical basis. China's socialist human rights concept as the right to life be guaranteed basic human rights, and on this basis, establish a soeialassistanee system with Chinese characteristics. Corporate social responsibility actually reflects a kind of mutual help among members of society. That is members of society through the use of its advantages to assume responsibility for soeialassistanee, soeialassistanee as diverse as the ideological foundation of cooperation. Charity thinking, charity in today's society, we still occupy a dominant position of thinking,The "Hope Project", "Love Action", "Spring Bud Program" and other activities, are all members of society embodies the heart of charity; Government social relief, from the benevolent pot the grace proceeding has evolved to become a government can not shirk its social responsibility.In a civilized and progressive modern society, people should have such a concept:each person has to maintain its right to exist.Because survival is the most basic human needs, human beings continued to propagate as a necessary requirement for class, which is from the jurisprudence on the issue of soeialassistanee to explore the basic starting point. The idea of distributive justice for the state to provide free assistance for the poor provides a strong theoretical support.
The second chapter is mainly the responsibility of the legislature on the subject analysis, the central and local governments should be a reasonable division of responsibilities. The central government in the management of a macro, guidance, and indirect, therefore, to assume more responsibility for the macro level, such as the legislative responsibility, system design responsibility. The local governments are more familiar with local conditions, should strengthen the direct provision of public services and the functions of administrative law enforcement responsibility of micro, such as the specific implementation, business management, personnel statistics, the treatment of payment and so on. The central and local responsibility in the analysis should be based on local-based, but centrally directed moderately decentralized model where due. Through the central government and local governments in social assistance on the appropriate division of responsibilities and rights of the central government to provide more support at the same time, it can give full play the enthusiasm of local governments.
The third chapter analyzes and discusses the "diversification of cooperation" rescue mode. From the current China's social security and the status of philanthropy, charitable organizations, discussed the social function of two charitable organizations in the social assistance system in the role; volunteer organization in our country due to a late start and it is suggested that the imperfect development of the region should learn from Taiwan experience, elaborate on this in this article.
Chapter IV on how to build a "diversified cooperation," the rationalization of the legal system put forward the idea. Focus on improving the social relief from the legislation, legislation to establish voluntary service as a "multi-cooperation," the principal, other non-profit organizations to explain the dominant position of three aspects.
In short, as the deepening of China's market economy development, soeialassistanee responsibilities of legal protection is also growing on the soeialassistanee model to probe into both theoretical significance has practical significance, as the current social security laws to protect the work of hot spots that need urgent solution problem and needs to theorists and practitioners to study and promote each other can the problem be perfect solution!
引文
[1][美]夏洛特·托尔著:《社会救助学》,郗庆华、王慧荣译,生活·读书·新知三联书店1992年版,第53页。
[2]曹明睿著:《社会救助法律制度研究》,厦门大学出版社2005年8月第1版,第100页。
[3][意]阿奎那著:《阿奎那政治著作选》,马清槐译,商务印书馆1963年版,第142-143页。
[4][英]霍布斯著:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1995年版,第97页。
[5][英]洛克著:《政府论(下篇)》,瞿菊农、叶启芳译,商务印书馆1986年版,第6页。
[6]曹明睿著:《社会救助法律制度研究》,厦门大学出版社2005年8月第1版,第102页。
[7][美]E·博登海默著:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社1999年版,第252页。
[8]张恒山著:《法理要论》,北京大学出版社2002年第1版,第286页。
[9]汪行福著:《分配正义与社会保障》,上海财经大学出版社2003年第1版,第9页。
[10][英]罗纳德·德沃金著:《原则之事》,张国清译,江苏人民出版社1985年版,第207页。
[11][美]约翰·罗尔斯著:《正义论》,何怀宏译,中国社会科学出版社1988年版,第267页。
[12][英]沃吉尼亚·海尔德著:《财产、利润和经济正义》,贝尔蒙德出版公司1980年版,第14页。
[13]《中华慈善年鉴》,年鉴社出版社2001年版,第23页。
[14]王颖等:《社会中间层——改革与中国的社团组织》,中国发展出版社1993年版,第45页。
[15][美]弗兰西斯·福山:《信任——社会道德与繁荣的创造》,李宛蓉译,远方出版社1998年版,第24页。
[16][美]P·B·弗斯顿伯格:《非营利机构的生财之道》,科学出版社1991年版,第45页。
[17]贾春增主编:《外国社会学史》,中国人民大学出版社2000年版,第38页。
[18]贾春增主编:《外国社会学史》,中国人民大学出版社2000年版,第42页。
[19][美]Lester M·Salamon等:《全球公民社会》,贾西津、魏玉等译,社会文献出版社2002年版,第36页。
[20][美]莱斯特·赛拉蒙:《美国混合经济福利模式中的政府作用》,复旦大学出版社1998年版,第71页。
[21]笔者对该社区“志工”运作的了解来源于慈善功德会中文网站和以下文章中对其个案的具体描述:涂建平:《慈济功德会作为集体行动逻辑之个案研究》,国立中山大学政治学研究所2003年硕士学位论文。
[22]涂建平:《慈济功德会作为集体行动逻辑之个案研究》,国立中山大学政治学研究所2003年硕士学位论文。
[23]吴丽英:《台湾民间力量典范——慈济功德会》,“联合早报(网络版)”http://www.zaobao.com/zaobao/special/china/taiwan/earthquake/taiwan301099.html,1999年10月28日。
[24]数据来源:《台湾妇女年鉴》,第455-458页,转自吴雅琪:《台湾妇女团体的长青树——台湾省妇女会(1946-2001)》,台湾师范大学历史学系2007年硕士学位论文。
[25][英]呈贾纳·E·赫兹林杰等:《非营利组织管理》,中国人民出版社2000年版,第19页。
1.[美]夏洛特·托尔:《社会救助学》,郗庆华、王慧荣译,生活·读书·新知三联书店1992年版。
2.曹明睿:《社会救助法律制度研究》,厦门大学出版社2005年8月第1版。
3.[意]阿奎那:《阿奎那政治著作选》,马清槐译,商务印书馆1963年版。
4.[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1995年版。
5.[英]洛克:《政府论(下篇)》,瞿菊农、叶启芳译,商务印书馆1986年版。
6.韩德培主编:《人权的理论与实践》,武汉大学出版社1995年版。
7.[美]E·博登海默:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
8.张恒山:《法理要论》,北京大学出版社2002年第1版。
9.汪行福:《分配正义与社会保障》,上海财经大学出版社2003年第1版。
10.[英]罗纳德·德沃金:《原则之事》,张国清译,江苏人民出版社1985年版。
11.[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏译,中国社会科学出版社1988年版。
12.[英]沃吉尼亚·海尔德:《财产、利润和经济正义》,贝尔蒙德出版公司1980年版。
13.王颖等:《社会中间层——改革与中国的社团组织》,中国发展出版社1993年版。
14.[美]弗兰西斯.福山:《信任——社会道德与繁荣的创造》,李宛蓉译,远方出版社1998年版。
15.[美]P·B·弗斯顿伯格:《非营利机构的生财之道》,科学出版社1991年版。
16.贾春增主编:《外国社会学史》,中国人民大学出版社2000年版。
17.[美]Lester M·Salamon等:《全球公民社会》,贾西津、魏玉等译,社会文献出版社2002年版。
1.姚菊芬:《从社会救助法征求意见稿谈我国立法完善》,《浙江万里学院学报》2008年第6期。
2.刘晓燕、李宝星:《构建“合作主义”社会保障模式的途径探讨——以非营利组织发展为视角》,《西安石油大学学报》2009年第1期。
3.余玉凤:《试论我国的社会救助法律制度》,《中山大学学报论丛》2005年第4期。
4.李国林、钮维平:《试论慈善事业与社会保障的关系》,《求实》2003年第11期。
5.杨思斌:《中国社会救助法制建设的现状分析与对策研究》,《探索》2008年第4期。
6.吕蓉蓉、陈沙麦:《台湾义工慈善组织发展的思考与借鉴》,《中共福建省委党校学报》2009年第4期。
7.凌冲:《港台及国外义务工作立法的规律和特点》,《广东青年干部学院学报》2003年第4期。
8.翟娅丽:《我国社会救助立法研究》,《井冈山医专学报》2006年第3期。
9.赵蕊、李国林:《中国农村社会保障:现状分析与对策构想》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2000年第4期。
10.范宝俊:《中国特色慈善事业需要开拓创新》,《经济日报》2003年1月21日。
11.徐祖荣;:《非政府社会救助:社会救助主体多元化的必然选择》,《武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版)》2007年第3期。
[2]曹明睿著:《社会救助法律制度研究》,厦门大学出版社2005年8月第1版,第100页。
[3][意]阿奎那著:《阿奎那政治著作选》,马清槐译,商务印书馆1963年版,第142-143页。
[4][英]霍布斯著:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1995年版,第97页。
[5][英]洛克著:《政府论(下篇)》,瞿菊农、叶启芳译,商务印书馆1986年版,第6页。
[6]曹明睿著:《社会救助法律制度研究》,厦门大学出版社2005年8月第1版,第102页。
[7][美]E·博登海默著:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社1999年版,第252页。
[8]张恒山著:《法理要论》,北京大学出版社2002年第1版,第286页。
[9]汪行福著:《分配正义与社会保障》,上海财经大学出版社2003年第1版,第9页。
[10][英]罗纳德·德沃金著:《原则之事》,张国清译,江苏人民出版社1985年版,第207页。
[11][美]约翰·罗尔斯著:《正义论》,何怀宏译,中国社会科学出版社1988年版,第267页。
[12][英]沃吉尼亚·海尔德著:《财产、利润和经济正义》,贝尔蒙德出版公司1980年版,第14页。
[13]《中华慈善年鉴》,年鉴社出版社2001年版,第23页。
[14]王颖等:《社会中间层——改革与中国的社团组织》,中国发展出版社1993年版,第45页。
[15][美]弗兰西斯·福山:《信任——社会道德与繁荣的创造》,李宛蓉译,远方出版社1998年版,第24页。
[16][美]P·B·弗斯顿伯格:《非营利机构的生财之道》,科学出版社1991年版,第45页。
[17]贾春增主编:《外国社会学史》,中国人民大学出版社2000年版,第38页。
[18]贾春增主编:《外国社会学史》,中国人民大学出版社2000年版,第42页。
[19][美]Lester M·Salamon等:《全球公民社会》,贾西津、魏玉等译,社会文献出版社2002年版,第36页。
[20][美]莱斯特·赛拉蒙:《美国混合经济福利模式中的政府作用》,复旦大学出版社1998年版,第71页。
[21]笔者对该社区“志工”运作的了解来源于慈善功德会中文网站和以下文章中对其个案的具体描述:涂建平:《慈济功德会作为集体行动逻辑之个案研究》,国立中山大学政治学研究所2003年硕士学位论文。
[22]涂建平:《慈济功德会作为集体行动逻辑之个案研究》,国立中山大学政治学研究所2003年硕士学位论文。
[23]吴丽英:《台湾民间力量典范——慈济功德会》,“联合早报(网络版)”http://www.zaobao.com/zaobao/special/china/taiwan/earthquake/taiwan301099.html,1999年10月28日。
[24]数据来源:《台湾妇女年鉴》,第455-458页,转自吴雅琪:《台湾妇女团体的长青树——台湾省妇女会(1946-2001)》,台湾师范大学历史学系2007年硕士学位论文。
[25][英]呈贾纳·E·赫兹林杰等:《非营利组织管理》,中国人民出版社2000年版,第19页。
1.[美]夏洛特·托尔:《社会救助学》,郗庆华、王慧荣译,生活·读书·新知三联书店1992年版。
2.曹明睿:《社会救助法律制度研究》,厦门大学出版社2005年8月第1版。
3.[意]阿奎那:《阿奎那政治著作选》,马清槐译,商务印书馆1963年版。
4.[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1995年版。
5.[英]洛克:《政府论(下篇)》,瞿菊农、叶启芳译,商务印书馆1986年版。
6.韩德培主编:《人权的理论与实践》,武汉大学出版社1995年版。
7.[美]E·博登海默:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社1999年版。
8.张恒山:《法理要论》,北京大学出版社2002年第1版。
9.汪行福:《分配正义与社会保障》,上海财经大学出版社2003年第1版。
10.[英]罗纳德·德沃金:《原则之事》,张国清译,江苏人民出版社1985年版。
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