喀斯特流域风化成土作用及其矿质元素行为与环境质量
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摘要
岩石风化成土作用是生态系统矿质元素的重要来源，也是全球矿质元素生物地球化学循环的重要环节。因此，岩石风化成土过程中矿质元素的行为与环境质量研究有助于我们深入了解矿质元素的生物地球化学循环及其生态环境效应，同时对农业生产和环境保护也具有重要意义。选择乌江流域沉积岩-土壤-植被-河流系统作为研究对象，采集了多个小流域盆地岩石、土壤、植物及溪水样品。通过测试样品的矿物、元素组成以及元素存在形态等，分析了喀斯特流域的矿物学与地球化学特征，研究了喀斯特流域的成土物源、风化成土方式及风化成土作用的控制因素，探讨了风化成土过程中矿质元素的行为与环境质量，为进一步进行喀斯特地区土壤-植被系统矿质元素的生物地球化学循环研究奠定基础，为喀斯特地区生态环境保护和修复以及稀土等矿质元素的农业利用提供科学依据，同时为核废料的地质处置提供参考。通过研究，取得了如下一些成果和认识：
(1) 提出了弱淀积元素的概念，改进了侵蚀前后风化剖面中元素的演化模型。
(2) 硅酸盐岩地区土壤来源于下伏基岩的风化成土作用，其风化成土过程中存在脱硅富铝作用。
(3) 连续碳酸盐岩地区土壤最终来源于碳酸盐岩的风化成土作用，其风化成土作用存在四种方式和两个阶段。脱钙(镁)富铝硅和脱硅富铝两个阶段的研究结果，支持了王世杰等(1999)提出的碳酸盐岩两阶段风化成土模式。
(4) 岩性和地形是研究区风化成土作用的主要控制因素，植被和其它因素只是对其风化成土产物的理化性质进行了一些改造。
(5) 由于侵蚀、脱钙和元素本身的淀积作用，相对于研究区黄壤、中国土壤(CS)和世界土壤(WS)，研究区石灰土富集Mn、V、P、REE和U等矿质元素。风化成土过程中矿质元素的行为主要受岩性和地貌部位控制，还受元素性质、土壤pH值、氧化还原条件、铁锰(氢)氧化物和有机质含量、粘土矿物组成以及植被条件等的影响。
(6) 石灰岩等岩石风化成土作用可以通过植物营养供给和元素相互作用影响土壤质量和植物生长。
(7) 石灰岩等岩石风化成土作用控制着溪水和乌江河流的pH值以及Mg、Ca、P、Mn和U等矿质元素的分布特征。
(8) NH_4Ac-HAc单一提取法可用于评价石灰土中Mg、Ca、K、Mn和P等多数矿质元素的植物可利用性。与何子平等(2001)的研究结果不同，石灰土中多数矿质营养元素对植物的供给能力高于其它土壤。
Weathering and pedogenesis of rocks are important sources of mineral elements for ecological systems, and key processes of global biogeochemical cycling of mineral elements. Therefore, it is helpful for our learning biogeochemical cycling of mineral elements and its ecological and environmental effects, and of great importance for agricultural production and environmental protection to study behavior of mineral elements during weathering and pedogenesis of rocks and environmental quality. We took sedimentary rock-soil-plant-river systems in Wujiang Catchments as our study objects, and collected samples of rocks, soils, plants and stream water at several small watersheds. By measuring mineralogical and elemental composition and hosting phases of elements, we analyzed mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of karst catchments, studied material sources of pedogenesis, modes and controlling factors of weathering and pedogenesis in karst catchments. We also investigated behavior of mineral elements during weathering and pedogenesis and environmental quality. The purposes of the study are to set bases for further study on biogeochemical cycling of mineral elements in soil-plant systems in karst regions, to guide ecological and environmental protection and recovery, and agricultural application of mineral elements such as rare earth elements in karst regions. We also hope that the study can be helpful for geological dealing of nuclear wastes. From the above investigation, we have gained the following achievements and knowledge.
(1) We put forward the concept of weak supergene elements and improved the evolution model of elements in weathering profiles before and after physical erosion.
(2) Input from weathering and pedogenesis of underlying bedrocks is the major material source of soils distributed in regions dominated by silicate rocks. An obvious trend of leaching of silica and enrichment of aluminum can be observed during weathering and pedogenesis of silicate rocks.
(3) Input from weathering and pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the final material
(1) 提出了弱淀积元素的概念，改进了侵蚀前后风化剖面中元素的演化模型。
(2) 硅酸盐岩地区土壤来源于下伏基岩的风化成土作用，其风化成土过程中存在脱硅富铝作用。
(3) 连续碳酸盐岩地区土壤最终来源于碳酸盐岩的风化成土作用，其风化成土作用存在四种方式和两个阶段。脱钙(镁)富铝硅和脱硅富铝两个阶段的研究结果，支持了王世杰等(1999)提出的碳酸盐岩两阶段风化成土模式。
(4) 岩性和地形是研究区风化成土作用的主要控制因素，植被和其它因素只是对其风化成土产物的理化性质进行了一些改造。
(5) 由于侵蚀、脱钙和元素本身的淀积作用，相对于研究区黄壤、中国土壤(CS)和世界土壤(WS)，研究区石灰土富集Mn、V、P、REE和U等矿质元素。风化成土过程中矿质元素的行为主要受岩性和地貌部位控制，还受元素性质、土壤pH值、氧化还原条件、铁锰(氢)氧化物和有机质含量、粘土矿物组成以及植被条件等的影响。
(6) 石灰岩等岩石风化成土作用可以通过植物营养供给和元素相互作用影响土壤质量和植物生长。
(7) 石灰岩等岩石风化成土作用控制着溪水和乌江河流的pH值以及Mg、Ca、P、Mn和U等矿质元素的分布特征。
(8) NH_4Ac-HAc单一提取法可用于评价石灰土中Mg、Ca、K、Mn和P等多数矿质元素的植物可利用性。与何子平等(2001)的研究结果不同，石灰土中多数矿质营养元素对植物的供给能力高于其它土壤。
Weathering and pedogenesis of rocks are important sources of mineral elements for ecological systems, and key processes of global biogeochemical cycling of mineral elements. Therefore, it is helpful for our learning biogeochemical cycling of mineral elements and its ecological and environmental effects, and of great importance for agricultural production and environmental protection to study behavior of mineral elements during weathering and pedogenesis of rocks and environmental quality. We took sedimentary rock-soil-plant-river systems in Wujiang Catchments as our study objects, and collected samples of rocks, soils, plants and stream water at several small watersheds. By measuring mineralogical and elemental composition and hosting phases of elements, we analyzed mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of karst catchments, studied material sources of pedogenesis, modes and controlling factors of weathering and pedogenesis in karst catchments. We also investigated behavior of mineral elements during weathering and pedogenesis and environmental quality. The purposes of the study are to set bases for further study on biogeochemical cycling of mineral elements in soil-plant systems in karst regions, to guide ecological and environmental protection and recovery, and agricultural application of mineral elements such as rare earth elements in karst regions. We also hope that the study can be helpful for geological dealing of nuclear wastes. From the above investigation, we have gained the following achievements and knowledge.
(1) We put forward the concept of weak supergene elements and improved the evolution model of elements in weathering profiles before and after physical erosion.
(2) Input from weathering and pedogenesis of underlying bedrocks is the major material source of soils distributed in regions dominated by silicate rocks. An obvious trend of leaching of silica and enrichment of aluminum can be observed during weathering and pedogenesis of silicate rocks.
(3) Input from weathering and pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the final material
引文
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