跳动心脏的计算机仿真及其分布式软件架构的设计
摘要
在心电正问题和逆问题的研究中，心电仿真模型扮演了一个关键角色。一方面，
心电正问题研究者不断将新的心脏生理物理知识用于建立心脏模型，以求获得理
想的输出结果；另一方面，心电逆问题工作者希望能获得最大程度接近真实的心
脏电模型，以便于他们用于获得各种病理心脏输出的特征知识。正因为心电仿真
起了这么一个特殊重要的作用，建立一个精确的、尽可能与真实情况相符合的心
电模型成了许多心电工作者孜孜以求的目标。以往的心电研究者为了提高心电模
型的仿真精度，要么采用更加精细的心肌单元划分、更加复杂精确的兴奋仿真算
法和兴奋步长；要么考虑电兴奋传播和人体躯干的各向异性、考虑肺等人体器官
存在造成的影响等。这些工作的确都有效提高了心电仿真的精度，但是，最终心
脏模型本身仍然存在着不可避免的误差。
应该看到，心脏是个集电生理学、动力学、血液流体力学以及神经、生化控
制等于一身的极其复杂的综合系统，为了得到尽可能精确的心电模型，就不能把
眼光局限于单纯狭义的心电领域内，尽管它仿真的只是心电现象。由于心脏电生
理、动力学等各相关学科具有的固有的复杂性，再加上受到计算机内存和运算速
度的制约，使得构造复合型心脏模型的研究长期停滞不前。近来随着计算机技术
的迅猛发展以及心脏动力学研究的日趋成熟，再加上Tagged MRJ等先进标测技
术的出现，使得电学-动力学复合心脏的建模仿真成为可能。本文在浙江大学生
物医学工程研究所十多年心电建模仿真研究的基础上，开展了这方面的研究。针
对传统心电模型由于没有考虑心脏在一个心动周期内的收缩舒张运动从而给其
输出造成误差的这一难以克服的弊端，本文尝试建立起能反映心脏真实运动的跳
动心脏模型。首先重构了传统静态电学心脏的结构使之能反应动力学特色，在动
力学成像和仿真研究的基础上，用力学形变数据去修正电学心脏模型中心室收缩
期每时刻心偶极子坐标位置的变化，从而首次在国际上构造了初步的电学-动力
学复合心脏模型——跳动心脏模型。在新的电学-动力学心脏模型基础上，展开
了正常心脏和心肌缺血等心脏疾病的对比仿真研究，验证了动力学因素对于构建
精确心电模型的重要性。此外，针对现代心电仿真软件的日益大型化和复杂化的
趋势，本文利用最新的分布式软件技术，重新设计了心电模型使之具有了能适应
这一趋势的关键特征，为今后国际范围内心电软件构造的标准化以及分工合作奠
定了基础。
本文的研究工作主要包括：
●分析总结了电学心脏的研究进展和方法论，讨论了这些研究工作的意义
和存在的局限性，指出了所有的这些研究方法，都没有脱离出“静态”
心脏模型的范畴，在本质上始终存在着不可避免的误差。
●分析总结了心脏力学的研究进展和方法论，讨论了几种力学成像技术的
优点和不足；在用有限元（FEM）方法构建的左心室（LV）力学心脏模型的
基础上，研究了电学心脏的输出兴奋时序作为力学心脏的输入，对于力
学心脏模型的重要意义，运用该兴奋时序数据作为力学仿真的兴奋力载
荷，得到了心脏的力学形变数据。
●在对电学心脏模型和动力学心脏模型分析的基础上，首先重构了传统的
浙江大学博士学位论文
电学心脏模型，使之在结构上能体现出动力学特征。利用力学成像数据
建立了跳动心脏的初步模型：然后使用了电学心脏模型产生的兴奋时序
作为力学心脏模型的载荷输入，通过FEM力学心脏模型仿真运算得到的
输出形变数据，来修正电学心脏模型的等效偶极子在心动周期每一时刻
的坐标位置的变化。这样，首次成功将动力学因素引入了电学心脏模型，
创建了真正意义上的电学－动力学复合心脏模型——跳动心脏模型；最
后，通过将成像法和力学仿真结合的思路，进一步完善了该模型。
．在得到跳动心脏模型之后，进一步研究了各个力学形变因素对于心电模
＿型输出的影响。通过对比仿真试验结果，表明长轴收缩是作用最显著的
叼 一’“”—””一’”’—”一”””－’－””—－””一’”一—一’．”二”——一厂二
形变因素，决定了跳动心脏输出的基本框架；心尖扭曲具有修正T波形
状的功效。这两者共同决定了跳动心脏的输出特征，是力学形变中最起
作用的因素。
．在新的跳动心脏模型的基础上，作者进行了常规心脏和病态心脏的心电
仿真试验，试验结果表明了新的模型对于常规心脏的心电图（ECGX 体
表电位图①SPM贿比原有的电学心脏模型更能体现出完整的心电信
息，尤其在体现常规12导联心电图中的T波和BSPM图的ST段时刻上；
The electrical heart model plays a key role in the research work of forward problem and inverse problem in electrocardiograph (ECG). At one hand, new physical and physiological knowledge of human heart keep being used to construct the heart model, and at the other hand, the scholar of inverse problem eager to obtain a heart model as precise as possible which can be employed to study the characteristic symptom of pathological heart. As a result of all these, to build an ideal heart model become many scholars' research emphases. To improve the precision of electrical heart model, cardiac researchers have investigated many methods: they divide heart model into much tinier myocardial units, employ much more complicate excitation propagation simulation algorithm and assume much shorter excitation step than ever. Or, they consider the inhomogeneous torso and the myocardial anisotropy and the existence of the human lung and then introduce these factors into their electrical heart models. Those methods do take effect more or less, but at last the heart model itself still has unavoidable errors.
Human heart, which is known as the center of the cardiovascular system, should be understood as a complex synthesis that is integrated with electrical, mechanical, neural, and biochemical properties. So, if we want to build an ideal heart model, we shouldn't limit our viewpoint within the separate electrical or mechanical area although its function is simulating the electrical or mechanical activity of human heart. For a long time, the effort to construct a composite heart model hasn't resulted any significant achievement because of the inherent complexity of many related areas of heart research and the limitation of the computer capability. Recent study at the cardiomechanic area reveals many important mechanisms of human heart and constant innovation in computer hardware and software nowadays brings us the unprecedented computational capability. And more, some advanced iatrical-imaging technologies such as tagged MRI etc. have appeared at recent days. All these progresses made it possible to build an electrical-mechanical composite heart model. Based on the research work of Biomedical Institute of Zhejiang University in the past decade, this article launch on this project. The traditional electrical heart model has been reconstructed to reflect the mechanical property firstly, and then we introduce the mechanical deformation data, which is produced by the tagged MRI and the mechanical heart model, into the electrical heart model to adjust the displacement of the equivalent dipole during one cardiac cycle. Therefore, an elementary electrical-mechanical composite heart model- pulsatile heart model is built at the first time in the world. After that, we use the new model to simulate the ECG and BSPM of the normal heart and the pathological heart and then compare its output with the original heart model's. The result substantiates the importance of the mechanical factor in the construction process of heart modeling. Moreover, this article proposes new software technology-distributed software architecture to redesign the heart model at last.
In this article, the author has done the following research work:
? The methodologies and developments of the previous electrical heart modeling are reviewed and the meaning and limitation existing in them are analyzed in detail. Based on these discussions, the author point out that all these methods belong to the "static" heart modeling and thus have the unavoidable output errors.
? The methodologies and developments of the previous cardiomechanics are reviewed and the meaning and limitation existing in mechanical imaging methods and mechanical heart modeling are analyzed in detail.
? The traditional electrical heart model has been reconstructed to reflect the mechanical property firstly, and then we introduce the mechanical deformation data, which is produced by the tagged MRI and the mechanical heart model, into the electrical heart model to adjust the displacement of the equ
心电正问题研究者不断将新的心脏生理物理知识用于建立心脏模型，以求获得理
想的输出结果；另一方面，心电逆问题工作者希望能获得最大程度接近真实的心
脏电模型，以便于他们用于获得各种病理心脏输出的特征知识。正因为心电仿真
起了这么一个特殊重要的作用，建立一个精确的、尽可能与真实情况相符合的心
电模型成了许多心电工作者孜孜以求的目标。以往的心电研究者为了提高心电模
型的仿真精度，要么采用更加精细的心肌单元划分、更加复杂精确的兴奋仿真算
法和兴奋步长；要么考虑电兴奋传播和人体躯干的各向异性、考虑肺等人体器官
存在造成的影响等。这些工作的确都有效提高了心电仿真的精度，但是，最终心
脏模型本身仍然存在着不可避免的误差。
应该看到，心脏是个集电生理学、动力学、血液流体力学以及神经、生化控
制等于一身的极其复杂的综合系统，为了得到尽可能精确的心电模型，就不能把
眼光局限于单纯狭义的心电领域内，尽管它仿真的只是心电现象。由于心脏电生
理、动力学等各相关学科具有的固有的复杂性，再加上受到计算机内存和运算速
度的制约，使得构造复合型心脏模型的研究长期停滞不前。近来随着计算机技术
的迅猛发展以及心脏动力学研究的日趋成熟，再加上Tagged MRJ等先进标测技
术的出现，使得电学-动力学复合心脏的建模仿真成为可能。本文在浙江大学生
物医学工程研究所十多年心电建模仿真研究的基础上，开展了这方面的研究。针
对传统心电模型由于没有考虑心脏在一个心动周期内的收缩舒张运动从而给其
输出造成误差的这一难以克服的弊端，本文尝试建立起能反映心脏真实运动的跳
动心脏模型。首先重构了传统静态电学心脏的结构使之能反应动力学特色，在动
力学成像和仿真研究的基础上，用力学形变数据去修正电学心脏模型中心室收缩
期每时刻心偶极子坐标位置的变化，从而首次在国际上构造了初步的电学-动力
学复合心脏模型——跳动心脏模型。在新的电学-动力学心脏模型基础上，展开
了正常心脏和心肌缺血等心脏疾病的对比仿真研究，验证了动力学因素对于构建
精确心电模型的重要性。此外，针对现代心电仿真软件的日益大型化和复杂化的
趋势，本文利用最新的分布式软件技术，重新设计了心电模型使之具有了能适应
这一趋势的关键特征，为今后国际范围内心电软件构造的标准化以及分工合作奠
定了基础。
本文的研究工作主要包括：
●分析总结了电学心脏的研究进展和方法论，讨论了这些研究工作的意义
和存在的局限性，指出了所有的这些研究方法，都没有脱离出“静态”
心脏模型的范畴，在本质上始终存在着不可避免的误差。
●分析总结了心脏力学的研究进展和方法论，讨论了几种力学成像技术的
优点和不足；在用有限元（FEM）方法构建的左心室（LV）力学心脏模型的
基础上，研究了电学心脏的输出兴奋时序作为力学心脏的输入，对于力
学心脏模型的重要意义，运用该兴奋时序数据作为力学仿真的兴奋力载
荷，得到了心脏的力学形变数据。
●在对电学心脏模型和动力学心脏模型分析的基础上，首先重构了传统的
浙江大学博士学位论文
电学心脏模型，使之在结构上能体现出动力学特征。利用力学成像数据
建立了跳动心脏的初步模型：然后使用了电学心脏模型产生的兴奋时序
作为力学心脏模型的载荷输入，通过FEM力学心脏模型仿真运算得到的
输出形变数据，来修正电学心脏模型的等效偶极子在心动周期每一时刻
的坐标位置的变化。这样，首次成功将动力学因素引入了电学心脏模型，
创建了真正意义上的电学－动力学复合心脏模型——跳动心脏模型；最
后，通过将成像法和力学仿真结合的思路，进一步完善了该模型。
．在得到跳动心脏模型之后，进一步研究了各个力学形变因素对于心电模
＿型输出的影响。通过对比仿真试验结果，表明长轴收缩是作用最显著的
叼 一’“”—””一’”’—”一”””－’－””—－””一’”一—一’．”二”——一厂二
形变因素，决定了跳动心脏输出的基本框架；心尖扭曲具有修正T波形
状的功效。这两者共同决定了跳动心脏的输出特征，是力学形变中最起
作用的因素。
．在新的跳动心脏模型的基础上，作者进行了常规心脏和病态心脏的心电
仿真试验，试验结果表明了新的模型对于常规心脏的心电图（ECGX 体
表电位图①SPM贿比原有的电学心脏模型更能体现出完整的心电信
息，尤其在体现常规12导联心电图中的T波和BSPM图的ST段时刻上；
The electrical heart model plays a key role in the research work of forward problem and inverse problem in electrocardiograph (ECG). At one hand, new physical and physiological knowledge of human heart keep being used to construct the heart model, and at the other hand, the scholar of inverse problem eager to obtain a heart model as precise as possible which can be employed to study the characteristic symptom of pathological heart. As a result of all these, to build an ideal heart model become many scholars' research emphases. To improve the precision of electrical heart model, cardiac researchers have investigated many methods: they divide heart model into much tinier myocardial units, employ much more complicate excitation propagation simulation algorithm and assume much shorter excitation step than ever. Or, they consider the inhomogeneous torso and the myocardial anisotropy and the existence of the human lung and then introduce these factors into their electrical heart models. Those methods do take effect more or less, but at last the heart model itself still has unavoidable errors.
Human heart, which is known as the center of the cardiovascular system, should be understood as a complex synthesis that is integrated with electrical, mechanical, neural, and biochemical properties. So, if we want to build an ideal heart model, we shouldn't limit our viewpoint within the separate electrical or mechanical area although its function is simulating the electrical or mechanical activity of human heart. For a long time, the effort to construct a composite heart model hasn't resulted any significant achievement because of the inherent complexity of many related areas of heart research and the limitation of the computer capability. Recent study at the cardiomechanic area reveals many important mechanisms of human heart and constant innovation in computer hardware and software nowadays brings us the unprecedented computational capability. And more, some advanced iatrical-imaging technologies such as tagged MRI etc. have appeared at recent days. All these progresses made it possible to build an electrical-mechanical composite heart model. Based on the research work of Biomedical Institute of Zhejiang University in the past decade, this article launch on this project. The traditional electrical heart model has been reconstructed to reflect the mechanical property firstly, and then we introduce the mechanical deformation data, which is produced by the tagged MRI and the mechanical heart model, into the electrical heart model to adjust the displacement of the equivalent dipole during one cardiac cycle. Therefore, an elementary electrical-mechanical composite heart model- pulsatile heart model is built at the first time in the world. After that, we use the new model to simulate the ECG and BSPM of the normal heart and the pathological heart and then compare its output with the original heart model's. The result substantiates the importance of the mechanical factor in the construction process of heart modeling. Moreover, this article proposes new software technology-distributed software architecture to redesign the heart model at last.
In this article, the author has done the following research work:
? The methodologies and developments of the previous electrical heart modeling are reviewed and the meaning and limitation existing in them are analyzed in detail. Based on these discussions, the author point out that all these methods belong to the "static" heart modeling and thus have the unavoidable output errors.
? The methodologies and developments of the previous cardiomechanics are reviewed and the meaning and limitation existing in mechanical imaging methods and mechanical heart modeling are analyzed in detail.
? The traditional electrical heart model has been reconstructed to reflect the mechanical property firstly, and then we introduce the mechanical deformation data, which is produced by the tagged MRI and the mechanical heart model, into the electrical heart model to adjust the displacement of the equ
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