短跑过程中下肢动作控制和股后肌群损伤机制的生物力学研究
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摘要
研究目的与意义:
通过对高水平短跑运动员短跑最高速阶段的运动学、动力学及下肢主要肌群的肌电数据的采集,引入环节互动动力学方法对短跑最高速阶段的下肢运动控制机制及股后肌群受力情况进行研究,分析短跑最大速度阶段控制下肢运动的主要力矩及下肢的神经肌肉募集情况,探讨短跑最大速度阶段主要力矩控制下肢运动的模式和下肢肌肉所承受外力负荷与损伤原因,尤其是运动过程中极易受伤的股后肌群的肌力变化角色。
同时使用CON-TREX等动肌力测试系统,对短跑运动员膝关节处的最大等长收缩肌力矩及在不同角速度下的等速运动的肌力矩和肌电活动进行测量,用以分析短跑运动员下肢在等长收缩及不同角速度下等速运动时的动力学指标,分析不同运动速度下的关节肌力的变化趋势,及膝关节伸、屈肌群肌力的平衡问题,试图探讨股后肌群损的伤机制。
本研究的意义在于:采用运动学、动力学、等动测试系统、肌电系统采集高水平短跑运动员的相关数据,引入环节互动动力学方法,对短跑最高速阶段腾空期与支撑期的下肢动作控制及肌肉受力情况进行分析,这有利于帮助我们研究短跑的动作控制模式和支撑期,摆动期内下肢肌肉的主要功能,为预防下肢肌肉(特别是股后肌群)损伤以及伤后康复治疗和专项肌肉力量训练提供生物力学理论参考依据。
研究方法:
使用CON-TREX(瑞士,型号:PM1/MK2a,b,序列号:O3c06)多关节等动肌力测试、评价与训练系统、VICON红外高速摄影系统(英国,VICON公司),摄像头为8台MX13,KISTLER三维测力台(瑞士,KISTLER公司,型号9287B)、德国BIOVISOION的16导无线肌电信号采集系统系统采集8名优秀短跑运动员在短跑最高速度阶段的运动学、动力学、肌电图数据,及膝关节的等长伸、屈,60、120、180、240°/s等速运动时的膝关节伸、屈肌力矩和膝关节主要伸、屈肌群的肌电图数据。
研究结果:
动作控制研究结果
支撑期内,肌肉力矩(MUS)与外力矩(EXF)为控制下肢运动的主要力矩,肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要作用是抵抗平衡外力矩(EXF)的作用。触地初期,地面反作用力通过髋、膝关节前方,在髋、膝关节处产生较大的屈髋、伸膝力矩(EXF),此时肌肉力矩(MUS)产生屈膝伸髋力矩,对膝关节屈肌、髋关节伸肌—股后肌群提出较高要求,是股后肌群损伤发生的高危险期。而在支撑末期(80%-100%)阶段,髋、膝关节处的外力矩(EXF)趋向于零,此时肌肉力矩已不再为推动人体前进做贡献,髋关节处肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要功能是平衡大腿角加速度及髋线加速度在髋关节处产生的惯性力矩(MDT),该力矩有利于小腿在离地后的后摆动作。
腾空期,肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要作用则是抵抗平衡惯性力矩(MDT)的作用。在腾空前期(10-60%),小腿在惯性力矩(MDT)的作用下做后摆运动。在腾空后期(80%左右),肌肉力矩(MUS)与惯性力矩(MDT)达到最大,此阶段肌肉力矩(MUS)的作用同支撑初期一样是伸髋、屈膝,说明股后肌群承受较大负荷。本研究发现,惯性力矩(MDT)是拉伸股后肌群的力量来源,其惯性力矩(MDT)主要由小腿角加速度产生的力矩(LAAT)构成,此后肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要作用是减慢小腿的前摆速度,防止膝关节过度伸展,并在腾空末期,使小腿后摆,为积极着地做准备。
股后肌群损伤机制研究结果
股后肌群在高速运动的触地初期及摆动末期,不仅要抵消股前肌群和屈髋肌群的力量,同时还要对抗地面反作用力通过髋、膝关节前方而产生的屈髋、伸膝力矩,以及由肢体运动在髋、膝关节处产生的屈髋、伸膝的力矩,为伸髋、屈膝做出贡献。因此在触地初期和摆动末期,股后肌群处在同一种负荷状态下,受到来自于髋、膝关节处外力矩(触地初期的地面反作用力产生的外力矩、摆动末期为环节运动产生的惯性力矩)同时向相反方向的牵拉,导致股后肌群处在巨大的应力(超过体重10倍)和快速的应变状态下,从而易导致股后肌群损伤的发生。
膝关节肌力平衡结果
通过比较受试者的屈膝肌群及伸膝肌群的峰值力矩发现,本实验受试者的屈肌与伸肌肌力的配比较为理想,左右膝关节的屈膝肌群及伸膝肌群的肌力的配比较为接近,左右膝关节的屈、伸肌肌力较为平衡。但是通过爆发力参数发现屈膝肌群在高速运动过程中爆发力水平较伸膝肌群存在显著差异,这有可能是影响运动成绩、导致股后肌群损伤的一个重要的潜在因素。这提示我们通过使用等动肌力测得的峰值力矩来评判肌肉力平衡问题的准确性尚待探讨,本研究的结果显示使用发力率参数来对高速运动状态下肌力爆发力水平的评判具有一定的优势。
主要结论:
支撑期控制下肢运动的主要力矩是肌力矩和有地面反作用力产生的外力矩;摆动期控制下肢运动的主要力矩是肌力矩和由环节运动产生的惯性力矩。惯性力矩在支撑末期和摆动期对运动都有明显影响。
支撑初期和摆动末期,股后肌群的受力状态相似,即外力矩同时向相反的方向牵拉股后肌群,使其处于巨大的应力应变中,因此支撑初期和摆动末期都是股后肌群发生损伤的高危期。
使用发力率指标对膝关节伸、屈肌群肌力平衡问题的研究反映出短跑运动员膝关节伸、屈肌群在高速运动状态下爆发力能力存在显著差异,这可能是影响短跑成绩和导致股后肌群损伤的一个因素。
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to analyze the movement control of lower extremity by collecting the kinematic, dynamic and EMG data during sprint running. The intersegmental dynamics was introduced into the study to figure out the movement control mechanisms and the loading condition of hamstring muscle, analyze the main torques and muscle activity during lower extremity movement, the main torques of lower extremity were used to study the pattern of movement control and the muscle loading was used to analyze muscle injury mechanism, especially the relationship between hamstring muscle loading and hamstring muscle injury.
The CON-TREX Biomechanical Test and Training Systems were used to measure the knee joint torques during isometric contraction and at different isokinetic movement, to study the characteristics and trends of knee joint torques and the muscle force balance condition at different conditions, this will be a window for us to understand the mechanisms of hamstring muscle injury.
The significance of this study is that the kinematic, dynamic, isokinetic, EMG data of elite sprinters and intersegmental dynamics were used in the study to research into the mechanisms of movement control and the condition of muscle loading during stance phase and swing phase during sprint running. This would help us to understand movement control, lower extremity muscles’function during the swing and stance phases, furthermore, to provide biomechanical theory for preventing lower extremity muscle injury, rehabilitation therapy and muscle strength training of sprinter.
Methods:
The CON-TREX Biomechanical Test and Training Systems (Switzerland, type: PM1/MK2a,b), Vicon Motion Analysis System (England, Camera type:MX13), Kistler force plate (Switzerland, type:9287B), Biovisions EMG Measurement System, (Germany, 16 Channels) were selected for this study. The kinematics, dynamics, EMG and isokinetic movement torques data at 0, 60, 120, 180, 240°/s were collected from 8 male elite athletes.
Results:
During stance phase, the active MUS functioned mainly to counteract the EXF created by the GRF at the knee and hip joint. At the initial phase, the MUS flexed the knee joint and counterbalanced the extension torques of EXF, and the MUS also extended the hip joint and neutralized the flexion torques (EXF) created by the ground reaction forces. During the swing phase, the MUS and MDT at the knee and hip joint functioned for controlling movement of the leg and thigh, causing knee joint flexion from extension and hip joint extension from flexion. The inertial torques produced by leg angular acceleration at the knee and hip joint were the main components of MDT.
During initial stance phase and late swing phase, the external torques (EXF, MDT) which were produced by GRF and the segments movement of lover extremity stretched the hamstring muscles to opposite direction at the same time at knee and hip joint. To counterbalance the external torques, the hamstring muscles endured great loading, without considering the effects of external torques at hip joint and the torques which were produced by the knee extensors (quadriceps femoris) and the hip flexors, just at knee joint, the loading of hamstring muscles is more than 10 times of body weight. So the actual torque values which produced by the hamstring muscle at the knee and the hip might be far bigger than the estimated ones. We concluded that when excessive stretching force was applied, especially when powerful muscle contraction was combined with simultaneous forced lengthening of the myotendinous unit, a strain-type injury occurs.
According to the peak torques of flexion and extension muscles at knee joint, the data indicated that the flexor and extensor force were an ideal condition, the peak torques of knee flexor were similar to the peak torques of knee extensor at different isokinetic movement speeds. The explosive force indexes of knee flexor were significantly less than the knee extensor explosive force indexes. Maybe this is the key factor which affects the sprint running performance and hamstring muscle injury. The results indicated that by useing the peak torques of knee flexor and extensor to study the balance of knee flexor and extensor is necessary to be investigated. The Rate of Force Development (RFD) enjoyed a great advantage in the judgment of lower extremity muscle explosive force level during high-velocity motion.
Conclusion:
Inter-segment analysis helped us to further understand muscle’s role during sprinting. Muscle torque functioned mainly to counteract the external torques created by the ground reaction force at hip and knee joint during stance phase, its functional role changed during swing phase to mainly counteract movement related torques partially due to the absence of ground reaction forces.
The hamstring muscles were stretched by the external torques to opposite directions at the same time at knee and hip joint and endured great loading during initial stance phase and late swing phase. So a hamstring muscle strain injury was more likely to occur during the initial stance phase and the late swing phase of sprint running.
The Rate of Force Development (RFD) could reflect the explosive force level difference between knee flexor and extensor during high velocity movement. Maybe this is the key factor which affects the sprint running performance and hamstring muscle injury.
通过对高水平短跑运动员短跑最高速阶段的运动学、动力学及下肢主要肌群的肌电数据的采集,引入环节互动动力学方法对短跑最高速阶段的下肢运动控制机制及股后肌群受力情况进行研究,分析短跑最大速度阶段控制下肢运动的主要力矩及下肢的神经肌肉募集情况,探讨短跑最大速度阶段主要力矩控制下肢运动的模式和下肢肌肉所承受外力负荷与损伤原因,尤其是运动过程中极易受伤的股后肌群的肌力变化角色。
同时使用CON-TREX等动肌力测试系统,对短跑运动员膝关节处的最大等长收缩肌力矩及在不同角速度下的等速运动的肌力矩和肌电活动进行测量,用以分析短跑运动员下肢在等长收缩及不同角速度下等速运动时的动力学指标,分析不同运动速度下的关节肌力的变化趋势,及膝关节伸、屈肌群肌力的平衡问题,试图探讨股后肌群损的伤机制。
本研究的意义在于:采用运动学、动力学、等动测试系统、肌电系统采集高水平短跑运动员的相关数据,引入环节互动动力学方法,对短跑最高速阶段腾空期与支撑期的下肢动作控制及肌肉受力情况进行分析,这有利于帮助我们研究短跑的动作控制模式和支撑期,摆动期内下肢肌肉的主要功能,为预防下肢肌肉(特别是股后肌群)损伤以及伤后康复治疗和专项肌肉力量训练提供生物力学理论参考依据。
研究方法:
使用CON-TREX(瑞士,型号:PM1/MK2a,b,序列号:O3c06)多关节等动肌力测试、评价与训练系统、VICON红外高速摄影系统(英国,VICON公司),摄像头为8台MX13,KISTLER三维测力台(瑞士,KISTLER公司,型号9287B)、德国BIOVISOION的16导无线肌电信号采集系统系统采集8名优秀短跑运动员在短跑最高速度阶段的运动学、动力学、肌电图数据,及膝关节的等长伸、屈,60、120、180、240°/s等速运动时的膝关节伸、屈肌力矩和膝关节主要伸、屈肌群的肌电图数据。
研究结果:
动作控制研究结果
支撑期内,肌肉力矩(MUS)与外力矩(EXF)为控制下肢运动的主要力矩,肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要作用是抵抗平衡外力矩(EXF)的作用。触地初期,地面反作用力通过髋、膝关节前方,在髋、膝关节处产生较大的屈髋、伸膝力矩(EXF),此时肌肉力矩(MUS)产生屈膝伸髋力矩,对膝关节屈肌、髋关节伸肌—股后肌群提出较高要求,是股后肌群损伤发生的高危险期。而在支撑末期(80%-100%)阶段,髋、膝关节处的外力矩(EXF)趋向于零,此时肌肉力矩已不再为推动人体前进做贡献,髋关节处肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要功能是平衡大腿角加速度及髋线加速度在髋关节处产生的惯性力矩(MDT),该力矩有利于小腿在离地后的后摆动作。
腾空期,肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要作用则是抵抗平衡惯性力矩(MDT)的作用。在腾空前期(10-60%),小腿在惯性力矩(MDT)的作用下做后摆运动。在腾空后期(80%左右),肌肉力矩(MUS)与惯性力矩(MDT)达到最大,此阶段肌肉力矩(MUS)的作用同支撑初期一样是伸髋、屈膝,说明股后肌群承受较大负荷。本研究发现,惯性力矩(MDT)是拉伸股后肌群的力量来源,其惯性力矩(MDT)主要由小腿角加速度产生的力矩(LAAT)构成,此后肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要作用是减慢小腿的前摆速度,防止膝关节过度伸展,并在腾空末期,使小腿后摆,为积极着地做准备。
股后肌群损伤机制研究结果
股后肌群在高速运动的触地初期及摆动末期,不仅要抵消股前肌群和屈髋肌群的力量,同时还要对抗地面反作用力通过髋、膝关节前方而产生的屈髋、伸膝力矩,以及由肢体运动在髋、膝关节处产生的屈髋、伸膝的力矩,为伸髋、屈膝做出贡献。因此在触地初期和摆动末期,股后肌群处在同一种负荷状态下,受到来自于髋、膝关节处外力矩(触地初期的地面反作用力产生的外力矩、摆动末期为环节运动产生的惯性力矩)同时向相反方向的牵拉,导致股后肌群处在巨大的应力(超过体重10倍)和快速的应变状态下,从而易导致股后肌群损伤的发生。
膝关节肌力平衡结果
通过比较受试者的屈膝肌群及伸膝肌群的峰值力矩发现,本实验受试者的屈肌与伸肌肌力的配比较为理想,左右膝关节的屈膝肌群及伸膝肌群的肌力的配比较为接近,左右膝关节的屈、伸肌肌力较为平衡。但是通过爆发力参数发现屈膝肌群在高速运动过程中爆发力水平较伸膝肌群存在显著差异,这有可能是影响运动成绩、导致股后肌群损伤的一个重要的潜在因素。这提示我们通过使用等动肌力测得的峰值力矩来评判肌肉力平衡问题的准确性尚待探讨,本研究的结果显示使用发力率参数来对高速运动状态下肌力爆发力水平的评判具有一定的优势。
主要结论:
支撑期控制下肢运动的主要力矩是肌力矩和有地面反作用力产生的外力矩;摆动期控制下肢运动的主要力矩是肌力矩和由环节运动产生的惯性力矩。惯性力矩在支撑末期和摆动期对运动都有明显影响。
支撑初期和摆动末期,股后肌群的受力状态相似,即外力矩同时向相反的方向牵拉股后肌群,使其处于巨大的应力应变中,因此支撑初期和摆动末期都是股后肌群发生损伤的高危期。
使用发力率指标对膝关节伸、屈肌群肌力平衡问题的研究反映出短跑运动员膝关节伸、屈肌群在高速运动状态下爆发力能力存在显著差异,这可能是影响短跑成绩和导致股后肌群损伤的一个因素。
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to analyze the movement control of lower extremity by collecting the kinematic, dynamic and EMG data during sprint running. The intersegmental dynamics was introduced into the study to figure out the movement control mechanisms and the loading condition of hamstring muscle, analyze the main torques and muscle activity during lower extremity movement, the main torques of lower extremity were used to study the pattern of movement control and the muscle loading was used to analyze muscle injury mechanism, especially the relationship between hamstring muscle loading and hamstring muscle injury.
The CON-TREX Biomechanical Test and Training Systems were used to measure the knee joint torques during isometric contraction and at different isokinetic movement, to study the characteristics and trends of knee joint torques and the muscle force balance condition at different conditions, this will be a window for us to understand the mechanisms of hamstring muscle injury.
The significance of this study is that the kinematic, dynamic, isokinetic, EMG data of elite sprinters and intersegmental dynamics were used in the study to research into the mechanisms of movement control and the condition of muscle loading during stance phase and swing phase during sprint running. This would help us to understand movement control, lower extremity muscles’function during the swing and stance phases, furthermore, to provide biomechanical theory for preventing lower extremity muscle injury, rehabilitation therapy and muscle strength training of sprinter.
Methods:
The CON-TREX Biomechanical Test and Training Systems (Switzerland, type: PM1/MK2a,b), Vicon Motion Analysis System (England, Camera type:MX13), Kistler force plate (Switzerland, type:9287B), Biovisions EMG Measurement System, (Germany, 16 Channels) were selected for this study. The kinematics, dynamics, EMG and isokinetic movement torques data at 0, 60, 120, 180, 240°/s were collected from 8 male elite athletes.
Results:
During stance phase, the active MUS functioned mainly to counteract the EXF created by the GRF at the knee and hip joint. At the initial phase, the MUS flexed the knee joint and counterbalanced the extension torques of EXF, and the MUS also extended the hip joint and neutralized the flexion torques (EXF) created by the ground reaction forces. During the swing phase, the MUS and MDT at the knee and hip joint functioned for controlling movement of the leg and thigh, causing knee joint flexion from extension and hip joint extension from flexion. The inertial torques produced by leg angular acceleration at the knee and hip joint were the main components of MDT.
During initial stance phase and late swing phase, the external torques (EXF, MDT) which were produced by GRF and the segments movement of lover extremity stretched the hamstring muscles to opposite direction at the same time at knee and hip joint. To counterbalance the external torques, the hamstring muscles endured great loading, without considering the effects of external torques at hip joint and the torques which were produced by the knee extensors (quadriceps femoris) and the hip flexors, just at knee joint, the loading of hamstring muscles is more than 10 times of body weight. So the actual torque values which produced by the hamstring muscle at the knee and the hip might be far bigger than the estimated ones. We concluded that when excessive stretching force was applied, especially when powerful muscle contraction was combined with simultaneous forced lengthening of the myotendinous unit, a strain-type injury occurs.
According to the peak torques of flexion and extension muscles at knee joint, the data indicated that the flexor and extensor force were an ideal condition, the peak torques of knee flexor were similar to the peak torques of knee extensor at different isokinetic movement speeds. The explosive force indexes of knee flexor were significantly less than the knee extensor explosive force indexes. Maybe this is the key factor which affects the sprint running performance and hamstring muscle injury. The results indicated that by useing the peak torques of knee flexor and extensor to study the balance of knee flexor and extensor is necessary to be investigated. The Rate of Force Development (RFD) enjoyed a great advantage in the judgment of lower extremity muscle explosive force level during high-velocity motion.
Conclusion:
Inter-segment analysis helped us to further understand muscle’s role during sprinting. Muscle torque functioned mainly to counteract the external torques created by the ground reaction force at hip and knee joint during stance phase, its functional role changed during swing phase to mainly counteract movement related torques partially due to the absence of ground reaction forces.
The hamstring muscles were stretched by the external torques to opposite directions at the same time at knee and hip joint and endured great loading during initial stance phase and late swing phase. So a hamstring muscle strain injury was more likely to occur during the initial stance phase and the late swing phase of sprint running.
The Rate of Force Development (RFD) could reflect the explosive force level difference between knee flexor and extensor during high velocity movement. Maybe this is the key factor which affects the sprint running performance and hamstring muscle injury.
引文
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