固态胺吸附剂的制备及二氧化碳捕集行为研究
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摘要
固态胺吸附剂由于具有高吸附性能和选择性的特点,在二氧化碳捕集领域得到了广泛的关注。尽管固态胺吸附剂载体的开发已获得较大的进展,但是,关于固态胺吸附剂捕集二氧化碳的系统性研究,包括二氧化碳在孔道内扩散的优化以及吸附性能的进一步提升,多孔材料的孔结构对吸附性能的影响,固态胺吸附剂室温下对低浓度二氧化碳的捕集以及固态胺吸附剂形貌设计的研究仍较为有限。本工作以担载修饰多孔材料在二氧化碳捕集方面的应用为背景,建立固态胺吸附剂脱除C02的系统性研究,开发研制具有高吸附容量、高选择性、高吸脱附速率的二氧化碳捕集用新型固态胺吸附材料。主要结论如下：
1.固态胺吸附剂捕集二氧化碳的工艺条件最优化研究。以中孔炭为载体,通过液相担载法制备固态胺吸附剂,考察了胺的种类、担载量、C02浓度、空速、湿度等工艺条件对C02捕集行为的影响。结果发现,基于小分子有机胺如MEA, DEA, DETA的固态胺吸附剂热稳定性较差,而基于大分子PEI和(?)TEPA的固态胺吸附剂具有较高的热稳定性和二氧化碳吸附量；加入环氧氯丙烷(EHC)助剂能够进一步提高TEPA的稳定性及循环性能；PEI固态胺吸附剂中最佳胺担载量为65wt.%,此吸附剂对15%的CO2/N2混合气的C02吸附量高达4.82mmol/g,胺利用率可达63%；水的存在对固态胺吸附剂的吸附性能起到促进作用,良好的耐水性可以减低二氧化碳捕集过程对湿度控制的要求。
2.基于热力学吸附-动力学扩散平衡控制提升固态胺吸附剂性能。在不改变中孔载体和PEI的前提条件下,通过聚合物表面活性剂和PEI分子的共担载,实现固态胺吸附剂捕集C02性能的大幅提升。表面活性剂的引入将单一有机胺膜分散为相互贯穿的二元聚合物网络,阻止C02与PEI反应后在表面的致密化,从而有利于C02扩散到有机胺膜深部并创造更多的扩散通道,提高胺的利用率和吸附容量,达到更快的吸附-脱附平衡。同时,表面活性剂的引入,有效的缓解了PEI反应前后的体积变化,提高了PEI的稳定性,进一步提升了固态胺的热再生性能。该扩散平衡控制理念适用于各种载体和有机胺体系,具有极高的普适性。在所选中孔载体体系中,筛选出最优的表面活性齐(?)Span80,最优的添加量为7wt.%,此时二氧化碳吸附量可以达至(?)J4.96mmol/g,与未添加表面活性剂相比,其吸附性能提高了26%。
3.固态胺吸附剂的低温捕集二氧化碳行为研究。制备出系列中孔炭基材料,以其为载体,制备出高效的中孔炭基固态胺吸附剂,并突出其低温捕集C02行为。中孔炭发达的3D孔结构有利于PEI在孔道内的均匀分散,确保了固态胺具有相当大的气体/PEI接触界面；连通的开孔结构加速了C02的内扩散过程,充分提高了胺的利用效率；此外,表面活性剂的引入进一步提升了固态胺的热力学吸附-动力学扩散行为。因而,所制的炭基固态胺材料具有高效的C02吸附性能,能够极大的克服C02在孔内以及PEI内扩散阻力,实现了低温高效捕集C02。在30℃时,其C02吸附容量为4.67mmol/g,在0℃时,其C02吸附容量可达至(?)2.80mmol/g,并同样具有较快的二氧化碳吸附动力学行为和稳定的循环性能。
4.固态胺吸附剂对低浓度二氧化碳的捕集行为研究。以表面活性剂促进的中孔炭基固态胺为吸附剂,使用固定床吸附系统室温直接捕集低浓度二氧化碳。在二氧化碳浓度为0.5%,25℃时,所制固态胺吸附剂的吸附量为3.3mmol/g,胺利用率为50.8%,与已报道的同类材料相比,具有最高的吸附性能；所制固态胺吸附剂在25℃时具有典型的Langmuir-Freundlich吸附等温线,其C02的吸附穿透曲线符合失活模型；低温下水对二氧化碳捕集过程存在促进作用,在湿度为20%时,其C02吸附量可达4.04mmol/g;在室温下,该吸附剂具有稳定的二氧化碳吸附性能,在10次循环内,吸附性能未发生衰减。
5.中孔炭基固态胺吸附剂的形态控制及其动态捕集性能。采用溶胶-反相乳液聚合-凝胶结合的方法制备出高强度、高孔容球状中孔炭,并对其孔径、粒径控制进行了研究。以球状中孔炭为载体,制备出高性能碳基固态胺吸附剂,考察了其对C02的动态捕集能力。结果发现该球状中孔炭固态胺吸附剂对低浓度CO2具有较高的吸附性能(2.7mmol/g,25℃),颗粒直径对吸附剂的吸附性能无明显的影响,反映出中孔对扩散的促进作用。对不同颗粒直径吸附剂的动态实验数据进行非线性回归分析,表明失活模型对不同颗粒直径样品的拟合都是有效的。
Solid amine sorbents have attracted considerable attention due to their high efficiency and selectivity for CO2capture from gas mixtures. Although great progress has been achieved in advancing the support, the systematic study of the CO2adsorption on the solid amine sorbents including facilitating the CO2kinetic diffusion to improve the CO2capture capacity, the relation of porous structure and application performance, capturing of low-concentration CO2on solid amine sorbents at ambient temperature and optimizing morphology of the support is still limited. Moreover, the current solid amine sorbents only have a small capture capacity and low utilization ratio of the amine compound. This thesis mainly focused on the impregnation of amine on the mesoporous supports to obtain the solid amine sorbents for CO2adsorption. The CO2adsorption capacity over the solid amine sorbents with control structures were detailed studied and the CO2capture materials with a large adsorption capacity, high selectivity and sorption/desorption rates were developed. The main results of this thesis are summarized as follows:
(1) Process conditions of CO2capture using polyethylenimine-loaded mesoporous carbons:Mesoporous carbon was synthesized via a combined sol-gel process and hard templating and a supercritical drying process. Solid amine sorbents was obtained by impregnated with different amines. Mesoporous carbons impregnated with low molecule amines (MEA, DEA and DETA) had low CO2adsorption capacities owing to the decomposition at high temperature while mesoporous carbons impregnated with PEI and TEPA showed an excellent CO2adsorption performance at75℃. The addition of ECH could improve the performance of MC-TEPA in the cyclic process. The optimal PEI loading was fixed to be65wt.%with a CO2adsorption capacity of4.82mmol/g in15%CO2/N2at75℃, owing to low mass-transfer resistance and high utilization ratio of the amine compound (63%). Moreover, the sorbents have very good water tolerance, which is significant in eliminating the need for strict humidity control prior to CO2capture.
(2) Improvement of CO2adsorption capacity based on the balance of kinetic diffusion and thermodynamic adsorption. A new strategy to improve the CO2capture performance of solid amine sorbents was developed. The CO2-neutral surfactant was introduced into polyethylenimine (PEI) to create extra CO2transfer pathways, facilitating CO2diffusion into the deeper PEI films. The addition of surfactants could break the bulk PEI film or its CO2 adsorption product from a compact entity into a dual interpenetrated composite, allowing the diffusion of more CO2into the deeper PEI films. Consequently, the surfactant-promoted sorbents offered increased amount of reactive sites and high utilization efficiency of amine groups for CO2capture, leading to an enhanced CO2capture capacity, especially for the sorbents working at low temperature. This method of introducing CO2natural surfactant into solid amine sorbents to improve adsorption performance is universal for different supports and different amines. For the hierarchical porous silica support, Span80was screened to be an optimal candidate and a maximum adsorption capacity of4.96mmol/g was achieved at7wt.%of Span80, which was26%greater than the surfactant-free sorbent. The surfactant-promoted sorbents also exhibited much better adsorption kinetics and regeneration performance.
(3) Solid amine sorbents for low temperature CO2capture. A novel high efficiency solid amine sorbents were developed for regenerative removing CO2at low temperature. The adequate pore volume, proper pore size and interconnected3D framework of as-prepared MC allow the easy dispersion and immobilization of PEI within their channels. The structure generates considerable gas/amine interfacial area and provides access to fast CO2diffusion for reactivity with the amine groups. In addition, the kinetic inhibition to CO2diffusion within the PEI films could be alleviated by the introduction of polymer surfactant, offering increased amount of reactive sites and higher utilization efficiency of amine groups. The highest adsorption capacities of4.67mmol/g at30℃and2.80mmol/g at0℃are attained. They also show fast kinetic, a good selectivity for CO2/N2separation, and very reversible and durable CO2capturing performance at low temperature.
(4) Adsorption of low-concentration CO2on mesoporous carbon-based solid amine sorbents. Surfactant promoted mesoporous carbon-based solid amine sorbents were employed for low-concentration CO2capture at ambient temperature. The adsorption behavior toward CO2(0.5vol.%) was investigated in a fixed-bed column. After the addition of span80, the adsorption capacity reached3.3mmol/g and the amine utilization ratio of50.8%at25℃. In comparison to many other types of modified carbon or silica sorbents in the literature, the solid amine sorbent had a higher adsorption capacity at the same temperature. The CO2single component adsorption isotherm at25℃was obtained and fitted well by the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. The deactivation model, capable of describing the uptake of CO2, was applied under various conditions. In all cases, the experimental data agreed with the predicted breakthrough model. The adsorption capacity was also improved by moisture and reached as high as4.04mmol/g (20%RH). The adsorption capacity for CO2remained almost the same after10cyclic regeneration experiments.
(5) Solid amine sorbents with controlled morphology for dynamic CO2adsorption. Mesoporous carbon spheres (MCSs) with controlled particle size and pore structure were synthesized via a combined hard templating and sol-gel processing within water-in-oil emulsions, using resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer as carbon precursor and colloidal silica nanoparticles as hard templates. The sphere size of MCSs can be controlled in the range from10to500μm by changing the emulsification conditions. The pore structure of MCSs can be tuned by adjusting the mass ratio of resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer to silica nanoparticles and the diameter of silica nanoparticles. The mesoporous carbon spheres were employed as support for solid amine sorbents and showed a CO2adsorption capacity of2.7mmol/g at25℃, The experimental data of sorbents with different particle sizes were fitted well by the deactivation model models.
1.固态胺吸附剂捕集二氧化碳的工艺条件最优化研究。以中孔炭为载体,通过液相担载法制备固态胺吸附剂,考察了胺的种类、担载量、C02浓度、空速、湿度等工艺条件对C02捕集行为的影响。结果发现,基于小分子有机胺如MEA, DEA, DETA的固态胺吸附剂热稳定性较差,而基于大分子PEI和(?)TEPA的固态胺吸附剂具有较高的热稳定性和二氧化碳吸附量；加入环氧氯丙烷(EHC)助剂能够进一步提高TEPA的稳定性及循环性能；PEI固态胺吸附剂中最佳胺担载量为65wt.%,此吸附剂对15%的CO2/N2混合气的C02吸附量高达4.82mmol/g,胺利用率可达63%；水的存在对固态胺吸附剂的吸附性能起到促进作用,良好的耐水性可以减低二氧化碳捕集过程对湿度控制的要求。
2.基于热力学吸附-动力学扩散平衡控制提升固态胺吸附剂性能。在不改变中孔载体和PEI的前提条件下,通过聚合物表面活性剂和PEI分子的共担载,实现固态胺吸附剂捕集C02性能的大幅提升。表面活性剂的引入将单一有机胺膜分散为相互贯穿的二元聚合物网络,阻止C02与PEI反应后在表面的致密化,从而有利于C02扩散到有机胺膜深部并创造更多的扩散通道,提高胺的利用率和吸附容量,达到更快的吸附-脱附平衡。同时,表面活性剂的引入,有效的缓解了PEI反应前后的体积变化,提高了PEI的稳定性,进一步提升了固态胺的热再生性能。该扩散平衡控制理念适用于各种载体和有机胺体系,具有极高的普适性。在所选中孔载体体系中,筛选出最优的表面活性齐(?)Span80,最优的添加量为7wt.%,此时二氧化碳吸附量可以达至(?)J4.96mmol/g,与未添加表面活性剂相比,其吸附性能提高了26%。
3.固态胺吸附剂的低温捕集二氧化碳行为研究。制备出系列中孔炭基材料,以其为载体,制备出高效的中孔炭基固态胺吸附剂,并突出其低温捕集C02行为。中孔炭发达的3D孔结构有利于PEI在孔道内的均匀分散,确保了固态胺具有相当大的气体/PEI接触界面；连通的开孔结构加速了C02的内扩散过程,充分提高了胺的利用效率；此外,表面活性剂的引入进一步提升了固态胺的热力学吸附-动力学扩散行为。因而,所制的炭基固态胺材料具有高效的C02吸附性能,能够极大的克服C02在孔内以及PEI内扩散阻力,实现了低温高效捕集C02。在30℃时,其C02吸附容量为4.67mmol/g,在0℃时,其C02吸附容量可达至(?)2.80mmol/g,并同样具有较快的二氧化碳吸附动力学行为和稳定的循环性能。
4.固态胺吸附剂对低浓度二氧化碳的捕集行为研究。以表面活性剂促进的中孔炭基固态胺为吸附剂,使用固定床吸附系统室温直接捕集低浓度二氧化碳。在二氧化碳浓度为0.5%,25℃时,所制固态胺吸附剂的吸附量为3.3mmol/g,胺利用率为50.8%,与已报道的同类材料相比,具有最高的吸附性能；所制固态胺吸附剂在25℃时具有典型的Langmuir-Freundlich吸附等温线,其C02的吸附穿透曲线符合失活模型；低温下水对二氧化碳捕集过程存在促进作用,在湿度为20%时,其C02吸附量可达4.04mmol/g;在室温下,该吸附剂具有稳定的二氧化碳吸附性能,在10次循环内,吸附性能未发生衰减。
5.中孔炭基固态胺吸附剂的形态控制及其动态捕集性能。采用溶胶-反相乳液聚合-凝胶结合的方法制备出高强度、高孔容球状中孔炭,并对其孔径、粒径控制进行了研究。以球状中孔炭为载体,制备出高性能碳基固态胺吸附剂,考察了其对C02的动态捕集能力。结果发现该球状中孔炭固态胺吸附剂对低浓度CO2具有较高的吸附性能(2.7mmol/g,25℃),颗粒直径对吸附剂的吸附性能无明显的影响,反映出中孔对扩散的促进作用。对不同颗粒直径吸附剂的动态实验数据进行非线性回归分析,表明失活模型对不同颗粒直径样品的拟合都是有效的。
Solid amine sorbents have attracted considerable attention due to their high efficiency and selectivity for CO2capture from gas mixtures. Although great progress has been achieved in advancing the support, the systematic study of the CO2adsorption on the solid amine sorbents including facilitating the CO2kinetic diffusion to improve the CO2capture capacity, the relation of porous structure and application performance, capturing of low-concentration CO2on solid amine sorbents at ambient temperature and optimizing morphology of the support is still limited. Moreover, the current solid amine sorbents only have a small capture capacity and low utilization ratio of the amine compound. This thesis mainly focused on the impregnation of amine on the mesoporous supports to obtain the solid amine sorbents for CO2adsorption. The CO2adsorption capacity over the solid amine sorbents with control structures were detailed studied and the CO2capture materials with a large adsorption capacity, high selectivity and sorption/desorption rates were developed. The main results of this thesis are summarized as follows:
(1) Process conditions of CO2capture using polyethylenimine-loaded mesoporous carbons:Mesoporous carbon was synthesized via a combined sol-gel process and hard templating and a supercritical drying process. Solid amine sorbents was obtained by impregnated with different amines. Mesoporous carbons impregnated with low molecule amines (MEA, DEA and DETA) had low CO2adsorption capacities owing to the decomposition at high temperature while mesoporous carbons impregnated with PEI and TEPA showed an excellent CO2adsorption performance at75℃. The addition of ECH could improve the performance of MC-TEPA in the cyclic process. The optimal PEI loading was fixed to be65wt.%with a CO2adsorption capacity of4.82mmol/g in15%CO2/N2at75℃, owing to low mass-transfer resistance and high utilization ratio of the amine compound (63%). Moreover, the sorbents have very good water tolerance, which is significant in eliminating the need for strict humidity control prior to CO2capture.
(2) Improvement of CO2adsorption capacity based on the balance of kinetic diffusion and thermodynamic adsorption. A new strategy to improve the CO2capture performance of solid amine sorbents was developed. The CO2-neutral surfactant was introduced into polyethylenimine (PEI) to create extra CO2transfer pathways, facilitating CO2diffusion into the deeper PEI films. The addition of surfactants could break the bulk PEI film or its CO2 adsorption product from a compact entity into a dual interpenetrated composite, allowing the diffusion of more CO2into the deeper PEI films. Consequently, the surfactant-promoted sorbents offered increased amount of reactive sites and high utilization efficiency of amine groups for CO2capture, leading to an enhanced CO2capture capacity, especially for the sorbents working at low temperature. This method of introducing CO2natural surfactant into solid amine sorbents to improve adsorption performance is universal for different supports and different amines. For the hierarchical porous silica support, Span80was screened to be an optimal candidate and a maximum adsorption capacity of4.96mmol/g was achieved at7wt.%of Span80, which was26%greater than the surfactant-free sorbent. The surfactant-promoted sorbents also exhibited much better adsorption kinetics and regeneration performance.
(3) Solid amine sorbents for low temperature CO2capture. A novel high efficiency solid amine sorbents were developed for regenerative removing CO2at low temperature. The adequate pore volume, proper pore size and interconnected3D framework of as-prepared MC allow the easy dispersion and immobilization of PEI within their channels. The structure generates considerable gas/amine interfacial area and provides access to fast CO2diffusion for reactivity with the amine groups. In addition, the kinetic inhibition to CO2diffusion within the PEI films could be alleviated by the introduction of polymer surfactant, offering increased amount of reactive sites and higher utilization efficiency of amine groups. The highest adsorption capacities of4.67mmol/g at30℃and2.80mmol/g at0℃are attained. They also show fast kinetic, a good selectivity for CO2/N2separation, and very reversible and durable CO2capturing performance at low temperature.
(4) Adsorption of low-concentration CO2on mesoporous carbon-based solid amine sorbents. Surfactant promoted mesoporous carbon-based solid amine sorbents were employed for low-concentration CO2capture at ambient temperature. The adsorption behavior toward CO2(0.5vol.%) was investigated in a fixed-bed column. After the addition of span80, the adsorption capacity reached3.3mmol/g and the amine utilization ratio of50.8%at25℃. In comparison to many other types of modified carbon or silica sorbents in the literature, the solid amine sorbent had a higher adsorption capacity at the same temperature. The CO2single component adsorption isotherm at25℃was obtained and fitted well by the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. The deactivation model, capable of describing the uptake of CO2, was applied under various conditions. In all cases, the experimental data agreed with the predicted breakthrough model. The adsorption capacity was also improved by moisture and reached as high as4.04mmol/g (20%RH). The adsorption capacity for CO2remained almost the same after10cyclic regeneration experiments.
(5) Solid amine sorbents with controlled morphology for dynamic CO2adsorption. Mesoporous carbon spheres (MCSs) with controlled particle size and pore structure were synthesized via a combined hard templating and sol-gel processing within water-in-oil emulsions, using resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer as carbon precursor and colloidal silica nanoparticles as hard templates. The sphere size of MCSs can be controlled in the range from10to500μm by changing the emulsification conditions. The pore structure of MCSs can be tuned by adjusting the mass ratio of resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer to silica nanoparticles and the diameter of silica nanoparticles. The mesoporous carbon spheres were employed as support for solid amine sorbents and showed a CO2adsorption capacity of2.7mmol/g at25℃, The experimental data of sorbents with different particle sizes were fitted well by the deactivation model models.
引文
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